This study examines how the corporate philanthropy decisions of group-affiliated firms in Korea are made. Based on the attention-based view, we argue that when corporate decision makers at group-affiliated firms focus their attention more on internal markets than external stakeholders because of the firm’s high reliance on intragroup transactions, the firm will decrease its level of corporate philanthropy. We further argue that the relationship will be stronger when governance mechanisms focus on the instrumental value of corporate philanthropy. Using a panel (...) sample of group-affiliated firms in Korea from 2011 to 2015, we find that as intragroup sales increase, the level of corporate philanthropy decreases, and such a negative relationship is stronger when outside director representation and foreign investor ownership are high. Our study suggests that internal dependence and corporate governance mechanisms jointly affect the level of corporate philanthropy at firms in a business group. Thus, this study contributes to the literature on corporate philanthropy, business group, and corporate governance. (shrink)

This descriptive study was undertaken to identify the degree of ethical sensitivity of staff nurses and to analyze the differences in ethical sensitivity in terms of both general and ethics-related characteristics. Participants were 236 staff nurses working in general hospitals in Korea. Ethical sensitivity was measured by means of an instrument developed by the researchers. The results showed that the mean score for the degree of ethical sensitivity was 0.71 out of a possible maximum score of 1 (range 0.30 to (...) 0.97). For general characteristics, there was a significant difference in ethical sensitivity according to age (F (df 2233)-3.99, P-0.02). For characteristics related to ethics, there was a significant difference in ethical sensitivity according to attitude towards the nursing profession (F (df 4231)-2.94, P-0.03). It is therefore recommended that a training program reflecting these variables be developed to enhance staff nurses’ ethical sensitivity. (shrink)

이 글은 17세기에 활동한 대구지역 3세대 유학자들의 성리학적 특징을 규명하기 위해 채몽연, 도성유, 서사선을 시론적으로 살펴본 것이다. 이들은 정구와 2세대 유학자인 서사원, 손처눌 등에게 학문적 훈습을 받았으며, 평소 지역의 문풍 쇄신과 후진 양성에 힘쓰다 임병양난 때에는 스승을 따라 의병활동에 참여하는 등 사회적 실천에도 적극적이었다. 이러한 활동은 이들의 학문이 감정의 미발 상태에 이루어지는 정좌구중의 경의지학에 기반하고 있으면서 이학인 장자와 불교까지 포용하는 학문적 유연성을 통한 현실과의 긴장 관계를 유지하는 데에서 비롯되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 더불어 이는 정구의 회통적 학문, 즉 퇴계학과 남명학을 넘어 (...) 통합의 성격을 더욱 확장하는 계기가 되었다. 여기서는 이러한 보편적 특징이 이 세 인물들에게 어떻게 나타나고 있는지를 그들의 삶에 두드러진 흔적을 중심으로 정리하면서 그 사상적 특징을 구체적으로 해명했다. 이제 여기서 얻은 성과를 기준으로 당대의 인물들을 확대 검토함으로써 논의를 진전시켜나가는 과제가 남아있다. (shrink)

天????의 『禪門寶藏錄』은 知訥의 『修心訣』, 『看話決疑論』의 저술에 버금가는 고려 중기 대표적인 禪書라 할 수 있다. 천책이 萬德山 白蓮社의 4대 주지였던 眞靜國師와 동일인인가 아닌가 하는 문제와는 별도로 『선문보장록』이 한국선에 미친 영향은 지대하다. 또한 지눌과 慧諶으로 이어진 修禪社의 禪風이 화엄종을 의식하고 있다면, 천책의 선사상은 九山禪門을 계승하면서 馬祖와 臨濟를 잇는 祖師禪의 특징을 직접적이고도 간결하게 표출하고 있는 특징이 있다. 특히 鏡虛 등이 편찬한 『禪門撮要』에 『선문보장록』이 수록될 정도로 禪僧들에게 지대한 영향을 미쳤던 점을 상기할 때, 본 연구의 필요성이 제기된다 하겠다. 본고에서는 『선문보장록』에 대한 종합적 이해를 목적으로 하여 (...) 다음의 세 가지 문제를 다루었다. 첫째, 『선문보장록』은 총 3冊 86則으로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 구성상의 특징과 86칙의 구체적인 출전이 무엇인지를 살펴서, 이 책의 저술동기와 목적을 밝히고자 하였다. 둘째, 『선문보장록』의 핵심사상을 한국적 祖師禪의 확립으로 보고, 이러한 특징이 저술 속에서 구체적으로 어떻게 나타나는 지를 규명하였다. 우선 禪主敎從의 선교관이라 할 수 있다. 이 책에서는 제일 먼저 선과 교를 대별하여 선이 교보다 우수함을 입증하고 있다. 특히 眞歸祖師說의 등장은 이를 단적으로 말하고 있는 것이다. 이어 조사선의 특징인 本來成佛의 本體論과 無修無證의 修證論이 어떻게 표현되고 있는지를 밝혔다. 끝으로 휴정과 志安 그리고 亘璇과 鏡虛 등 조선 후기 및 구한말의 禪僧들에게 『선문보장록』은 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는 지를 살펴보았다. 이러한 고찰을 통하여 『선문보장록』은 한국적 조사선이 체계적으로 표현된 대표적인 저술 가운데 하나임을 밝혔으며, 휴정 이후 그 영향이 구한말 경허를 통하여 지금까지 지속되고 있음을 밝혔다. (shrink)

선문논쟁(禪門論爭)이란 조선 후기 고승이었던 백파 긍선(白坡亘璇)과 초의 의순(草衣意恂)사이에서 촉발된 선(禪)에 대한 교리논쟁으로 삼종선(三種禪)과 이종선(二種禪)에 대한 논쟁이 그 핵심을 이루며, 이후 무려 100년이 넘는 시간동안 두 선사의 제자들을 통해서 이어져 나갔다. 18-19세기 한국유학에 ‘인물성동이(人物性同異)논쟁’이 있었다면, 불교계에는 ‘삼종선-이종선 논쟁’이 있었던 것이다. ‘삼종선-이종선’에 관해서는 많은 논쟁거리가 있지만, 본 논문에서는 먼저 백파의 삼종선의 내용과 출현 배경에 대하여 소개한 후, 초의가 삼종선을 비판한 쟁점과 요지가 무엇인가를 살펴 볼 것이다. 이를 통해 ‘초의의 삼종선 비판은 과연 타당한 것인가?’하는 문제에 대하여 논하고자 한다. 백파는 『선문수경(禪文手鏡)』을 통하여, 삼종선을 주창하는데, (...) 삼종선이란 선을 그 경지에 따라 ‘조사선(祖師禪), 여래선(如來禪), 의리선(義理禪)’의 세 종류로 나누어 보는 데에서 붙여진 이름이다. 반면, 초의는 『선문사변만어(禪門四辨漫語)』를 통하여 백파의 『선문수경』을 반박하고 있는데, 먼저 백파의 설을 소개한 후 자신의 비판을 가하는 형식을 띄고 있다. 모든 선어록의 말들을 인위적으로 삼종선의 하나에 배대하려한 백파의 시도는 지나친 점이 있으며, 초의의 지적대로 선의 본래정신을 훼손한 면이 있다고 보여 진다. 그러나 언어와 논리를 떠나 본래면목을 곧장 깨닫고자 하는 선의 특성상 그 깊고 얕음을 판단할 수 있는 기준을 제시했다는 점에서 백파의 삼종선은 분명 가치가 있다고 할 것이다. (shrink)

조선 말기에 활동했던 易學者 李元龜의 사상에 대해서는 實學으로 보는 견해, 朱子學의 계승이라는 평가, 그리고 道學과 實學이 종합되어있다는 여러 평가가 교착되어있는 상태이다. 그의 太極陰陽論이나 理氣論에서 사용하고 있는 개념범주들은 성리학의 것과 모순되거나 위배되는 것이 아니라 오히려 性理學의 기본개념전제들을 정확히 이해하고 있으며 이 토대위에서 그의 易學 체계를 수립한다. 그는 성리학적 개념들을 다시 역학적인 개념으로 환원시켜 설명하고, 역학의 數理를 빌려 人倫과 産業이라는 經世論으로 논의를 심화확대하고 있다. 역학적 관점에서 본다면 그는 9와 6이란 음양의 數理를 통해 음양의 상호 존중과 인륜산업의 조화와 발전을 도모하고 있는데, 이는 가치론적으로 (...) 음양을 차별하던 기존의 음양론과는 상당히 다른 모습을 보인다. 그는 수리를 강조하면서 義理를 경시하지 않았고, 象數學 전통과 義理學 전통을 겸한 독창적인 수리사상을 가지고 있었다고 할 수 있다. 이원구 역학은 宋代 數理論 중심의 理學의 연장선상에 있다. 다만 송대 理學이 주로 형이상학적인 측면에 한정해서 象數를 논의했던 것과는 달리, 人事 중심의 인간학적인 문제로까지 확장시키고 있다는 점에서 그 차이점을 찾을 수 있다. (shrink)

Abstractabstract:This study examines the origin and religious roots of taegyo, Korean traditional prenatal education, and raises concerns about potential negative impacts of contemporary taegyo practice from feminist and disability perspectives. Taegyo has been accepted without much criticism due to its deep integration into prenatal care culture, and most existing literature focuses on taegyo's positive impacts on fetal health and development from scientific or nursing perspectives. This article analyzes a 19th-century taegyo manual, Taegyo Singi, and Seon and Won Buddhist literatures (...) on taegyo in order to understand the religio-cultural concepts and contexts of taegyo. The article then discusses the potential downsides of taegyo practice today, considering its patriarchal, mother-blaming, ablest roots in Korean history and culture. The author raises concerns about social oppression, the control of women's bodily autonomy, and the disproportionate responsibility burden that taegyo places on Korean women. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and for well-balanced taegyo practice. (shrink)

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of Roy Bhaskar's philosophical evolution from critical realism to the philosophy of meta-Reality. Following Bhaskar's own terminology, I define his intellectual journey as the ‘identification of dualism and duality within non-duality’ by proposing that anti-anthropism plays a key role in the developmental consistency of his system from critical realism via dialectical critical realism to meta-Reality. For this purpose, I compare Bhaskar's philosophy with Andrew Collier's theory of human rationality and spiritual emancipation based (...) on Christianity and Tu Wei-Ming's anthropocosmic understanding of human beings and nature based on Confucianism. (shrink)

Acknowledging separable factors underlying negative symptoms may lead to better understanding and treatment of negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. The current study aimed to test whether the negative symptoms factor (NSF) of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) would be better represented by expressive and experiential deficit factors, rather than by a single factor model, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Two hundred and twenty individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders completed the PANSS; subsamples additionally completed the Brief Negative Symptom (...) Scale (BNSS) and the Motivation and Pleasure Scale—Self-Report (MAP-SR). CFA results indicated that the two-factor model fit the data better than the one-factor model; however, latent variables were closely correlated. The two-factor model’s fit was significantly improved by accounting for correlated residuals between N2 (emotional withdrawal) and N6 (lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation), and between N4 (passive social withdrawal) and G16 (active social avoidance), possibly reflecting common method variance. The two NSF factors exhibited differential patterns of correlation with subdomains of the BNSS and MAP-SR. These results suggest that the PANSS NSF would be better represented by a two-factor model than by a single-factor one, and support the two-factor model’s adequate criterion-related validity. Common method variance among several items may be a potential source of measurement error under a two-factor model of the PANSS NSF. (shrink)

This paper is for the purpose of clarify that perception is a conscious act through Bergson’s theory of images and perception in Matter and Memory. And yet this ‘act’ is not a pure action of consciousness or of sprit, which is transcendental from the reality and composes or recomposes it. That is, our perception is not pure knowledge. A pure conception is unconscious one, which takes place infinitely within the system of matter that is an ‘aggregate of images’ in which (...) all the elements act and react upon one another according to the law of nature. This system is excentric. On the contrary, the consciousness comes into being in themoment when these unlimited actions/reactions are limited and with choice, that is, when the passage from the ‘immediate’ to ‘useful’ in done. Therefore an activity of consciousness is already a practice of life. However, this perception as act reveals at the same time a proper capacity to subject/being, in that it forms a realm of subjectivity and creates its own field of perception, which are not reducible to the movement or nature of matter, so are different system from matter, every moment through memory. (shrink)

이 논문은 윌리엄 모리스(William Morris 1834-1896)가 설립했던 모리스 상회(Morris & Co.)의 경영 철학에 대한 연구이다. 모리스는 예술이 대중화되어야 예술 문화가 향상될 수 있다는 이념을 가지고 있었고 이것은 바로 상회의 경영과 연결된다. 모리스 상회의 설립자들은 19세기 미학적 상황을 파악하고 예술을 상품화하여 ‘장식예술’로 시대를 개혁하고자 하였다. 이것은 곧 확장된 예술 개념을 실천하는 장이였다. 또한 모리스 상회의 경영 철학은 모리스의 미학과 함께 하였고 그것은 예술에 대한 새로운 지평을 여는 것이었다.BR 모리스는 자신이 모리스 상회의 경영을 맡으면서 네 가지 원칙 아래에 상회를 경영하고자 했다. 첫째, (...) ‘대중을 교육’하는 것이다. 대중 교육이라는 것은 예술성과 좋은 질의 생산품을 적절한 가격에 공급하여 대중의 미적 취미를 향상시키는 것을 의미한다. 둘째, 예술생산 방식의 개선이었다. 셋째, 모든 제작품은 디자이너의 이름과 제작자의 이름을 공개했다. 이것은 예술 상품을 디자인한 디자이너의 지적 재산에 대한 존중이며 상품 제작에 참여한 노동의 가치를 존중하는 태도였다. 넷째 노동의 대가에 따른 임금 분배였다.BR 상회의 기본 원칙은 완전히 실현되지 못하였고 한계를 드러냈다. 모리스 상회의 소비자들은 부유한 사람이거나, 고등 교육을 받은 일부 사람들이었다. 임금 분배의 문제는 자본주의 시장경제 체계에 잠식당하고 있었다. 모리스는 이상적인 상회 경영을 희망했으나 절반의 성공만을 했다. 모리스가 실현하려했던 상회의 경영원칙은 이윤추구가 우선이었던 경제체계에서 완전한 성공을 거두기는 힘들었다. 그러나 상회 경영에 드러난 윤리적 태도, 노동자의 권익, 예술, 디자인, 기술의 조화 등에 대한 그의 이념은 이 시대의 지침서로서의 역할을 하고 있다. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to make apparent Hannah Arendt’s thought on the practical dimension of universality alluded throughout her works. The issue of universality has been one of the most pivotal questions in political philosophy until today. Beneath of her philosophical endeavor there is always her deep concern for it. In this article I will show the practical dimension of universality unintentionally pursued by Arendt and its political implications. By harshly criticizing Plato Arendt successfully shows how violent the (...) truth claim in the political realm can be. What Arendt is critical of is the attitude to dictate philosophical ideals in politicalrealm, the attitude I named the “Philosopher King Complex.” Arendt’s bitter criticism of this attitude makes believe that she is critical of any claim of universality in the political realm, but her praise of Socrates clearly shows that she does not altogether blame the claim itself. We also need to note the debate with Gershom Scholem. Scholem’s charge that Arendt dealt with the Eichmann case from a humanitarian, universalistic viewpoint while neglecting the Jewish perspective could be serious considering Arendt’s emphasis on the pariah’s perspective. Arendt’s standpoint, however, includes both a particularistic view as a Jew and auniversalistic view as a human at the same time. This is possible because Arendt correctly understood the role of speech. Arendt’s use of Pastor Grueber’s example in Eichmann in Jerusalem implies that she believes in the power of speech to relate our consciousness to reality and to make communication possible. To retain human plurality along with universality, it is necessary but not sufficient to focus on speech alone. In this regard we learn a lesson from the Habermas-Henrich debate: that self-relation of consciousness plays the role of establishing self-identity. A successful example of combining these two insights is Arendt’s position since she delivered her hermeneutic insights in the language of philosophy of consciousness. Albrecht Wellmer’s unjustifiable charge of Arendt’s concept of judgment to be “mystic” is an example of misunderstanding of her peculiar position. If we admit this, we can say that Arendt establishes aposition to give an answer to the question “is democracy a universal truth?”: democracy, as far as it is a political truth, is neither equivalent to a universal truth as a mathematical one, nor just a particular cultural opinion of westerners. This interpretation of Arendt puts her position near to liberal-communitarian views of Michael Sandel or Charles Taylor. Sandel criticizes Arendt to be universalistic, but in fact his position is quite near to hers. For example, his method of analogy is almost the same as her concept of exemplary validity. Rather, it seems to me that Arendt provides more solid theoretical ground than Taylor or Sandel does. For Arendt’s position stands on a firm understanding of the power of speech and on an insight of self-relation of consciousness. (shrink)

This engaging book contributes to the contemporary environmental and natural sciences by offering a comparative intellectual framework. S. Niggol Seo provides an exposition of four pressing modern problems through the Buddhist perspective which he calls the environmental philosophy of the old age. Illustrating an insightful contrast between modern scientific and economic approaches, and the Buddhist viewpoint, this book examines key environmental issues such as species protection, pollution, natural resource use and global climate change. Through a comprehensive explanation of the pertinent (...) Buddhist philosophy and eleven Buddhist instruments, it unpacks the rich intellectual resources relating to modern environmental and nature studies that have been treasured in the Buddhist Canons and commentaries for thousands of years. This book provides a rare opportunity to reflect on the ongoing climate crisis using a time-tested thought system. Environmentalists and scholars studying development economics, environmental economics, radical economics and climate change will find this book's combined outlook thought-provoking and illuminating. Policymakers will also find the chapters on how to tackle global challenges including climate change and environmental pollution to be an excellent resource. (shrink)

In May of 2006, the Abigail Alliance for Better Access to Development Drugs appeared to have won a victory when a divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that “terminally ill, mentally competent adult patients” had a constitutionally protected right to access investigational medications. This victory was short lived, however. On August 7, 2007, the D.C. Circuit sitting en banc reversed this earlier decision, marking a setback in Abigail's campaign for removal of the (...) regulatory barriers that currently prevent terminally ill patients from gaining early access to investigational drugs. This loss represents a big blow for Abigail's cause, because there is no guarantee that they will have another day in court, and attaining their goal through other branches of the government remains uncertain. (shrink)

A contrary-to-duty obligation (CTD obligation) is a type of conditional obligation that tells us what to do when a primary duty is violated. Chisholm’s Paradox is one of the most famous deontic puzzles about CTD obligations. It is widely believed that Chisholm’s Paradox does not arise for ordering semantics, today’s orthodox semantics for modals and conditionals. In this paper, I propose a new puzzle, the CTD Trilemma, to show that ordering semantics still has difficulties in adequately representing natural reasoning with (...) CTD obligations. I argue that to solve the CTD Trilemma a formal account must attend to two different functions played by ought-statements in our normative reasoning and discourse: ought-statements as normative rules and normative judgments. To formally capture this distinction I develop a new dynamic account of ought-statements and normative reasoning inspired by Frank Veltman’s update semantics for default reasoning. Finally, I show how my update semantics for normative reasoning provides a simple and elegant solution to the CTD Trilemma and explains seemingly inconsistent data about inferences using ought-statements in normative reasoning. (shrink)

Skateboarding has been a hallmark of adolescent experience in suburban America ever since its beginning in the 1950s. Skateboarding has become an underground subculture, providing the youth population a novel outlet for self-expression and independence. Transworld Skateboarding magazine displays the ideological characteristic of the skateboard movement through their unique populist syntext, distinctive signification system, and extensive textual convergence. However, while expressing adolescent resistance against homogeneity, the magazine also reflects the influence of popular culture on skateboarders. This idiosyncrasy of Transworld Skateboarding (...) magazine reflects popular culture’s constant struggle between the need for hegemonic provision and resistance of mainstream conformity. (shrink)

Background Ethical sensitivity is a prerequisite for ethical nursing practices. Efforts to improve nurses’ ethical sensitivity are required to correctly recognise ethical conflicts and for sound decision-making. Because an emerging infectious disease response involves complex ethical issues, it is important to understand the factors that influence public health nurses’ ethical sensitivity while caring for patients with COVID-19, an emerging infectious disease. Objectives This study aims to identify the relationship between nursing professionalism, the organisation’s ethical climate, and the ethical sensitivity of (...) nurses who care for emerging infectious disease patients in Korean public health centres. Further, it sought to identify factors influencing ethical sensitivity and the mediating effect of the organisational ethical climate to inform guidelines and improve ethical sensitivity. Research design This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Participants and research context Data were collected from February 3 to 8 March 2021. Participants included 167 nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in public health centres in South Korea. Ethical consideration This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Chung-Ang University and followed the principles of research ethics. Results The factors influencing ethical sensitivity were working at a COVID-19 disease direct response department, nursing professionalism, and organisation’s ethical climate. The organisation’s ethical climate showed a partial mediating effect on the influence of nursing professionalism on ethical sensitivity. Conclusion Our findings show that nurses’ ethical sensitivity can be improved by refining the organisation’s ethical climate and nursing professionalism. (shrink)

The aporia of violence is probably the single most important issue that defines the failure of the leftist revolutionary politics as was experienced in modern history. It is what prevented it from ultimately achieving its goal by entrapping it in the perverse effect of the sovereign violence. As is well known, Slavoj Žižek in his book, Violence, proposes us to return to the practice of messianic or divine violence that Walter Benjamin conceptualized in contrast to that of mythical violence. But, (...) such an idea of messianic violence was not just Benjamin’s, but in fact, a predominant one in the long tradition of Marxism including Marx himself. It is then hard to see how a simple return to the practice of messianic violence will assist us better than it used to in discovering alternative ways to think about violence. In this paper, I would like to engage myself in a close reading of Jacques Lacan and Louis Althusser’s discussions of violence, hoping to find such alternatives. On the issue of violence Lacan and Althusser both converge and diverge. While examining such a crossroad of sive— in both senses of the term: identity and difference—I will in the end emphasize the need to reconsider the notion of representation, which one may no longer easily put aside as opportunistic. (shrink)