This article presents, first, the theoretical framework about democratic schools based on a three-year research project “Demoskole: Democracy, Participation and Inclusive education in schools” funded by Spanish Government. Secondly, it analyses some democratic educational practices and, finally, it communicates some implications of what is supposed to improve the democratic quality of schools increasing the participation of pupils.

In the educational sphere, the concept of democracy is used in many and varied ways, though the hegemonic school culture often starts from a concept of democracy that is taken for granted, and it is understood that the entire educational community shares a similar concept. As a result of the research project “Democracy, participation and inclusive education in schools” we realized that the above-mentioned concept is used without being accurately defined in the school setting. This observation is what has prompted (...) us to write this article, basically structured in two parts. In the first part, based on the theoretical debate occurring in the field of social sciences, we delimit the concept of democracy and structure it in four basic dimensions: governance, inhabitance, otherness and ethos. In the second part, we specify and examine in depth these four dimensions in the school setting in order to construct a broad and transversal, yet specific, definition, with which to be able to develop ambitious democratic projects and, in turn, contribute to scientific debate. (shrink)

La educación patrimonial activista propicia espacios para la construcción de una ciudadanía comprometida, alimentando un sentimiento de pertinencia sociocultural en el entorno. Para ello, las autoras presentan algunas propuestas didácticas llevadas a cabo en las facultades de educación de la Universidad Rovira i Virgili y la Universidad de Barcelona para sensibilizar al futuro profesorado de la escuela infantil y primaria sobre la perspectiva de género, la coeducación y el pensamiento crítico. En el presente artículo se conceptualiza la educación patrimonial activista, (...) y se ofrece una línea-guía para promover la concienciación individual, socio-colectiva e intercultural en el alumnado y su profesorado, reconocidos como una comunidad educativa que incorpora los lugares patrimoniales como espacios co-creativos y participativos. Se concluye haciendo énfasis sobre la importancia de una educación patrimonial que promueva el activismo cívico, alternativa a una representación icónica y estática de los bienes culturales. (shrink)

The combination of increased availability of large amounts of fine-grained human behavioral data and advances in machine learning is presiding over a growing reliance on algorithms to address complex societal problems. Algorithmic decision-making processes might lead to more objective and thus potentially fairer decisions than those made by humans who may be influenced by greed, prejudice, fatigue, or hunger. However, algorithmic decision-making has been criticized for its potential to enhance discrimination, information and power asymmetry, and opacity. In this paper, we (...) provide an overview of available technical solutions to enhance fairness, accountability, and transparency in algorithmic decision-making. We also highlight the criticality and urgency to engage multi-disciplinary teams of researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, and citizens to co-develop, deploy, and evaluate in the real-world algorithmic decision-making processes designed to maximize fairness and transparency. In doing so, we describe the Open Algortihms project as a step towards realizing the vision of a world where data and algorithms are used as lenses and levers in support of democracy and development. (shrink)

This lavishly illustrated book highlights the conservation importance of congregatory animals species--those which gather in vast groups. It also focuses on the irreplaceability of the congregation sites which are able to support such large gatherings of animals, fish, or birds.

An emotion-based lengthening effect on the perception of durations of emotional pictures has been assumed to result from an arousal-based mechanism, involving the activation of an internal clock system. The aim of this study was to systematically examine the arousal effect on time perception when different discrete emotions were considered. The participants were asked to verbally estimate the duration of emotional pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). The pictures varied either in arousal level, i.e., high/low-arousal, for the same (...) discrete emotion (disgust or sadness) or in the depicted emotion, e.g., disgust/fear for pictures matched for arousal (high-arousal). The results systematically revealed a lengthening effect on the perception of the duration of the emotional compared to the neutral pictures and indicated that the magnitude of this effect increased with arousal level. Nevertheless, variations in time perception were observed for one and the same arousal level, with the duration of disgust-inducing pictures (e.g., body mutilation) being judged longer than that of fear-inducing pictures (e.g., snake). These results suggest that arousal is a fundamental mechanism mediating the effect of emotion on time perception. However, the effect cannot be reduced to arousal, since the impact of the content of pictures also plays a critical role. (shrink)

We examine whether a taxpayer’s decision to choose a taxpayer-favorable characterization of income is associated with contextual and individual dimensions of that decision. Using a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design, we manipulate the prevailing social norm on whether there is a general belief that a specific form of income should be characterized as a capital gain or as ordinary income, and the group affiliation on whether the individual is making a tax characterization decision as a sole proprietor or as (...) a member of a group practice. Moreover, we measure participants’ fairness perception of characterizing the income as capital gains versus ordinary. We study the decisions of 180 graduate business and accounting students from two US business schools to explore these dimensions using a tax-ambiguous income situation. Results indicate that both contextual and individual dimensions impact taxpayer decisions. Specifically, the social norm and fairness perception of characterizing income as capital gains affects the likelihood of choosing such a characterization. Being a sole proprietor or a member of a group practice does not have any significant main effect. However, relative to all other conditions, taxpayers are most likely to characterize income as capital gains when both the social norms are for capital gains characterization and when the taxpayer is a member of a group practice. Results remain largely robust to a variety of alternative explanations. We conclude the paper with a discussion of our findings and their implications for tax policy, enforcement, and research. (shrink)

Introduction : Involuntarism and philosophy -- The obscure dust of the world : the unconscious of perception in Leibniz -- Inevitable and persistent inadequacies : the unconscious of ideas in Spinoza -- Deteriora Sequer : the unconscious of desire in Spinoza -- The gravity of ideas : the unconscious of habit in Hume -- Conclusion : obscurity and involvement.

Con la aparición de este número dedicado —como no puede ser de otro modo— a Francisco Suárez, en la vida de su tiempo y en la del nuestro, con motivo del cuarto centenario de su fallecimiento, ACFS inaugura una nueva etapa —la tercera— que pretende, además de aprovechar este homenaje, afrontar los nuevos retos planteados por la sociedad-economía del conocimiento y sus variados indicadores —formales— de medición de calidad. Es cierto que lo que marca la calidad, al menos la científica, (...) debería sobrepasar cualquier requisito formal, pero más allá de lo que siempre debió y debe ser lo importante, el fondo, las revistas jurídicas han tenido que reinventarse para cumplir con los requerimientos de indexación exigidos por las reconocidas Bases de Datos. (shrink)

An obituary for Tapani Harviainen (1944–2024).

This article investigates the concept of the ground truth as both an epistemic and technical figure of knowledge that is central to discussions of machine vision and media techniques of visuality. While ground truth refers to a set of remote sensing practices, it has a longer history in operational photography, such as aerial reconnaissance. Building on a discussion of this history, this article argues that ground truth has shifted from a reference to the physical, geographical ground to the surface of (...) the images echoing earlier points raised by philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy that there is a ground of the image that is central to the task of analysis beyond representational practices. Furthermore, building on the practices of pattern recognition, composite imaging, and different interpretational techniques, we discuss contemporary practices of machine learning that mobilizes geographical earth observation datasets for experimental purposes, including tests such as “fake geography” as well as artistic practices, to show how ground truth is operationalized in such contexts of AI and visual arts. (shrink)

We report a solution to an open problem regarding the axiomatization of the convex hull of a type of nonclassical evaluations. We then investigate the meaning of this result for the larger context of the relation between rational credence functions and nonclassical probability. We claim that the notions of bets and Dutch Books typically employed in formal epistemology are of doubtful use outside the realm of classical logic, eventually proposing two novel ways of understanding Dutch Books in nonclassical settings.

The objective of this paper is analyzing to which extent the multiverse hypothesis provides a real explanation of the peculiarities of the laws and constants in our universe. First we argue in favor of the thesis that all multiverses except Tegmark’s “mathematical multiverse” are too small to explain the fine tuning, so that they merely shift the problem up one level. But the “mathematical multiverse" is surely too large. To prove this assessment, we have performed a number of experiments with (...) cellular automata of complex behavior, which can be considered as universes in the mathematical multiverse. The analogy between what happens in some automata (in particular Conway’s “Game of Life") and the real world is very strong. But if the results of our experiments can be extrapolated to our universe, we should expect to inhabit—in the context of the multiverse—a world in which at least some of the laws and constants of nature should show a certain time dependence. Actually, the probability of our existence in a world such as ours would be mathematically equal to zero. In consequence, the results presented in this paper can be considered as an inkling that the hypothesis of the multiverse, whatever its type, does not offer an adequate explanation for the peculiarities of the physical laws in our world. (shrink)

In this paper we study the interaction between symmetric logic and probability. In particular, we axiomatize the convex hull of the set of evaluations of symmetric logic, yielding the notion of probability in symmetric logic. This answers an open problem of Williams ( 2016 ) and Paris ( 2001 ).

In this essay I will explore the important connection between conformism as an adaptive psychological strategy, and the emergence of the phenomenon of ethnicity. My argument will be that it makes sense that nature made us conformists. And once humans acquired this adaptive strategy, I will argue further, the development of ethnic organization was inevitable. Understanding the adaptive origins of conformism, as we shall see, is perhaps the most useful way to shed light on what ethnicity is—at least when examined (...) from the functional point of view, which is to say from the point of view of the adaptive problems that ethnicity solves. I shall begin with a few words about our final destination. (shrink)

In this paper we show that, in Gentzen systems, there is a close relation between two of the main characters in algebraic logic and proof theory respectively: protoalgebraicity and the cut rule. We give certain conditions under which a Gentzen system is protoalgebraic if and only if it possesses the cut rule. To obtain this equivalence, we limit our discussion to what we call regular sequent calculi, which are those comprising some of the structural rules and some logical rules, in (...) a sense we make precise. We note that this restricted set of rules includes all the usual rules in the literature. We also stress the difference between the case of two-sided sequents and the case of many-sided sequents, in which more conditions are needed. (shrink)

This work presents a system to detect small boats to help tackle the problem of this type of perilous immigration. The proposal makes extensive use of emerging technologies like Unmanned Aerial Vehicles combined with a top-performing algorithm from the field of artificial intelligence known as Deep Learning through Convolutional Neural Networks. The use of this algorithm improves current detection systems based on image processing through the application of filters thanks to the fact that the network learns to distinguish the aforementioned (...) objects through patterns without depending on where they are located. The main result of the proposal has been a classifier that works in real time, allowing the detection of pateras and people, kilometres away from the coast. This could be very useful for Search and Rescue teams in order to plan a rescue before an emergency occurs. Given the high sensitivity of the managed information, the proposed system includes cryptographic protocols to protect the security of communications. (shrink)

The title of the present essay repeats, word for word, the title of an article that the British philosopher U.T. Place published in 1956: “Is Consciousness a Brain Process?”.

Because of the importance of data-sharing for the economy, improved products and services, and to benefit society, the European Union has proposed developing a Common European Data Space (CEDS). The goal is to create a single European data market through 14 domain-specific data spaces (e.g., agriculture, or the Common European Agricultural Data Space (CEADS)). One of the central tenets of the CEDS is to ensure that those who share data can maintain control over who has access to, use of, and (...) ability to share it (or ‘data sovereignty’). Data sovereignty is an umbrella concept with many different values comprising its implementation. Therefore, to successfully implement data sovereignty in the CEADS (and all CEDS for that matter), it is important to identify what values are important for stakeholders.This paper examines the CEADS to identify the most critical values for potential stakeholders of this data space. We implement a six-phase value-sensitive design methodology called ‘value mapping’ by interviewing stakeholders from an incipient Spanish data-sharing initiative (potentially representing over 1 million farmers) and conducting a workshop with 42 international stakeholders at an agri-tech summit. Our findings demonstrate the different values that are important for stakeholders of an agricultural data space: farmers (privacy, control, and trust); farm advisors (human welfare and autonomy); farmer associations (trust and human welfare); technology providers and intermediaries (autonomy and human welfare); public and regulatory bodies (autonomy); and society (justice). Furthermore, we describe different interdisciplinary steps to ensure and protect these values to ensure sovereignty-by-design in the CEADS. (shrink)

We present a systematic study of join-extensions and join-completions of partially ordered algebras, which naturally leads to a refined and simplified treatment of fundamental results and constructions in the theory of ordered structures ranging from properties of the Dedekind–MacNeille completion to the proof of the finite embeddability property for a number of varieties of lattice-ordered algebras.

Based on the results obtained from primary education students—fifth and sixth graders—the aim of this work is to check the appropriate self-perceived behaviors during and at the end of the game. The study population was made up of 698 students from fifth and sixth grade in the Autonomous Region of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain). Data were collected through a questionnaire (scale) on the social skills of primary school students linked to the adequate skills when losing, the adequate skills when winning, and (...) the adequate skills during the game. Study results revealed that analyzed behaviors vary, depending on the moment of the game, being it more frequently during the development of the game than when losing or winning. (shrink)

This paper presents a preliminary and tentative formulation of a novel empirical generalization governing the relationship between grammar and cognition across a variety of independent domains. Its point of departure is an abstract distinction between two kinds of cognitive structures: symmetric and asymmetric. While in principle any feature whatsoever has the potential for introducing asymmetry, this paper focuses on one specific feature, namely thematic-role assignment. Our main empirical finding concerns the role of language, or, more specifically, grammar, in effecting and (...) maintaining the distinction between symmetric and asymmetric cognitive structures. Specifically, whereas symmetric structures devoid of thematic-role assignment more commonly occur in a non-grammatical and usually also non-verbal medium, asymmetric structures involving thematic-role assignment are more likely to be associated with a grammatical medium. Our work draws together three independent strands of empirical research associated with three diverse phenomenological domains: compositional semantics, metaphors and schematological hybrids. These three domains instantiate conceptual combinations, bringing together two or more subordinate entities into a single superordinate entity. For compositional semantics this consists of a juxtaposition of constituent signs to form a single more complex sign; for metaphors this entails the bringing together of two different concepts in order to produce a comparison; while for schematological hybrids this involves the combination of different entities to form a single new hybrid entity. Our empirical results reveal a remarkable parallelism between the above three domains. Within each domain, symmetric structures tend to be associated with a non-verbal or otherwise non-grammatical medium, while asymmetric structures are more frequently associated with a grammatical medium. Thus, within each domain, grammar introduces asymmetry. More specifically, we find that in all three domains, the asymmetry in question is one that involves the assignment of thematic roles. To capture this effect, we posit two distinct levels, or tiers, of cognition: non-grammatical cognition, more commonly associated with symmetric structures, and grammatical cognition more conducive to asymmetric structures. Within each of the three phenomenological domains, we find the distinction between non-grammatical and grammatical cognition to be manifest in three independent realms, phylogeny, ontogeny, and the architecture of human cognition. (shrink)

Quizá uno de los problemas más importantes y complejos del siglo XXI, después del muy urgente problema de evitar una guerra atómica, es la tarea de encontrar los caminos para organizar una sociedad que concilie la libertad cultural e individual con el desarrollo de una organización eficiente del estado y la economía. Por medio de un currículum común, la educación puede empezar a ayudarnos a resolver este problema urgente. El desarrollo curricular se erige sobre relaciones tensas, por ejemplo la tensión (...) entre la lengua estándar y las variedades regionales o sociales, o la tensión entre las demandas laborales y la vocación. Sin embargo, esas relaciones tensas no son inconciliables. Por el contrario, involucran una tensión virtuosa entre igualdad y libertad, los dos grandes valores que deben preservarse y fortalecerse para alcanzar la felicidad. (shrink)

Miranda Fricker characterizes the most basic or primary form of epistemic, testimonial injustice by way of a set of negative delimitations. In this paper I raise some doubts about how these delimitations are drawn, about the wrongful harms and disadvantages the testimonial injustice is supposed to entail and produce,and about the way Miranda Fricker clarifies the perfectionist character of the corrective virtue on the part of hearers, the ethical and intellectual virtue of testimonial justice.

Ante una ciencia mal-tratada desde su interior, un ojo enajenado y confundido en su visión, un ser humano cansado y desconfiado de la misma explicación, un mundo necesitado de comprensión y cuidado, ante unos cuantos insistentes de vivir en unos tiempos y espacios fragmentados, aparece la necesidad de escuchar de nuevo a lo propio, a lo primero y fundante como fuerza de transformación. Así, las siguientes letras reconocen un camino fenomenológico y contemplativo en la gran madre, la Hytcha Guaia, la (...) Pachamama, el primer gran útero, matriz sagrada que alimenta y nutre lo humano en toda su manifestación. Para la psicología, saber de psyque, de alma, su tarea también está en mirarse, recuperarse y a través de un logos trascendente, integrativo, volver a la sensible y sentida escucha de lo divino como curación, por ello su afirmación a lo mágico, chamánico, potente y sagrado del conocimiento telúrico (de tierra), a la medicina que en ella habita y su sanación. La propuesta es el gran camino de andar la tierra, de sentir, escuchar y estar en conciencia de raíz, un camino de cuidado que constata en cada ritual y experiencia la fuerza espiritual de nuestro saber ancestral indígena como primera y perenne ciencia. (shrink)

El presente artículo se centra en destacar el modo en que Schelling aparece en la obra de Deleuze como un eslabón que permite vincular la reacción anticartesiana de Spinoza y Leibniz (reivindicadora de la dimensión apetitiva de la naturaleza) con la propia actitud antihegeliana de Deleuze. El giro voluntarista que Schelling imprime a la filosofía es igualmente prolongado por Deleuze y Guattari cuando establecen la esquizofrenia como inconsciente ontológico libidinar por el que circulan libremente las intensidades deseantes. Del mismo modo, (...) el empirismo trascendental de Deleuze toma impulso en la concepción schellingniana del ser como In-diferencia entre lo subjetivo y lo objetivo, anterior a todo fundamento o dualidad. (shrink)

Partiendo de la noción lacaniana de pasaje al acto se interpreta el proceso de la duda y los momentos clave de su superación en los términos de un pasaje al acto humano que dará lugar al cogito y un acto divino que dará lugar al orden inmutable de las verdades eternas. De ese modo se trata de explicar el modo en el que Descartes constituye el marco fantasmático de la ciencia. Si bien en el seguimiento del proceso de la duda (...) el texto de referencia será Meditaciones metafísicas, se indica cómo en dicho proceso es reconocible el eco de una experiencia onírica decisiva que Descartes tuvo a los 23 años, experiencia que ayuda a comprender tanto el impacto de angustia que hay detrás del giro metafísico cartesiano como el reverso pre-subjetivo desde el cual acontece el despertar a la conciencia de sí que tiene lugar en el cogito. La vía preferente que se emplea en la interpretación llevada a cabo es la del psicoanálisis tal y como es desarrollado por Lacan. (shrink)

L’action est morale si elle est voulue en toute circonstance. Selon la Typique de la faculté de juger pratique, la loi fournit le modèle pour le passage à l’universel. Si ce modèle convient à la première formule del’impératif catégorique, il ne suffit à fonder ni la seconde, ni la troisième. On met en lumière les apories de la pensée kantienne pour indiquer ensuite que la position du problème de la « justice » par Rawls apporte peut-être un principe de solution.

Este trabajo establece un diálogo acerca del concepto de verdad según el pensamiento de Leonardo Polo y tres pensadores contemporáneos. En primer lugar, se realizará un análisis del planteamiento del pensador francés Michel Foucault a través de su obra “Vigilar y castigar: nacimiento de la prisión”. En segundo lugar, se describirán los principales puntos de confluencia con la obra “La fe de los demonios (o el ateísmo superado)” del filósofo francés Fabrice Hadjadj. En tercer lugar, se analizará la obra “Las (...) doce reglas: un antídoto al caos” del psicólogo canadiense Jordan Bernt Peterson. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se inscribe en el cruce que intersecta nodos centrales de la filosofía contemporánea en el llamado giro posthumano con las experiencias y producciones teóricas transfeministas. Consideramos que tal intersección se encuentra dada en la medida en que ambos términos suponen el resquebrajamiento de las lógicas identitarias en tanto políticas del deseo que promueven formas de sujeción andro-antropocéntricas y tanato-bio-políticas. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar en qué medida estos ámbitos se retroalimentan, pero enfoncándonos especialmente en dilucidar cuáles han sido (...) los aportes de los transfeminismos al pensamiento posthumanista. Concretamente, a través de abordajes metodológicos inscriptos en el horizonte de una genealogía crítica, analizaremos la implicación que las experiencias trans y el pensamiento feminista tuvieron para la postulación del dispositivo de sexualidad en Foucault y para el devenir-mujer en Deleuze y Guattari. Como resultado de tales análisis llegamos a la formulación de lo que denominamos filosóficas transfeministas en tanto prácticas de pensamiento y pensamiento en práctica que, en el ocaso de lo humano, buscan generar políticas del deseo para nuevos devenires simpoiéticos. (shrink)

This essay outlines the various analytical frameworks related to the history of race science that contribute to a “Latin” intellectual culture and tradition. In addition to defining Latinity as applied to the history of science, this article examines the troubled relationship between Latin American history and histories of science characterized as global. Similarly, it explores intellectual linkages across the Global South regarding racial mixture and the legacy of colonialism. It concludes by considering how a Latin perspective can illuminate the continued (...) hegemony of ideas and scientific practices originating in North America and northern Europe. (shrink)