Fragmento sintético de una investigación general, el presente articulo tematiza, en tres actos cortos, la singular analogía notada por Wittgenstein entre investigación filosófica e investigación estética . A partir del pensamiento de Wittgenstein, considerado como pensamiento musical, el artículo abre una perspectiva de estilo categorial, en su "isología"con el pensamiento musical, y define la posibilidad de una hermenéutica descriptiva de los estilos liberada de los modelos estructurales.

I. Critique et licence dans la Grèce antique --.

Finding its originality in an anchorage that is both clinical and speculative, this article brings to the science of spiritual accompaniment not only the consideration of a double typology of spiritual wounds, but also and above all the way of accompanying them spiritually. Regarding the double typology of spiritual wounds, the author draws on his research developed in his work Soins palliatifs. Accompagner pour vivre, which presents a typology of so-called “fundamental” injuries. Armed with this foundation, the author takes on (...) the work of a spiritual care intern who he has supervised himself. From the 20 verbatim produced by the latter, based on a qualitative methodology, he updates a second typology of injuries which he calls “transversal.” It is then, in the conjunction of these two typologies, that the author deals with the way of accompanying them and offers secular spiritual accompaniment going beyond what the anthropology of the theologian and philosopher Louis Roy suggests. This surpassing takes place thanks to the appropriation that Corine Pelluchon makes of the anthropology of Bernard de Clairvaux. The conceptual framework of the article invites us to revisit the notion of “existential suffering” in the light of spiritual wounds and therefore “spiritual suffering.”. (shrink)

In this article, we present findings from a participatory action research program in France on the exercise of human rights and supported and substitute decision-making, inspired by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (“CRPD”). Bringing together persons with the lived experience of disability, academics, and health and social care and support professionals, the project used the method of “experience-based construction of public problem” to transform experience into collective expertise. This enabled the exploration of support that (...) persons in vulnerable situations, whose capacity to exercise their human rights has weakened, need to make decisions in their lives and participate meaningfully in public debate. The relationship between the awareness of rights and exercise of rights is discussed. We argue for the need to balance out the positions of different contributors in participatory action research, in a reasoned manner, by recognizing the scientific and citizen-based participation of all partners. (shrink)

Biological evolution provides a creative fount of complex and subtle adaptations, often surprising the scientists who discover them. However, because evolution is an algorithmic process that transcends the substrate in which it occurs, evolution’s creativity is not limited to nature. Indeed, many researchers in the field of digital evolution have observed their evolving algorithms and organisms subverting their intentions, exposing unrecognized bugs in their code, producing unexpected adaptations, or exhibiting outcomes uncannily convergent with ones in nature. Such stories routinely reveal (...) creativity by evolution in these digital worlds, but they rarely fit into the standard scientific narrative. Instead they are often treated as mere obstacles to be overcome, rather than results that warrant study in their own right. The stories themselves are traded among researchers through oral tradition, but that mode of information transmission is inefficient and prone to error and outright loss. Moreover, the fact that these stories tend to be shared only among practitioners means that many natural scientists do not realize how interesting and lifelike digital organisms are and how natural their evolution can be. To our knowledge, no collection of such anecdotes has been published before. This paper is the crowd-sourced product of researchers in the fields of artificial life and evolutionary computation who have provided first-hand accounts of such cases. It thus serves as a written, fact-checked collection of scientifically important and even entertaining stories. In doing so we also present here substantial evidence that the existence and importance of evolutionary surprises extends beyond the natural world, and may indeed be a universal property of all complex evolving systems. (shrink)

New concepts may prove necessary to profit from the avalanche of sequence data on the genome, transcriptome, proteome and interactome and to relate this information to cell physiology. Here, we focus on the concept of large activity-based structures, or hyperstructures, in which a variety of types of molecules are brought together to perform a function. We review the evidence for the existence of hyperstructures responsible for the initiation of DNA replication, the sequestration of newly replicated origins of replication, cell division (...) and for metabolism. The processes responsible for hyperstructure formation include changes in enzyme affinities due to metabolite-induction, lipid-protein affinities, elevated local concentrations of proteins and their binding sites on DNA and RNA, and transertion. Experimental techniques exist that can be used to study hyperstructures and we review some of the ones less familiar to biologists. Finally, we speculate on how a variety of in silico approaches involving cellular automata and multi-agent systems could be combined to develop new concepts in the form of an Integrated cell (I-cell) which would undergo selection for growth and survival in a world of artificial microbiology. (shrink)

Chasseur alpin sur le front italien, mon père revint, après la débâcle, dans le village méridional qu'il habitait, seul juif en ce lieu consacré à la vigne et au vin. Il rassembla alors ceux qui avec lui voulurent faire parvenir en Allemagne, aussi régulièrement que possible, des colis aux prisonniers. J'avais deux ans, puis trois, puis quatre. Je prends ici le relais avec un premier colis aux prisonniers de Dieu. Deux autres suivront : Schreber théologien (L'ingérence divine II) et Une (...) femme sans au-delà (L'ingérence divine III). Des fantômes du Dieu mort hantent certains lieux stratégiques de l'analyse, inhibent leur exploration, perturbent l'exercice analytique qui, par là, tourne court. On ne l'apprend ici qu'au prix de quelques détours, en allant visiter certains auteurs et artistes qui, tel Lacan, ne méconnaissent pas que "Dieu n'a pas encore fait son exit". (shrink)

Dans cet ouvrage de 430 pages – dont neuf consacrées à un index des auteurs anciens et modernes – Geneviève Clerico, Bernard Colombat et Jean Soubiran ont réuni 22 textes écrits par Françoise Desbordes de 1981 à 2000 et généralement publiés antérieurement dans des revues scientifiques ou actes de colloques. Ces études ne concernent pas la rhétorique, domaine privilégié de l’activité scientifique de F.D., ni les analyses textuelles, les contributions de F.D. à ces disciplines ayant fait l’obje...

Freud et bon nombre de psychanalystes réduisent l’organisation sociale à une configuration particulière de l’institution famille. On est en droit de se demander si les comportements des membres des groupes et des sociétés sont seulement régis par des liens de type familiaux et fraternels? Or les travaux des psychanalystes de groupe ont montré que les groupes tirent leur origine de régressions très archaïques et non à partir d’un modèle familial. En s’appuyant sur des psychothérapies psychanalytiques de groupe avec des adolescents, (...) il est montré comment se fait le passage du groupe familial au groupe social et l’importance des liens horizontaux organisés d’abord comme une fratrie gémellaire. Il semble que cette mutation soit concomitante et dépendante de la transformation de la sexualité infantile en sexualité mature. (shrink)

This study is the foundation of a new interpretation of the introduction and the three first books of Diophantus’s Arithmetica, one that opens the way to a historically correct contextualization of the work. Its purpose, as indicated in the title, is to renew the traditional discussion on the methods of problem-solving used by Diophantus, through the detailed exposition of a new analytical framework that aims to give an account of the coherence and progressive nature of the material included in the (...) three first books of the Arithmetica. One outcome of this new ‘toolbox’ is a new conspectus of the problems and solutions contained in the latter, which is presented in appendix. The first part of the article clarifies, as a necessary preliminary, the key notions and terminology underlying our analysis. Among these new concepts is the notion of “method of invention,” which accounts in general for any way, by which “positions” (hypostaseis) are used in the Arithmetica. The next part proposes a complete inventory of the various methods of invention found in the three first books. Finally the last part presents the above mentioned conspectus and proposes a series of preliminary conclusions that can be drawn from it. (shrink)

La célébration du 70e anniversaire de la mort de Freud est l'occasion d'une réflexion sur sa théorie de la guerre et de la mort. Fondée sur le mythe de la horde primitive, le meurtre du père et la dette commune, la société, selon Freud, s'organise autour des interdits de meurtre et d'inceste. La guerre fondée dans la pulsion de mort est la conséquence de la levée collective de ces interdits. Freud bâtit ainsi ce que l'on pourrait nommer une " culture (...) du meurtre ". Mais dès la Première Guerre mondiale, il avait saisi qu'un bouleversement était en train de s'opérer avec la guerre totale, industrielle et informationnelle. Tout en restant fondamentalement et radicalement enraciné dans la pensée freudienne, ce travail tente de démontrer un "au-delà " de Freud dans l'apparition d'une " culture de l'extermination " qui trouve son origine dans les grands textes fondateurs des monothéismes, puis son champ de réalisation dans l'histoire occidentale principalement. Cette " culture de l'extermination " n'a pas disparu avec les horreurs du siècle dernier. Elle est toujours bien présente partout dans le monde et prête à ressurgir en Occident comme le laissent entrevoir quelques frémissements politiques dans de nombreux pays. Il faut donc demeurer lucide et vigilant. (shrink)

Passer la religion à " l'étamine " de la psychanalyse permettra de mieux comprendre pourquoi nous succombons aux fascinations du religieux : fascination pour le père grandiose dont on attend qu'il restaure le narcissisme perdu ; fascination pour le sacrifice salvateur aux dieux obscurs en vue de tenter de payer une dette inconsciente insolvable ; fascination pour la question du sens de l'exister en réponse à l'énigme du vide que l'homme rencontre face à lui-même et à l'univers ; fascination, enfin, (...) pour le discours du maître qui se donne comme seul capable de combler le vide ou le rien. (shrink)

Exceptionally preserved fossils are the product of complex interplays of biological and geological processes including burial, autolysis and microbial decay, authigenic mineralization, diagenesis, metamorphism, and finally weathering and exhumation. Determining which tissues are preserved and how biases affect their preservation pathways is important for interpreting fossils in phylogenetic, ecological, and evolutionary frameworks. Although laboratory decay experiments reveal important aspects of fossilization, applying the results directly to the interpretation of exceptionally preserved fossils may overlook the impact of other key processes that (...) remove or preserve morphological information. Investigations of fossils preserving non-biomineralized tissues suggest that certain structures that are decay resistant are rarely preserved, and decay-prone structures can fossilize, albeit rarely. As we review here, decay resistance is an imperfect indicator of fossilization potential, and a suite of biological and geological processes account for the features preserved in exceptional fossils. Organisms decayed experimentally in seawater have been used as direct analogs for soft-bodied fossil taxa, with fossils representing a snapshot of a particular stage of decay. We argue that numerous geological and biological processes account for fossilization and that all of these should be considered when reconstructing extinct organisms. (shrink)

The present contribution offers an overview of a new area of research in the field of foreign language acquisition, which was triggered by the introduction of Positive Psychology (PP) ( MacIntyre and Gregersen, 2012 ). For many years, a cognitive perspective had dominated research in applied linguistics. Around the turn of the millennium researchers became increasingly interested in the role of emotions in foreign language learning and teaching, beyond established concepts like foreign language anxiety and constructs like motivation and attitudes (...) toward the foreign language. As a result, a more nuanced understanding of the role of positive and negative learner and teacher emotions emerged, underpinned by solid empirical research using a wide range of epistemological and methodological approaches. PP interventions have been carried out in schools and universities to strengthen learners and teachers’ experiences of flow, hope, courage, well-being, optimism, creativity, happiness, grit, resilience, strengths, and laughter with the aim of enhancing learners’ linguistic progress. This paper distinguishes the early period in the field that started with MacIntyre and Gregersen (2012), like a snowdrop after winter, and that was followed by a number of early studies in relatively peripheral journals. We argue that 2016 is the starting point of the current period, characterized by gradual recognition in applied linguistics, growing popularity of PP, and an exponential increase in publications in more mainstream journals. This second period could be compared to a luxuriant English garden in full bloom. (shrink)

"L’œuvre de Marc Richir, riche et polyphonique, nous lègue un ensemble complexe d’analyses, de propositions et de concepts qui puisent tant dans la tradition philosophique que dans les sciences exactes, l’anthropologie, l’esthétique et la pensée politique, créant entre ces discours autant d’intersections inédites opérées en régime phénoménologique. En chacun de ces croisements, l’œuvre de Richir appelle à être examinée, déchiffrée et éclairée à partir de perspectives inédites que lui-même a rendu possible. L’immensité du corpus richirien invite à travailler autant (...) aux marges de la phénoménologie husserlienne qu’aux marges de sa phénoménologie, à travers ses dialogues, ses obsessions et ses ambitions, afin de mieux ressaisir en elles la vivacité et l’originalité des phénomènes."--. (shrink)

Jean-Marc Coicaud's article begins by stressing the contemporary importance and the current trend of political apology. Recent political apologies offered in Australia and Canada to their indigenous populations form a significant part of this story. He then analyzes a number of intriguing paradoxes at the core of the dynamics of apology. These paradoxes give meaning to apology but also make the very idea of apology extremely challenging. They have to do with the relationships of apology with time, law (...) and the unforgivable. The most intriguing of these paradoxes concerns apology and the unforgivable. Indeed, the greater the wrong, the more valuable the apology. But, then, the more difficult it becomes to issue and to accept an apology. This latter paradox is namely examined in the context of mass crimes, taken from Europe, Africa and Asia. As a whole these paradoxes are all the more intriguing considering what apology in a political context aims to accomplish, for the actor who issues the apology, for the one who receives it, for their relationship, and for the social environment in which this takes place. Jean-Marc Coicaud concludes his article by outlining what the rise of apology means for contemporary political culture. (shrink)

Jean-Marc Barreau Cet article considère l’accompagnement spirituel à l’égard de ce que la littérature consacrée appelle le pré-deuil. Un accompagnement qui regarde le proche-aidant vivant ce pré-deuil. Pour conduire cette analyse, l’article regarde la manière dont les concepts de sollicitude (Ricoeur) et de visage (Lévinas) viennent répondre à la souffrance que le proche-aidant vit en de telles circonstances. Mettant en avant un type d’accompagnement spirituel dont le soubassement anthropologique est spécifiquement philosophique, il offre à ce type d’accompagnement une (...) dimension profondément humaine et de surplus avec une portée universelle. Un accompagnement qui ose offrir aux milieux des soins une praxie dont la sollicitude et la spiritualité assurent la pertinence. (shrink)

Jean-Marc Mouillie : Le projet philosophique de L'Être et le néant -- Juliette Simont : Genèse du "Néant", genèse de L'Être et le néant (À propos de la morale et de l'ontologie de Sartre) -- Jean-Philippe Narboux : Intentionnalité et négation dans L'Être et le néant -- Timur Uçan : Le problème du solipsisme dans L'Être et le néant -- Kim Sang Ong-Van-Cung : Le corps et l'expérience d'autrui. Un aspect du problème de la négation dans L'Être (...) et le néant -- Laurent Husson : Le cercle de l'autre comme question de méthode. Sur les relations concrètes avec autrui, leur signification et leur portée -- Frédéric Worms : Une théorie radicale des relations humaines -- Jean Bourgault : Le propre de Sartre. Quelques remarques sur une phénoménologie de l'appropriation -- Hadi Rizk : Être et faire, la liberté comme principe d'individuation. (shrink)