We are fallible creatures, prone to making all sorts of mistakes. So, we should be open to evidence of error. But what constitutes such evidence? And what is it to rationally accommodate it? I approach these questions by considering an evolutionary debunking argument according to which (a) we have good, scientific, reason to think our moral beliefs are mistaken, and (b) rationally accommodating this requires revising our confidence in, or altogether abandoning the suspect beliefs. I present a dilemma for such (...) debunkers, which shows that either we have no reason to worry about our moral beliefs, or we do but we can self-correct. Either way, moral skepticism doesn’t follow. That the evolutionary debunking argument fails is important; also important, however, is what its failure reveals about rational belief revision. Specifically, it suggests that getting evidence of error is a non-trivial endeavor and that we cannot learn that we are likely to be mistaken about some matter from a neutral stance on that matter. (shrink)

Can citizens impact the broader discourse about an organization and its legitimacy? While social media have empowered citizens to publicly question firms through large volumes of online evaluations, the high heterogeneity of their evaluations dilutes their impact. Our empirical study applying a threshold vector autoregressive model (TVAR) analysis of 2.5 million tweets and 1,786 news media articles tests the condition by which the heterogeneity of online evaluations converges and influences the broader media discourse. Although social media evaluations do not initially (...) influence media legitimacy, they become influential after reaching a tipping point of refracted attention, which is created by high volume and convergence of individual evaluations around few aggregative frames. Thus, social media storms may influence the broader discourse about an organization when this discourse converges and reaches a tipping point, rather than merely through the massive participation of citizens. (shrink)

We often hear such casual accusations: you just believe that because you are a liberal, a Christian, an American, a woman… When such charges are made they are meant to sting—not just emotionally, but epistemically. But should they? It can be disturbing to learn that one's beliefs reflect the influence of such irrelevant factors. The pervasiveness of such influence has led some to worry that we are not justified in many of our beliefs. That same pervasiveness has led others to (...) doubt whether there is any worry here at all. I argue that evidence of irrelevant belief influence is sometimes, but not always, undermining. My proposal picks out ordinary, non-skeptical cases in which we get evidence of error. It says that, in those cases, evidence of irrelevant influence is epistemically significant. It shows how respecting evidence of error is compatible with the epistemic lives we see ourselves living. We are fallible creatures, yes, but we are also capable and intelligent ones. We can recognize and correct for our own error so as to improve our imperfect, yet nevertheless robust, epistemic lives. (shrink)

Should learning we disagree about p lead you to reduce confidence in p? Some who think so want to except beliefs in which you are rationally highly confident. I argue that this is wrong; we should reject accounts that rely on this intuitive thought. I then show that quite the opposite holds: factors that justify low confidence in p also make disagreement about p less significant. I examine two such factors: your antecedent expectations about your peers’ opinions and the difficulty (...) of evaluating your evidence. I close by proposing a different way of thinking about disagreement. (shrink)

Evolutionary debunking arguments start with a premise about the influence of evolutionary forces on our evaluative beliefs, and conclude that we are not justified in those beliefs. The value realist holds that there are attitude-independent evaluative truths. But the debunker argues that we have no reason to think that the evolutionary forces that shaped human evaluative attitudes would track those truths. Worse yet, we seem to have a good reason to think that they wouldn’t: evolution selects for characteristics that increase (...) genetic fitness—not ones that correlate with the evaluative truth. Plausibly, the attitudes and judgments that increase a creature’s fitness come apart from the true evaluative beliefs. My aim in this paper is to show that no plausible evolutionary debunking argument can both have force against the value realist and not collapse into a more general skeptical argument. I conclude that there is little hope for evolutionary debunking arguments. This is bad news for the debunker who hoped that the cold, hard scientific facts about our origins would debunk our evaluative beliefs. And it is good news for the realist. (shrink)

Evolutionary debunking arguments move from a premise about the influence of evolutionary forces on our moral beliefs to a skeptical conclusion about those beliefs. My primary aim is to clarify this empirically grounded epistemological challenge. I begin by distinguishing among importantly different sorts of epistemological attacks. I then demonstrate that instances of each appear in the literature under the ‘evolutionary debunking’ title. Distinguishing them clears up some confusions and helps us better understand the structure and potential of evolutionary debunking arguments.

The fact of moral disagreement when conjoined with Conciliationism, an independently attractive view about the epistemic significance disagreement, seems to entail moral skepticism. This worries those who like Conciliationism, the independently attractive view, but dislike moral skepticism. Others, equally inclined against moral skepticism, think this is a reductio of Conciliationism. I argue that they are both wrong. There is no reductio and nothing to worry about.

It’s intuitive to think that (a) the more sure you are of something, the harder it’ll be to change your mind about it, and (b) you can’t be open-minded about something if you’re very sure about it. If these thoughts are right, then, with minimal assumptions, it follows that you can’t be in a good position to both escape echo chambers and be rationally resistant to fake news: the former requires open-mindedness, but the latter is inimical to it. I argue (...) that neither thought is true and that believing them will get us all mixed up. I show that you can be open-minded and have confidently held beliefs, and that beliefs in which you are less sure are not, thereby, more fragile. I close with some reflections on the nature of rational belief change and open-mindedness and a brief sketch about what might actually help us in the fight against misinformation and belief polarization …. [please read below the rest of the article]. (shrink)

In Psychology, the issue of language usage as a means of action in psychological life requires that we question the relations between the forms of language expression and their psychological functions. The current paper contributes to an understanding of this question. The relation between form and function is examined here, with particular focus on a discursive and dialogic method employed in the Activity Clinic approach to elicit controversy as a means of developing dialogical thinking. We argue that the interfunctionality of (...) levels of dialogue serves developmental processes, promoting thought and the possibilities for its elaboration. We describe these developmental processes on the basis of an empirical analysis of a sequence from an intervention conducted with Roman Catholic Priests on preaching in homily. Our methodological frameworks have the function of vivifying dialogical thinking about work, by making use of the interfunctionality of levels of dialogue and the vital function of social relations in the psychological life of the subjects. (shrink)

As crianças participam de corpo inteiro nos seus mundos de vida, visibilizando a natureza incorporada da ação humana. A partir de uma pesquisa etnográfica com crianças em nível de doutorado, sua empiria e bases teóricas, vimos que o corpo das crianças está na base de toda sua experiência social, mediador das relações, das práticas, dos discursos, das apropriações do Outro e do mundo. Tal ideia precisa ser considerada nas práticas pedagógicas, para que vençamos os fortes mecanismos de controle e dominação (...) que instituem e orientam um ordenamento social normativo do modelo ideal de corpo disciplinado e obediente, que marginaliza e exclui o corpo da criança ávido por descobrir e descobrir-se na sua relação novidável e embrionária com o mundo. As crianças como atores sociais de corpo inteiro têm na sua ação incorporada uma de suas formas de participar dos contextos coletivos de educação pela qual expressam seus pontos de vista. Palavras-chaves: Corpo. Criança. Educação Infantil. Direitos. Direitos de participação. (shrink)

Questions of identity involve the attempt to determine what exactly makes a person or thing what it is—what makes Tara Tara or what makes Charming Charming? The chapter analyzes Ricoeur's ideas on personal identity to see if they can help us make sense not only of Tara's identity, but also of how SAMCRO and some of its members maintain their identity across time. Ricoeur describes how we weave the two types of identity, sameness and selfhood, together to form a narrative, (...) a story that allows us to understand how we are able to preserve our identities through time. Narrative identity links up a person's character and the anchor of promise keeping, the practice of keeping one's promises. Finally, the chapter talks life history of John Teller, which is delicately intertwined with the fate of every member of SAMCRO. (shrink)

El autor pretende desentrañar a través de la interpretación jurídica el o los sistemas jurídico penal que los legisladores tomaron en consideración para crear y dar vigencia a los Códigos Penal y de Procedimientos penales vigentes en el Estado Libre y Soberano de México, que fueron tomado como ejemplo, para demostrar que la ley no solo se crea de aspectos abstractos sino también de los criterios que han emitido los juristas en su trabajo.

The author analyzes the complex intimate relations between human rights and globalization, and the consequences of this debate in the reconfiguration of public space and in the composition of virtual space. Globalization is explained through a critical reading of the political phenomenon of the pri..

The continuous inclusion of new technologies in organizations challenges business ethics and creates new problematics in work life. Managers in particular are challenged insofar as they must learn how to adapt general technological hardware to local organizational needs and work habits. Based on new empirical research conducted in Danish health care organizations, it investigates how managers experience technologies and how these experiences affect their professional ethics; it asks: a) What kinds of ethics do managers consider when using new technologies? b) (...) How are these ethics negotiated? Using a techno-human practice approach—which takes into account both human and non-human entities as the basis of moral judgment—the new technologically-induced ethical dilemmas faced by managers are discussed. A typology of techno-ethics is introduced, which presents situated ways of engaging with technologies in businesses. By employing multiple ethics connected to the use of technologies in organizations might make managers more ethically responsible in decisions concerning technologies. (shrink)

Todas as teorias fundacionistas assumem que algumas crenças justificadas são básicas porque sua justificação não se deve ao fato de terem sido inferidas de outras crenças justificadas, interrompendo assim o regresso epistêmico. A versão internalista do fundacionismo sustenta que uma crença só pode ser justificada quando o fator justificador está cognitivamente disponível ao sujeito que crê com base nele. Tendo em vista esta dupla exigência – dar por encerrado o regresso epistêmico em crenças que são justificadas de modo não inferencial, (...) e assegurar a consciência do item que contribui para a justificação de tais crenças básicas epistemicamente independentes – alguns críticos levantaram objeções contra o fundacionismo internalista. Neste artigo me ocupo de uma dessas objeções, tendo em vista especificamente a teoria proposta por Laurence BonJour: o dilema apresentado por Michael Bergmann. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to develop the concept of the dignified death of children in Brazilian pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). The Hybrid Model for Concept Development was used to develop a conceptual structure of dignified death in PICUs in an attempt to define the concept. The fieldwork study was carried out by means of in-depth interviews with nine nurses and seven physicians working in PICUs. Not unexpectedly, the concept of dignified death was found to be a complex (...) phenomenon involving aspects related to decisions made by the multidisciplinary team as well as those related to care of the child and the family. Knowledge of the concept’s dimensions can promote reflection on the part of healthcare professionals regarding the values and beliefs underlying their conduct in end-of-life situations. Our hope is that this study may contribute to theoretic and methodological development in the area of end-of-life care. (shrink)

In this article, I show why it is necessary to abolish the use of predictive algorithms in the US criminal justice system at sentencing. After presenting the functioning of these algorithms in their context of emergence, I offer three arguments to demonstrate why their abolition is imperative. First, I show that sentencing based on predictive algorithms induces a process of rewriting the temporality of the judged individual, flattening their life into a present inescapably doomed by its past. Second, I demonstrate (...) that recursive processes, comprising predictive algorithms and the decisions based on their predictions, systematically suppress outliers and progressively transform reality to match predictions. In my third and final argument, I show that decisions made on the basis of predictive algorithms actively perform a biopolitical understanding of justice as management and modulation of risks. In such a framework, justice becomes a means to maintain a perverse social homeostasis that systematically exposes disenfranchised Black and Brown populations to risk. (shrink)

This paper reframes the issue of appropriation, extraction, and dispossession through AI—an assemblage of machine learning models trained on big data—in terms of enclosure and foreclosure. While enclosures are the product of a well-studied set of operations pertaining to both the constitution of the sovereign State and the primitive accumulation of capital, here, I want to recover an older form of the enclosure operation to then contrast it with foreclosure to better understand the effects of current algorithmic rationality. I argue (...) that the act of enclosing is to be understood as a set of fundamental operations that consist in producing structural distinctions between inside and outside, inclusion and exclusion—whether by drawing lines on a map, constructing border walls, or by algorithmically categorizing and (mis)recognizing people and things. Tracking the transformation of an enclosure-logic into one of foreclosure, I show how current AI perpetuates and at the same time expends forms of extraction, exclusion, and dispossession toward a totalizing horizon. For, while the outside is essential and constitutive to the logic of enclosure, foreclosure, by contrast, is characterized by the “totalizing desire” to not leave anything out of it. The totalizing desire to move beyond the logic of the enclosure forecloses that the enclosure has just gotten bigger and that the operations of exclusion have been masked and displaced, making them harder to contest. (shrink)

Alan Hájek launches a formidable attack on the idea that deliberation crowds out prediction – that when we are deliberating about what to do, we cannot rationally accommodate evidence about what we are likely to do. Although Hájek rightly diagnoses the problems with some of the arguments for the view, his treatment falls short in crucial ways. In particular, he fails to consider the most plausible version of the view, the best argument for it, and why anyone would ever believe (...) it in the first place. In doing so, he misses a deep puzzle about deliberation and prediction – a puzzle which all of us, as agents, face, and which we may be able to resolve by recognizing the complicated relationship between deliberation and prediction. (shrink)

In 1977, the first computer-assisted proof of a mathematical theorem was presented by K. Appel and W. Haken. The proof was met with a lot of criticism from both mathematicians and philosophers. In this paper, I present some examples of computer-assisted proofs, including Appel and Haken’s work. Then, I analyze the most famous arguments against the equal acceptance of computer-based and human-based proofs in mathematics and examine the philosophical assumptions behind the presented criticism. In the conclusion, I talk about whether (...) the philosophical assumptions are justified as they are, or one needs to take a specific philosophical position to accept them. (shrink)

Zhuangzi purports to follow a particular method of viewing human emotion and suggests freeing oneself from worldly emotions—this is called “doctrine of non-emotion” (wuqing shuo 無情說). This article attempts to show that the idea of non-emotion in Zhuangzi does not in any way conflict with the expression of emotion in poetry, and moreover, it provides a foundation for the poet to express his emotions naturally and freely. We will use the Chinese poetry of the Wei-Jin Period—a period that is strongly (...) influenced by the philosophy of Zhuangzi, yet at the same time emphasizes the expression of the poet's emotion in poetry—as an example to show how fruitful it indeed is when Zhuangzi's philosophy becomes applied to Chinese poetry. (shrink)

This paper reframes the issue of appropriation, extraction, and dispossession through AI—an assemblage of machine learning models trained on big data—in terms of enclosure and foreclosure. While enclosures are the product of a well-studied set of operations pertaining to both the constitution of the sovereign State and the primitive accumulation of capital, here, I want to recover an older form of the enclosure operation to then contrast it with foreclosure to better understand the effects of current algorithmic rationality. I argue (...) that the act of enclosing is to be understood as a set of fundamental operations that consist in producing structural distinctions between inside and outside, inclusion and exclusion—whether by drawing lines on a map, constructing border walls, or by algorithmically categorizing and (mis)recognizing people and things. Tracking the transformation of an enclosure-logic into one of foreclosure, I show how current AI perpetuates and at the same time expends forms of extraction, exclusion, and dispossession toward a totalizing horizon. For, while the outside is essential and constitutive to the logic of enclosure, foreclosure, by contrast, is characterized by the “totalizing desire” to not leave anything out of it. The totalizing desire to move beyond the logic of the enclosure forecloses that the enclosure has just gotten bigger and that the operations of exclusion have been masked and displaced, making them harder to contest. (shrink)

Neste texto, exploramos algumas das teses mais importantes desenvolvidas por Newton da Costa, ao longo da sua carreira filosófica. Apresentamos conceitos e ideias de suas obras, que reúnem contribuições no campo da lógica e da filosofia da ciência. A atenção será voltada aos trabalhos Sistemas formais inconsistentes, Ensaios sobre os fundamentos da lógica e O conhecimento científico, dos quais explicitaremos as temáticas e alguns dos conceitos e resultados alcançados pelo filósofo. Objetivamos com essa apresentação ressaltar a originalidade de seu pensamento, (...) isto é, de que modo suas respostas pessoais se dirigem a questões relevantes da história da filosofia, da matemática e da lógica. (shrink)

The article aims to define the role assumed by Paul Cézanne’s pictorial landscape within aesthetic reflections on landscape. Starting with the testimonies of Emile Bernard, Joachim Gasquet and Maurice Denis, the aim is to identify those concepts and components that aesthetically constitute and characterise the landscape of Mont Sainte-Victoire. In this sense we wish to proceed with an investigation aimed at the aesthetic-perceptual reading provided by Maurice Merleau-Ponty, focusing on the parameters of vision, colour and depth, and then turn our (...) attention to the motif analysed by Henri Maldiney, through the concepts of form and rhythm. (shrink)

En el marco de los estudios sobre las emociones, abordamos en este trabajo la compasión en la Antigüedad griega_._ Realizamos una revisión de aspectos centrales que caracterizan la compasión y establecemos algunas precisiones que orientan nuestro análisis; entre otros aspectos, revisamos los términos griegos para nombrar esta emoción, _éleos_ y _oíktos_, y los sentidos implicados en cada uno de ellos desde Homero. El análisis sobre la compasión toma como fuentes _Traquinias_ y_ Edipo Rey_ de Sófocles. En ambos casos, el punto (...) de partida es el acontecimiento patético o _páthos_, que en _Poet_. 1452b11-13 refiere no a una experiencia subjetiva de la emoción en un personaje trágico, sino a una especie de acción que formaría parte del léxico teatral y que implica escenas de dolor físico, de heridas o de muerte. El análisis atiende luego a otros pasajes que, en el curso de la pieza y mediante la imitación, incorporan esta emoción. (shrink)

RESUMO Esta pesquisa aborda o ato interpretativo e tem como objetivo conhecer melhor a atuação do intérprete de língua brasileira de sinais (Libras), que atua na modalidade simultânea, no contexto de Conferências acadêmicas. A reflexão sobre esta prática baseia-se em autores que se fundamentam em conceitos bakhtinianos. Assim, foi desenvolvida pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, usando a técnica da autoconfrontação simples na coleta de dados. O estudo mostrou que a conferência é um contexto complexo de atuação para esses profissionais, quanto: (...) (i) ao tempo necessário para tomada de decisões; (ii) à exposição resultante do destaque físico; (iii) à posição, ao lado ou um pouco à frente no palco, e (iv) ao preparo, que por vários motivos nem sempre é possível ser previamente executado. A compreensão mais aprofundada do contexto de interpretação em Conferência favorece a proposição de ações formativas adequadas às demandas e indica a necessidade de novos estudos nesse campo. (shrink)

Este trabalho identifica a realidade da produção do conhecimento stricto sensu em Educação Física de professores que trabalham em cursos de formação no estado da Bahia – 1982 a 2012 –, em vista as determinações históricas e epistemológicas. É parte da pesquisa em rede EPISTEFNORDESTE. Fonte de dados/informações: 142 produções stricto sensu e 5 PNPG. A metodologia tem base dialética. Resultados apontam que os PNPG, alicerçados na lógica do modo de produção capitalista, geram produções que encerram limites lógicos que são (...) entraves para o avanço da área de Educação Física na construção de uma consistente base teórica que responda aos reais problemas que a área vem impondo historicamente. (shrink)

Esse trabalho sistematiza a experiência de um estudo de caso realizado por um coletivo de pesquisadores em formação no grupo de LEPEL/FACED/UFBA. Têm em consideração, condições objetivas concretas de uma pesquisa em rede, promovida a partir de um trabalho voltado para elevar o pensamento teórico-metodológico de pesquisadores. Os resultados apontam que uma consiste formação de pesquisadores em rede, visando elevar o pensamento teórico-metodológico, requer estudos em uma rigorosa matriz categorial de referência marxista, cuja concepção histórica se pauta em conceber de (...) forma crítica o intercâmbio do modo de produção econômico capitalista, que engendra a produção do conhecimento científico. (shrink)

Desafios e dilemas da condição de trabalho de professores iniciantes no magistério público no DF Resumo: Este trabalho se origina nas preocupações voltadas às condições de trabalho de professores que iniciam na docência e tem por objetivo estudar a condição de trabalho do professor no início da carreira, buscando entender os desafios e dilemas enfrentados, no intuito de contribuir com a análise da realidade da atividade docente. O foco é o professor iniciante na Secretaria de Educação do Distrito Federal. Os (...) resultados são obtidos a partir da análise documental em legislações e publicações no Diário Oficial do DF, e na aplicação de questionários e entrevistas. Os dados revelam um quantitativo expressivo de desistentes na carreira, compreendido em um terço dos professores que são aprovados no concurso público, anunciando questões objetivas ligadas as condições de trabalho, nos levando em questionar a necessidade de políticas de formação pensadas a partir da realidade do trabalho docente. Chamamos atenção para a omissão de políticas públicas diante do caso, como um fator condicionador para intensificar ainda mais as dificuldades enfrentadas nesta etapa da carreira. Se espera contribuir para a produção de conhecimento na área de formação de professores no que se refere aos dilemas vividos pelo professor iniciante, visando fundamentar propostas sobre acompanhamento profissional dos docentes iniciantes na carreira. Palavras-chave: Trabalho Docente; Professor Iniciante; Condições de Trabalho Challenges and dilemms of the working condition of initiating teachers in the public magistery in DF Abstract: This work originates from concerns about the working conditions of teachers who start teaching and aims to study the teacher's working condition at the beginning of their career, seeking to understand the challenges and dilemmas faced, in order to contribute to the analysis of reality teaching activity. The focus is the beginner teacher at the Education Department of the Federal District. The results are obtained from documentary analysis in legislation and publications in the Federal Official Gazette, and in the application of questionnaires and interviews. The data reveal an expressive number of dropouts in the career, comprised in one third of the teachers who are approved in the public exam, announcing objective questions related to working conditions, leading us to question the need for training policies designed from the reality of the work. teacher. We call attention to the omission of public policies in the case, as a conditioning factor to further intensify the difficulties faced at this stage of the career. It is expected to contribute to the production of knowledge in the area of ​​teacher training with regard to the dilemmas experienced by the beginning teacher, aiming to substantiate proposals on professional accompaniment of teachers beginning in their careers. Key words: Teaching Work; Beginner Teacher; Work conditions Challenges and dilemms of the working condition of initiating teachers in the public magistery in DF Resumen: Este trabajo nace de inquietudes sobre las condiciones laborales de los docentes que inician la docencia y tiene como objetivo estudiar la condición laboral del docente al inicio de su carrera, buscando comprender los desafíos y dilemas que enfrenta, con el fin de contribuir al análisis de la realidad de la actividad docente. El enfoque es el maestro principiante en el Departamento de Educación del Distrito Federal. Los resultados se obtienen del análisis documental en la legislación y publicaciones en el Diario Oficial de la Federación, y en la aplicación de cuestionarios y entrevistas. Los datos revelan un expresivo número de abandonos en la carrera, comprendido en un tercio de los docentes que son aprobados en el examen público, anunciando cuestiones objetivas relacionadas con las condiciones laborales, lo que nos lleva a cuestionar la necesidad de políticas de formación diseñadas a partir de la realidad del trabajo. profesor. Llamamos la atención sobre la omisión de políticas públicas en el caso, como factor condicionante para intensificar aún más las dificultades enfrentadas en esta etapa de la carrera. Se espera contribuir a la producción de conocimiento en el ámbito de la formación docente frente a los dilemas vividos por el docente principiante, con el objetivo de fundamentar propuestas sobre el acompañamiento profesional del docente que se inicia en su carrera. Palabras clave : Trabajo Docente; Profesor principiante; Condiciones de trabajo. Data de registro: 18/02/2020 Data de aceite: 30/06/2021 Financiamento: CNPq, FAPDF. (shrink)

Based on the analysis of Zhuangzi, this paper attempts to illustrate the positive aspects of Zhuangzi’s idea concerning contented acceptance of fate, whi...

ABSTRACT Axel Honneth deploys the categories of normal and pathological to explain contemporary society in organic terms. This article concerns itself with how these medical references function in Honneth's work to explain the social world, and what their political implications are. For Honneth, social normality is a normative resource, even if it is only accessible through the study of pathology. Socially accepted norms are taken to reflect legitimate principles, with the early Honneth taking pathology as an individual psychic suffering that (...) results from injustice, and the later Honneth taking pathology as an overextension of the logic of one social sphere into the terrain of another. The implications of Honneth's organic account of society are explored through the lens of a competing “French” account of the norm offered by Canguilhem and Foucault. These French thinkers view socially accepted norms not as reflecting legitimate principles, but as standardizing processes of normalization that stifle normativities that do not conform. It is suggested that Honneth's account of normativity must be articulated with Canguilhem's and Foucault's account of normalization. That said, through the course of the analysis, several unexpected continuities are discovered between these two different traditions. (shrink)

El presente trabajo aborda el concepto de Transmodernidad bajo dos puntos de vista diferentes. Por un lado, la mirada de Rosa María Rodríguez Magda, la cual nos plantea la Transmodernidad como una tríada dialéctica entre Modernidad-Postmodernidad-Transmodernidad, siendo esta última tanto una continuación como una superación de la Postmodernidad. El otro punto de vista corresponde a Enrique Dussel, el cual nos plantea la Transmodernidad como un proyecto utópico que es transversal a la Modernidad/Postmodernidad; está antes de la Modernidad y a la (...) vez la trasciende, siendo una categoría de exterioridad que pretende sacar la voz propia de las culturas no europeo-norteamericanas, para así poder establecer diálogos interculturales simétricos que llevan consigo características de la propia cultura inconmensurables al proyecto moderno europeo. Así enfrentamos ambas concepciones de la Transmodernidad para destacar sus diferencias y contraposiciones. (shrink)