自己決定概念は、患者の自律やインフォームド・コンセント、プライバシー概念等の基礎にあり、生命倫理において核となる重要な概念である。しかし、その歴史的由来について、またその概念の意味するところについて、 これまで本巻のように主題的に扱われることはほとんどなかった。ここでの諸論考は、「自己決定権」や「自律」概念の理解にも大いに役立つはずである。.

In this paper, we give closed-form expressions of the $p$-Frobenius number for the triple of the numbers $a n(n-1)+r$ for an integer $a\ge 4$ and $r$ is odd. For the set of given positive integers $A:=\{a_{1},a_{2},\dots,a_{k}\}$, the $p$-Frobenius number is the largest integer whose nonnegative integral linear combinations of given positive integers in $A$ are expressed in at most $p$ ways. When $p=0$, the $0$-Frobenius number is the classical Frobenius number, which is the central topic of the famous linear Diophantine (...) problem of Frobenius. (shrink)

This article analyzes investors’ portfolio selection problems in a two-period dynamic model of Knightian uncertainty. We account for the existence of portfolio inertia in this two-period framework. Furthermore, by incorporating investors’ updating behavior, we analyze how observing new information in the first period will affect investors’ behavior. By this analysis, we show that observing new information in the first period will expand portfolio inertia in the second period compared with the case in which observing new information has not been gained (...) in the first period if the degree of Knightian uncertainty is sufficiently large. (shrink)

Schopenhauer’s theory of religion is mainly discussed in his ethics. Therefore, conventional studies often argue that Schopenhauer made an attempt to make a rational justification of religion through the process of recognising the reason for religion’s existence in its ethical values. However, his theory of religion contains other aspects which cannot be discussed soley in terms of the above view, for he not only observed subtle differences between religion and ethics but even considered that religion could go against ethics at (...) times. For this reason, we cannot simply say that Schopenhauer used ethics as a means to make a rational justification of religion. Rather, he viewed ethics as a standard for criticising religions, though he did not deny religion. He neither affirmed nor denied religion. Based on his ethics, he simply engaged in a philosophical analysis of a human activity called religion as he considered such an approach to be the appropriate one for a philosopher. On that account, what is important here is where in religion Schopenhauer saw the conditions for ethical values. From that point of view, this paper reinterprets his thought through descriptions in his major work, The World as Will and Representation, with an intention to offer a new reading of Schopenhauer’s theory of religion. (shrink)

ケア概念の新しい解釈を機軸にして，生命と環境をめぐる倫理的諸問題を統一的に捉え，その構造と連関を読み解くとともに，安楽死やエンハンスメント問題等に対処する，従来とは異なる視点も提示している。また，日本 文化の基底にケア的なものを見出すことによって，本書は日本的な生命倫理の可能性を問うものでもある。.

In this paper, we shall give another proof of the faithfulness of Blass translation of the propositional fragment \ of Leśniewski’s ontology in the modal logic \ by means of Hintikka formula. And we extend the result to von Wright-type deontic logics, i.e., ten Smiley-Hanson systems of monadic deontic logic. As a result of observing the proofs we shall give general theorems on the faithfulness of B-translation with respect to normal modal logics complete to certain sets of well-known accessibility relations (...) with a restriction that transitivity and symmetry are not set at the same time. As an application of the theorems, for example, B-translation is faithful for the provability logic \ ), that is, \ \ \ \supset \Box \phi \). The faithfulness also holds for normal modal logics, e.g., \, \, \, \. We shall conclude this paper with the section of some open problems and conjectures. (shrink)

The objective of this study is to design a laboratory experiment to explore the effect of ambiguity on a subject’s search behavior in a finite-horizon sequential search model. In so doing, we employ a strategy to observe the potential trend of reservation points that is usually unobserved. We observe that subjects behaving consistently across treatments reduce their reservation points in the face of ambiguity over point distribution. Our result is consistent with the theoretical implication obtained by Nishimura and Ozaki.

意味の研究は、言語研究の中でも比較的歴史が新しい。はじめに、語や文の意味とは何か、意味をどう記述するかをめぐる基本的な問題を明らかにする。そして、意味の形式化を徹底したモンタギュー意味論の展開と、言語 現象を人間の認知過程の反映ととらえた認知的意味論の方法論について紹介する。その後、自然言語処理における意味と概念の表現とその計算機構について解説する。.

「仁」と「天理」はどう語られてきたか―『春秋』三伝・『論語』をはじめとする経典類から二十四史まで、さらに「侯馬盟書」等の出土史料を渉猟して「仁」の原義とその変質、「天理」観との関わりを検討し、その観念 と暦・天文・度量衡・十二方位・楽・易との関係、建築物への數理的表象に説き及ぶ。.

In this paper, we shall show that the following translation \(I^M\) from the propositional fragment \(\bf L_1\) of Leśniewski's ontology to modal logic \(\bf KTB\) is sound: for any formula \(\phi\) and \(\psi\) of \(\bf L_1\), it is defined as (M1) \(I^M(\phi \vee \psi) = I^M(\phi) \vee I^M(\psi)\), (M2) \(I^M(\neg \phi) = \neg I^M(\phi)\), (M3) \(I^M(\epsilon ab) = \Diamond p_a \supset p_a. \wedge. \Box p_a \supset \Box p_b.\wedge. \Diamond p_b \supset p_a\), where \(p_a\) and \(p_b\) are propositional variables corresponding to (...) the name variables \(a\) and \(b\), respectively. In the last, we shall give some comments including some open problems and my conjectures. (shrink)

The necessity and opportunity for face-to-face contact with other colleagues is being increasingly reduced as a result of factory automation (FA) or office automation (OA). This means that human functions which are a result of human contact and relationships are substituted for by the function of machine systems. This “transfer of relations” from the human “system” to the machine system causes isolation of the individual in the process of work. This chapter considers some reasons for “isolation” with particular reference to (...) the computerisation of production systems. The paper addresses the serious consequences for the environmental situation in Japan and the fabric of Japanese society. (shrink)

学内共同研究の成果である「熊本大学生命倫理研究会論集」シリーズは第６巻をもって一応完結し，これからは，国内外の研究者との共同研究を通じて生命倫理研究に貢献していきたい。その一環として，新しい論集を刊行 することになった。第１巻のテーマは「日本の生命倫理：回顧と展望」である。今の時期は，これまでの広範多岐にわたる活動を振り返るとともに将来を展望することが必要であろう。生命倫理の各領域の研究者に様々な観 点から執筆していただいた。大きく分けると「総論」，「自己決定・医療情報」，「生命と法」，「職業倫理」，「ドイツ・フランスへの視点」，「政策・学会」の６領域である。これでかなりの範囲がカバーできると思わ れる。続刊でもそれぞれのテーマについて論じつつ日本の生命倫理の現状と行方を示していく予定である。.

本書は、戦国時代の混乱を武力を以て終わらせた徳川家康の統治思想が、日本の公共哲学の原型であるという意表を突く主張から始まる。そして、家康に淵源し、以後250年に及ぶ平和と安定を支えた公共哲学を、鈴木正 三、『葉隠』、白隠慧鶴、太宰春台、海保青陵、そして福澤諭吉の思想に探ってゆくのである。西欧のヒューマニズムが基づく軍事と土地所有ではなく、軍事と商業。すなわち、武士と商人の相互性と、両者のバランス感覚 としてのヒューマニズム、そしてそれが育んだ自生的秩序が日本の公共性の核心にあることを、「慈悲」と「正直」を鍵語に解き明かす。現代の公共哲学に歴史からの再考を迫る、知的冒険の書である。.