Peter of John Olivi composed Question 57 of his Quaestiones in secundum librum Sententiarum (“Questions on the Second Book of the Sentences”) in the decade after William of Moerbeke had translated, not long before 1270, Aristotle’s On Rhetoric into Latin.2 It was above all Moerbeke’s translation that gave thirteenth-century Europe access to the analysis of the emotions that Aristotle had placed in Book Two of the work. Two earlier translations existed: one that Hermannus Alemannus had made from an Arabic translation (...) in 1256, and another that an anonymous translator had done from the Greek, sometime in the middle of the century.3 Few had read Hermannus’s version; and even fewer that of the unknown translator. In .. (shrink)

Few of us are free of all prejudices, however subtle and subconscious, and they may affect both patient care and teaching. Here I use reflection about a patient with HIV infection, from the points of view of two doctors caring for him and the patient himself, to explore prejudice against lifestyles that are considered “dangerous”. The paper then goes on to discuss research about physicians' attitudes to such cases, the teaching of ethics in a clinical environment and the need to (...) support junior medical staff. (shrink)

Truth exists in the form of true propositions. Therefore identification of the nature of truth means identification of the conditions in which a proposition is true. A proposition is true if its content is not dependent upon the knower, and it constitutes a reflection of objective reality. Such a proposition yields knowledge. We shall call it a cognitive proposition.

Коллективный труд "Методология науки и антропология" подготовлен в Центре методологии и этики науки ИФ РАН. Он состоит из двух разделов. В первом разделе "Методология науки и антропологический поворот в философии".

Mit Inkrafttreten des Sozialgesetzbuches V, das in seinem §137 auch Krankenhäuser zu Qualitätssicherung verpflichtet, kann sich seit Ende der 80er Jahre kein Fachgebiet der Medizin mehr gegenüber der Teilnahme an qualitätssichernden Maßnahmen verschließen. Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen zur Einhaltung von Normen und definierten Abläufen zur Reproduzierbarkeit von Ergebnissen, die für den labormedizinischen und apparativen Bereich in der Forschung und Technik schon länger bestehen, haben den Bereich der medizinischen Versorgung erreicht [10, 11, 18]. Ziel der Maßnahmen ist es, die Struktur-, Prozeß- und (...) Ergebnisqualität der medizinischen Versorgung zu beeinflussen und einen immer besseren Stand der Versorgung zu erreichen („continuing quality improvement“/Qualitätsspirale). So sind nicht nur Steigerungen der Lebensqualität behandelter Patienten, Verbesserungen der Versorgungsstruktur und des Arbeitsumfeldes, der Aus- und Weiterbildung der medizinischen Berufsgruppen, sondern auch ökonomisch relevante Kosteneinsparungen durch Prozeßoptimierung möglich. Allerdings sind qualitätssichernde Aspekte in der medizinischen Behandlung und das Bewußtsein für die Berufsethik durchaus nicht neu. Bereits in der Antike war der zufriedene, erfolgreich behandelte Patient ein Aushängeschild für den behandelnden Praktiker und im Interesse der Gesellschaft. In vielen Kulturen gab und gibt es oft religiös begründete, berufsethische, gesetzliche Grundlagen oder auch traditionelle Riten dazu, wie Erfolg und Mißerfolg der Behandlung eines Menschen durch einen Arzt bestraft oder eben belohnt werden sollten. (shrink)

Context: With their response to questions concerning the reality of PR, the realistic and the constructivist paradigms either fall into epistemological traps or do not even tackle some of the relevant questions. Problem: An epistemological approach to the reality of PR must particularly answer three questions. Firstly, there is the question of how or why PR descriptions fail. If PR as a communication of self-description is attributed a considerable trustworthiness disadvantage compared to journalistic external descriptions, for example, this implies a (...) second question: How does PR however manage to make people (occasionally) believe in its descriptions? Finally, PR stage-manages events and messages and thus publishes fictions. This leads to the third question: How can these observations of trends such as fictionalization be explained in a plausible manner? Method: Answers provided by the realistic, constructivist and non-dualistic perspectives to these central questions are identified in order to elaborate on specific problems and advantages of the perspective. Results: The trustworthiness of PR characterizations may be used to explain, from a non-dualistic perspective with regard to PR reality, why PR fails or how it may be successful. Additionally, developments such as fictionalization and theatricalization may be described more unambiguously. Implications: New answers from the non-dualistic perspective to old questions of PR research reveal that a non-dualistic project is adaptable and could work with numerous findings of PR research, even though a slight re-interpretation would surely be necessary in parts. (shrink)

This paper explains why spacetime singularities do not constitute a breakdown of physical laws, and points out that the difference between the metrics at singularities and those outside of singularities is factual, rather than nomological.

In the last years of its history, the Ukrainian ethnic group faced numerous external and internal challenges, which, to a large extent, were the result of its previous genesis and profound transformations in public consciousness. At the same time, one of the central stereotypes of the domestic political and legal mentality is the idea of truth and justice as a basic social ideal and the basis of the legal order. Analysis of research and publications. The problem of mentality and the (...) formation of behavioral stereotypes has been of interest to domestic and foreign scientists for a long time. The concept of «mentality» is most widespread in the writings of the French historical school «Annals». The scientific work of M. Blok, F. Braudel, M. Vovel, J. Le Hoff, J. Lefebvre, L. Fevre, R. Mandr and other scientists reveals the content of mentality and its structures, as well as the peculiarities of their influence on everyday life and activities of individuals who lived in different historical eras. The purpose and objectives of the article. In this article, the authors aim to analyze the idea of truth-justice as a tool for transforming the legal mentality of the Ukrainian ethnic group and to show its influence on the content of its behavioral stereotypes. Research methodology. The methodology of this research has a complex nature and is based on a socio-philosophical and philosophical-legal analysis of the behavioral guidelines of Ukrainians in the field of legal understanding. The results. The social ideology, developed on the basis of ancient social ideas and stereotypes of the national legal mentality, should become a tool for correcting such destructive phenomena in the state-building discourse as legal nihilism, anarchism, civic passivity, corruption, nepotism, etc. At the same time, the concepts of truth-justice, will-freedom and fraternity-equality are key in Ukrainian legal culture. Discussion. The interpretation of this idea in scientific opinion is not unambiguous. This idea clearly manifests itself in the context of the opposition between Truth and Evil in the national culture. Truth is inseparable from human existence and daily activities. The idea of truth is closely related to the idea of justice, which, according to many researchers, is a later, more rational and clearly defined phenomenon derived from truth. Justice as a socio-philosophical phenomenon is intended to act as a kind of moral measure of relations between individuals in society. It is considered as an authoritative criterion for establishing the correspondence between the nature of human activity and its assessment by the social community. Conclusions. Destructive behavioral stereotypes of the Ukrainian ethnic group that were formed, among other things, under the influence of factors of stressogenesis can be corrected with the help of the legal ideology of state building, which should be based on the content of the idea of truth and justice. The developed ideology should be based on the most stable constructive guidelines of the national legal mentality, organically complementing and ideologically justifying them. (shrink)

The urgency of the study of "stem-education" as a factor in the development of "smart-society" is that this kind of society is a continuation of information and "knowledge society", which is developing on the basis of smart technologies. The concept of smart society is at the heart of modern state -owned development programs of South Korea and Japan. In South Korea, the National Social Agency has developed a "Smart Society Strategy" that introduces the technological foundations of smart societies. The central (...) issue of Smart-society is business, which makes managing more intelligent and activities aimed at using knowledge and innovation. The objectives of the study are to identify the "stem-education" endpoint through the use of electronic and collective technologies, which become more massive and effective, and through the use of natural, engineering and maternal education. It is no coincidence that this concept is documented in the Europe 2020 Strategy: Smart Growth Strategy, which includes the development of an economy based on knowledge and innovation, fosters sustainable growth, more efficient use of resources, and inclusive growth and strengthening of high employment. Countries such as the United States, China, Australia, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Singapore carry out state-of-the-art stem-education programs. The methodological basis of the study is systematic, structural, axiological, synergetic methods and approaches that have allowed disclosing stem -education as the leading trend in the world of educational space. Conclusion - It is proved that stem-education is an innovation that combines the traditions of natural and mathematical education, is based on the principles of fundamentalism and knowledge -based, combining technological, organizational, material and technical resources and human capital. As a result of the development of stem-education at the expense of ICT, business processes, governance, and management reform are undergoing change, leading to economic, social and managerial processes at a higher level in some of those societies. Smart society is a new quality of society in which the combination of the use of new technologies will allow people to improve the quality of their lives. This article presents philosophical and educational reflection of smart -society as a new model of the information society and presents its impact on human capital. It reveals timeliness of this topic, which is innovative and hardly developed. It analyses international experience in establishment and growth of smart -society and dimensions of axiological field of smart-society, which is based on axiological matrix of information and knowledge, which are considered and being civilized dimensions of modern society. The main idea is to prove the evolution of the information society to smart -society and the possibility of establishment of smart-society in Ukraine. The analysis of smart-society formation was made and its characteristics were defined, which claims priority role in the world information space formation and contribute to the competitiveness of Ukraine in the international information space. (shrink)

In recent work MacPherson argues that the standard method of modeling belief logically, as a necessity operator in a modal logic, is doomed to fail. The problem with normal modal logics as logics of belief is that they treat believers as "ideal" in unrealistic ways (i.e., as omnidoxastic); however, similar problems re-emerge for candidate non-normal logics. The authors argue that logics used to model belief in artificial intelligence (AI) are also flawed in this way. But for AI systems, omnidoxasticity is (...) impossible because of their finite nature, and this fact can be exploited to produce operational models of fallible belief. The relevance of this point to various philosophical views about belief is discussed. (shrink)