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Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence
Edited by Eric Dietrich (State University of New York at Binghamton)
Assistant editor: Michelle Thomas (University of Western Ontario)
About this topic
| Summary |
The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a collection of issues primarily concerned with whether or not AI is possible -- with whether or not it is possible to build an intelligent thinking machine. Also of concern is whether humans and other animals are best thought of as machines (computational robots, say) themselves. The most important of the "whether-possible" problems lie at the intersection of theories of the semantic contents of thought and the nature of computation. A second suite of problems surrounds the nature of rationality. A third suite revolves around the seeming “transcendent” reasoning powers of the human mind. These problems derive from Kurt Gödel's famous Incompleteness Theorem. A fourth collection of problems concerns the architecture of an intelligent machine. Should a thinking computer use discrete or continuous modes of computing and representing, is having a body necessary, and is being conscious necessary. This takes us to the final set of questions. Can a computer be conscious? Can a computer have a moral sense? Would we have duties to thinking computers, to robots? For example, is it moral for humans to even attempt to build an intelligent machine? If we did build such a machine, would turning it off be the equivalent of murder? If we had a race of such machines, would it be immoral to force them to work for us? |
| Key works | Probably the most important attack on whether AI is possible is John Searle's famous Chinese Room Argument: Searle 1980. This attack focuses on the semantic aspects (mental semantics) of thoughts, thinking, and computing. For some replies to this argument, see the same 1980 journal issue as Searle's original paper. For the problem of the nature of rationality, see Pylyshyn 1987. An especially strong attack on AI from this angle is Jerry Fodor's work on the frame problem: Fodor 1987. On the frame problem in general, see McCarthy & Hayes 1969. For some replies to Fodor and advances on the frame problem, see Ford & Pylyshyn 1994. For the transcendent reasoning issue, a central and important paper is Hilary Putnam's Putnam 1960. This paper is arguably the source for the computational turn in 1960s-70s philosophy of mind. For architecture-of-mind issues, see, for starters: M. Spivey's The Contintuity of Mind, Oxford, which argues against the notion of discrete representations. See also, Gelder & Port 1995. For an argument for discrete representations, see, Dietrich & Markman 2003. For an argument that the mind's boundaries do not end at the body's boundaries, see, Clark & Chalmers 1998. For a statement of and argument for computationalism -- the thesis that the mind is a kind of computer -- see Shimon Edelman's excellent book Edelman 2008. See also Chapter 9 of Chalmers's book Chalmers 1996. |
| Introductions | Chinese Room Argument: Searle 1980. Frame problem: Fodor 1987, Computationalism and Godelian style refutation: Putnam 1960. Architecture: M. Spivey's The Contintuity of Mind, Oxford and Shimon Edelman's Edelman 2008. Ethical issues: Anderson & Anderson 2011 and Müller 2020. Conscious computers: Chalmers 2011. |
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Related
Subcategories
Artificial Minds (2,135 | 393)
The Turing Test (475)
The Chinese Room (278)
Machine Consciousness (384)
The Singularity* (115)
Mind Uploading* (58)
Artificial Minds, Misc (335)
Representation in Artificial Intelligence (890 | 193)
Areas of Artificial Intelligence (1,752 | 304)
Artificial Life* (283)
Computer Vision (15)
Cybernetics (215)
Dynamical Systems (228)
The Frame Problem (94)
Robotics (625)
Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (3,084 | 70)
Algorithmic Fairness (199)
Autonomous Vehicles (29)
Autonomous Weapons (51)
Machine Ethics (558)
Robot Ethics* (509)
Impact of Artificial Intelligence (1,174 | 143)
Autonomous Weapons* (51)
Autonomous Vehicles* (29)
Cyborgs (31)
Mind Uploading (58)
The Singularity (115)
Transhumanism (449)
Contents
16685 found
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Material to categorize
- CODES_ The Collapse of Probability and the Rise of Structured Resonance.Devin Bostick - manuscriptSee main CODES article for empirical tests and deeper context. This is a high level explainer. -/- Introduction -/- -/- For centuries, we were taught that probability governs reality. From rolling dice to quantum mechanics, randomness was assumed to be fundamental—an unavoidable part of nature. But what if probability was never real? What if randomness was just an illusion caused by incomplete phase detection? -/- -/- CODES (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems) is a revolutionary framework that replaces probability with structured (...)
- The Heart of Civilization_ Identity, Culture, and the Geometry of Decision-Making.Devin Bostick - manuscriptAbstract This paper formalizes the mathematical relationship between identity, culture, and decision-making through the Chiral Prime Resonance (CPR) Equation. It establishes a structured resonance model, demonstrating that human civilization follows predictable oscillatory patterns rather than stochastic processes. Identity is modeled as a prime resonance function, while culture scales through Fibonacci-driven adaptation. The structured resonance framework provides a mathematical basis for understanding historical cycles, leadership viability, and systemic collapse. This work challenges probability-based AI models, proposing structured resonance as the fundamental basis (...)
- ChatGPT and academic work: new psychological phenomena.Joost de Winter, P. A. Hancock & Yke Bauke Eisma - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-14.This study describes the impact of ChatGPT use on the nature of work from the perspective of academics and educators. We elucidate six phenomena: (1) the cognitive workload associated with conducting Turing tests to determine if ChatGPT has been involved in work productions; (2) the ethical void and alienation that result from recondite ChatGPT use; (3) insights into the motives of individuals who fail to disclose their ChatGPT use, while, at the same time, the recipient does not reveal their awareness (...)
- “Ease, comfort, and control”: Ideologies of design in software coding.Jürgen Spitzmüller - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-14.This paper provides an explorative investigation into how the development of software (front- and backends) is framed by reflexive assumptions, ascriptions, and expectations as to how software should be ‘designed’ to provide the user with ‘good’, ‘transparent’ and ‘controllable’ handling of applications or software environments. Drawing on metapragmatic theory, the notions of ideologies of communication, ideologies of communification, and particularly ideologies of design, the paper unfolds how software designers draw on, and struggle upon, specific notions of graphic transparency, simplicity, and (...)
- The assisted Technology dilemma: a reflection on AI chatbots use and risks while reshaping the peer review process in scientific research.Helmi Ben Saad, Ismail Dergaa, Hatem Ghouili, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Karim Chamari & Wissem Dhahbi - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-8.The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots in academic peer review (PR) has sparked both excitement and concern, raising critical questions about the future of scientific integrity. This paper examined how AI tools, particularly Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer, are reshaping scientific PR. As these tools become more prevalent in academic evaluation, they bring both opportunities and challenges to scholarly communication. AI assistance offers valuable benefits: it can speed up review processes, help non-native English speakers express their ideas clearly, and (...)
- Human insight vs. AI in extreme financial crises: the case for human decision-making.Massimo Buonomo - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- The hidden threat of Argentina’s AI policing.Tomás Dodds & Liang Chengyuan - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- Where did all the AI experts come from? They used to be virologists….Yana Suchikova & Natalia Tsybuliak - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- (1 other version)Is there not an obvious loophole in the AI act’s ban on emotion recognition technologies?Alexandra Prégent - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- The great AI mistake: why job replacement is the wrong strategy.Mohammed As’ad & Awad Al Omari - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- Intersectional analysis of visual generative AI: the case of stable diffusion.Petra Jääskeläinen, Nickhil Kumar Sharma, Helen Pallett & Cecilia Åsberg - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-22.Since 2022, Visual Generative AI (vGenAI) tools have experienced rapid adoption and garnered widespread acclaim for their ability to produce high-quality images with convincing photorealistic representations. These technologies mirror society’s prevailing visual politics in a mediated form, and actively contribute to the perpetuation of deeply ingrained assumptions, categories, values, and aesthetic representations. In this paper, we critically analyze Stable Diffusion (SD), a widely used open-source vGenAI tool, through visual and intersectional analysis. Our analysis covers; (1) the aesthetics of the AI-generated (...)
- Simulation & Manipulation: What Skepticism (Or Its Modern Variation) Teaches Us About Free Will.Z. Huey Wen - forthcoming - Episteme:1-16.The chemistry of combining simulation hypothesis (which many believe to be a modern variation of skepticism) and manipulation arguments will be explored for the first time in this paper. I argue: If we take the possibility that we are now in a simulation seriously enough, then contrary to a common intuition, manipulation very likely does not undermine moral responsibility. To this goal, I first defend the structural isomorphism between simulation and manipulation: Provided such isomorphism, either both of them are compatible (...)
- Organisational tensions in introducing socially sustainable AI.Marinka Lanne, Mika Nieminen & Jaana Leikas - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-21.The introduction of AI into an organisation is linked to many of its functions, changing not only the technical systems but also the organisation of work and the society around it. Technology is often introduced with efficiency goals in mind, but at the same time, the constantly evolving understanding of sustainable and responsible business raises questions about how to ensure socially sustainable, ethical and responsible development and deployment of AI. The introduction of new, complex technologies, combined with the increasing social (...)
- Structured Resonance_ The Underlying Law of Emergence, a Deterministic Framework Unifying Physics, Cognition, and Evolution.Devin Bostick - manuscriptAbstract Entropy, probability, and emergence have traditionally been framed as stochastic processes, where uncertainty is treated as a fundamental property of physical law. However, this assumption is an artifact of incomplete phase detection. This paper introduces structured resonance as the deterministic principle governing emergence, replacing probability with prime-structured phase-locking constraints that dictate coherence across physics, cognition, and biological evolution. Key Contributions: • Entropy is not disorder—it is a function of structured phase misalignment, correctable through resonance alignment. • Prime numbers define (...)
- The Collapse of Probability – Structured Resonance as the Deterministic Basis of Entropy and Intelligence.Devin Bostick - manuscriptAbstract The prevailing scientific framework assumes that probability is a fundamental aspect of nature, governing entropy, information flow, and emergent complexity. However, probability is not an intrinsic feature of reality—it is an artifact of incomplete resonance detection. This paper presents a new mathematical framework for entropy and emergence based on structured resonance, eliminating the need for probabilistic descriptions of disorder. We introduce a coherence-based entropy function that mathematically replaces stochastic entropy models with deterministic phase-locking constraints. Instead of entropy being a (...)
- Why the Brain Cannot Be a Digital Computer: History-Dependence and the Computational Limits of Consciousness.Andrew Knight - manuscriptThis paper presents a novel information-theoretic proof demonstrating that the human brain as currently understood cannot function as a classical digital computer. Through systematic quantification of distinguishable conscious states and their historical dependencies, we establish that the minimum information required to specify a conscious state exceeds the physical information capacity of the human brain by a significant factor. Our analysis calculates the bit-length requirements for representing consciously distinguishable sensory "stimulus frames" and demonstrates that consciousness exhibits mandatory temporal-historical dependencies that multiply (...)
- Why dignity is a troubling concept for AI ethics.Jon Rueda, Txetxu Ausín, Mark Coeckelbergh, Juan Ignacio del Valle, Francisco Lara, Belén Liedo, Joan Llorca Albareda, Heidi Mertes, Robert Ranisch, Vera Lúcia Raposo, Bernd C. Stahl, Murilo Vilaça & Íñigo De Miguel - 2025 - Patterns 6 (3).The concept of dignity is proliferating in ethical, legal, and policy discussions of AI, yet dignity is an elusive term with multiple philosophical interpretations. The authors argue that the unspecific and uncritical employment of the notion of dignity can be counterproductive for AI ethics.
- Alexa’s agency: a corpus-based study on the linguistic attribution of humanlikeness to voice user interfaces.Miriam Lind - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-15.Voice-based, spoken interaction with artificial agents has become a part of everyday life in many countries: artificial voices guide us through our bank’s customer service, Amazon’s Alexa tells us which groceries we need to buy, and we can discuss central motifs in Shakespeare’s work with ChatGPT. Language, which is largely still seen as a uniquely human capacity, is now increasingly produced—or so it appears—by non-human entities, contributing to their perception as being ‘human-like.’ The capacity for language is far from the (...)
- Artificial intelligence and the future of otherness: what kind of other can an AI be for a human?Gabriel Fernandez-Borsot - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-15.This paper proposes to consider the question “What kind of other can an AI be for a human?”, to analyse a set of ethical and societal challenges associated with a hypothetical massive deployment of “AIs as others” in society (social robots, artificial companions, chatbots with relational purposes such as friendship or romantic partnership, etc.). The proposed answer is that six features characterize “AIs as others”: serviceable, commodified, surveillant, authoritative, techno-standardized, and interiority-less. The implications of each feature are explored in depth, (...)
- On the flooding of AI-generated images: a paradigm shift in the way we see the world?Diego Malquori & Javier Martínez Contreras - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- Computational implementations of responsible AI: from the right to be forgotten to machine unlearning.Helene Friis Ratner & Thomas Moeslund - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-3.
- Why AI image generators cannot afford to be blind to racial bias.Mustafa Arif & Yoshiyasu Takefuji - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- Cognitive implications of AI in precision medicine: navigating the human–machine partnership in healthcare decision-making.Abhik Choudhury - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-3.
- Exploring the role of blockchain technology in promoting sustainability in the banking sector: an empirical analysis using structural equation modeling.Md Abdullah Al Mamun, Hasibul Islam, Rejaul Karim, Md Muhaimin Siddieq & Masud Rana - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-15.This study examines the role of blockchain technology in promoting sustainability in Bangladesh’s banking sector. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), it explores the factors influencing blockchain adoption, including Perceived Ease of Use (PEU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Compatibility (PC), Perceived External Variables (PEV), and Intention to Use (IBT). Sustainability (SB) is the ultimate outcome variable to assess the long-term impact of blockchain-driven practices. Data were collected from 380 banking professionals across private and public banks. The results show that PEU, PU, (...)
- Correction: “Everybody knows what a pothole is”: representations of work and intelligence in AI practice and governance.S. J. Bennett, Benedetta Catanzariti & Fabio Tollon - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-1.
- Music generative AI and ‘The Hegelian Wound’.Suren Pahlevan - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-3.
- Can an AI system be conscious?Henry Taylor - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- Old wine in new bottles: shifting to flexible regulatory approaches for generative AI.Tomás Dodds & Liang Chengyuan - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-3.
- Justice in the age of algorithms: can AI weigh morality?Olivia Ruhil - forthcoming - AI and Society. Translated by Olivia Ruhil.Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a transformative force in the legal domain, automating complex tasks such as contract analysis, compliance checks, and legal research. However, the intersection of AI and moral decision-making exposes significant limitations. Legal systems are not merely instruments for enforcing rules—they are platforms where human morality, intent, and societal impact are weighed. This paper explores the critical question: Can AI truly deliver justice, or does it merely replicate historical biases encoded in training data? Using the concept of (...)
- Charting a course at the human–AI frontier: a paradigm matrix informed by social sciences and humanities.Ramon Chaves, Carlos Eduardo Barbosa, Gustavo Araujo de Oliveira, Alan Lyra, Matheus Argôlo, Herbert Salazar, Yuri Lima, Daniel Schneider, António Correia & Jano Moreira de Souza - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-14.In the course of recent investigations on artificial intelligence (AI) and its scope in different societal domains and industries, two notable research frontiers have taken center stage: the growing exploration of the interactive relationship between humans and increasingly intelligent systems and the renewed emphasis on integrating a range of social science and humanities perspectives within AI research. This surge in interest, coupled with the proliferation of publications and diverse terminologies, has led to a complex landscape where theoretical inconsistency and conceptual (...)
- The hopes and fears of artificial intelligence: a comparative computational discourse analysis.Kasper Trolle Elmholdt, Jeppe Agger Nielsen, Christoffer Koch Florczak, Roman Jurowetzki & Daniel Hain - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-18.Artificial intelligence (AI) has captured the interest of multiple actors with speculations about its benefits and dangers. Despite increasing scholarly attention to the discourses of AI, there are limited insights on how different groups interpret and debate AI and shape its opportunities for action. We consider AI an issue field understood as a contested phenomenon where heterogeneous actors assert and debate the meanings and consequences of AI. Drawing on computational social science methods, we analyzed large amounts of text on how (...)
- Sisters, not twins: exploring artistic control and anthropomorphism through composing with a bespoke generative AI.Alexis Weaver - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-13.Generative AI (GenAI) has the potential to affect artists’ control over their own music due to the illegal usage of copyrighted material for training. However, GenAI also creates exciting opportunities for artists to expand their material and working processes. Artists working with GenAI and documenting their outcomes can assist other artists as well as wider society in understanding how GenAI operates and can benefit human artistic output. This paper provides an autoethnographic case study into how a new GenAI tool influenced (...)
- Developing professional ethical guidance for healthcare AI use (PEG-AI): an attitudinal survey pilot.Helen Smith & Jonathan Ives - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-17.Healthcare professionals currently lack guidance for their use of AI. This means they currently lack clear counsel to aid their navigation of the problematic novel issues that will arise from their use of these systems. This pilot study gathered and analysed cross-sectional attitudinal and qualitative data to address the question: what should be in professional ethical guidance (PEG) to support healthcare practitioners in their use of AI? Our survey asked respondents (n = 42) to review 6 themes and 15 items (...)
- Perceptions of AI-driven news among contemporary audiences: a study of trust, engagement, and impact.Gregory Gondwe - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-12.This study investigates audience perceptions of AI-generated news across ten African countries, focusing on trust, bias, and transparency. Using a non-probability cross-sectional online survey, data were collected from 1960 participants between May and July 2024. The sample encompassed diverse demographics, leveraging social media for broad reach. The study revealed that trust in AI-generated news is generally neutral, with significant variations influenced by demographic factors, particularly age. A moderate positive correlation between perceived bias and trust suggests that awareness of potential biases (...)
- Metcalfe’s Law and its inversion: digital network expansion and systemic risk.Dean Curran & Elizabeth Cameron - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-13.This paper examines contemporary digital insecurity through a critical confrontation with Metcalfe’s Law. Metcalfe’s Law—which states that the value of a network grows proportionally to the square of the size of the network—has been cited as a key reason for the astronomical growth in user base and market values of digital companies. This paper proposes a corresponding tendency alongside Metcalfe’s Law, namely that, as digital networks grow in size, there is a tendency towards a corresponding growth in systemic risk. Building (...)
- Artificial intelligence versus collective intelligence.Harry Halpin - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-16.The ontological presupposition of artificial intelligence (AI) is the liberal autonomous human subject of Locke and Kant, and the ideology of AI is the automation of this particular conception of intelligence. This is demonstrated in detail in classical AI by the work of Simon, who explicitly connected his work on AI to a wider programme in cognitive science, economics, and politics to perfect capitalism. Although Dreyfus produced a powerful Heideggerian critique of classical AI, work on neural networks in AI was (...)
- Governing the Future: Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence, Dataism.Henning Glaser & Pindar Wong (eds.) - 2025 - Boca Raton: CRC Press.We are living in times of deep and disruptive change. Perhaps the most powerful vector of this change can be described by three related catchphrases: digitalization, artificial intelligence, and dataism. Drawing on considerable expertise from a wide range of scholars and practitioners, this interdisciplinary collection addresses the challenges, impacts, opportunities and regulation of this civilizational transformation from a variety of angles, including technology, philosophy, cultural studies, international law, sociology and economics. This book will be of special interest to scholars, students, (...)
- Understanding how we over-trust AI sheds light on the human conditions.Manh-Tung Ho & Nguyen Hong-Kong T. - manuscriptIn this essay, we argue understanding how we over-trust AI sheds light on what it means to be human. The troubling fact is that we seem to knowingly accept the use of AI products with questionable accuracy and privacy safeguards even in the most high-stake or most intimate situations such as AI uses in war zones or as virtual companionship. We offer five potential explanations for this puzzling fact based on emerging literature on human-AI interactions and evolutionary theory centered around (...)
- How effective are depictions of AI? Reflections from an experimental study in science communication.Alberto Romele & Marta Severo - forthcoming - AI and Society.
- Bodioid: philosophical reflections on the hybrid of bodies and artifacts toward posthuman.Jiang Xu, Gang Sun, Jingyu Xu & Chenrui Wang - forthcoming - AI and Society.
- Mortality, belonging, and the paradox of immortality: reflections on the role of AI.Alessandro Perrella & Ada Maffettone - forthcoming - AI and Society.
- Human–chatbot communication: a systematic review of psychologic studies.Antonina Rafikova & Anatoly Voronin - forthcoming - AI and Society.
- Witnessing and re-enacting in Cambodia: reflection on shifting testimonies.Stéphanie Benzaquen - 2012 - AI and Society 27 (1):43-51.
- CODES and the Inevitable Path to Peace_ The Collapse of Probability-Based Illusions.Devin Bostick - manuscriptAbstract -/- Human civilization has long misunderstood peace, treating it as fragile—a temporary balance requiring enforcement, compromise, or control. This assumption arises from probabilistic thinking, which models conflict and chaos as fundamental conditions to be managed rather than as phase-misaligned states that naturally collapse when coherence emerges. Under Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems (CODES), peace is not an unstable byproduct of negotiation but the inevitable outcome of structured resonance—a state that emerges when illusions dissolve and systems phase-lock into equilibrium. -/- (...)
- Cultural analytics to discover regularities in cultural movements: A book review.Manh-Tung Ho - manuscriptIn Cultural Analytics, Lev Manovich (2020) outlines the recent developments and the historical roots of a new, exciting research field called cultural analytics. Cultural analytics emerges as a discipline that utilizes methods from computer science, data visualization, and media arts for the exploration and analysis of cultural objects and their user interactions. Manovich continuously admonishes future researchers to think hard about the challenges of how cultural phenomenon can be represented as data to avoid the reductivism trap, as he quotes Gitelman (...)
- (1 other version)Virtues for AI.Jakob Ohlhorst - forthcoming - AI and Society.Virtue theory is a natural approach toward the design of artificially intelligent systems, given that the design of artificial intelligence essentially aims at designing agents with excellent dispositions. This has led to a lively research programme to develop artificial virtues. However, this research programme has until now had a narrow focus on moral virtues in an Aristotelian mould. While Aristotelian moral virtue has played a foundational role in the field, it unduly constrains the possibilities of virtue theory for artificial intelligence. (...)
- Conceptualising methodological diversity among born-digital users: insights from the garbage can model.Adam Nix, Stephanie Decker & David A. Kirsch - forthcoming - AI and Society.The benefits of AI technologies in archival preservation are well recognised, though questions remain about their integration into existing processes. AI also shows promise for enhancing user experience and discovery in accessing born-digital materials. However, a limited understanding of the diverse methodological needs surrounding born-digital access risks the creation of one-size-fits-all solutions that suit certain approaches and research questions better than others. This article reviews current efforts in born-digital access and applies the Garbage Can Model from organisation theory to conceptualise (...)
- The blind spot in science: addressing the gap between consciousness and reality: Adam Frank, Marcelo Gleiser & Evan Thompson. (5th March, 2024). [REVIEW]Ayush Srivastava - forthcoming - AI and Society.
- Rethinking assessment: how AI is changing the way we measure student success?Soosy Joseph - forthcoming - AI and Society.
- Human-AI Cognitive Teaming: Using AI to support State-level Decision Making on the Resort to Force.Karina Vold - 2024 - Australian Journal of International Affairs 78 (2):229-236.Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are rapidly evolving and have already had major impacts on military capabilities in the battlefield, making new kinds of tools and tactics available. A less examined area of application for AI in a military context, however, is its impact on human strategic decision making. This article focuses on the more subtle cognitive influences of AI and how they can be strategically deployed to aid decision making around the state-level resort to force, in particular. (...)Remove from this listExport citation
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