ABSTRACT Peter Weir's The Truman Show has been studied as an example of Debord's theory of the spectacle; as such, many theorists have shown how Truman is a commodified object constructed for “entertainment” for the masses, also noting how we ourselves are complicit in the consumption of media that dehumanize. In this essay, the author argues that, while a decided exemplar of postmodernism's “society of the spectacle,” the film is also a corporealization of poststructuralist Michel Foucault's concept of the panopticon, (...) illustrating how a consideration of social spaces yields a fuller understanding of Truman's predicament as knowing prisoner/performer. Through an analysis of power, ideology, hegemony, and whiteness as they are re-presented in The Truman Show, we can more thoroughly articulate Truman's condition as a panoptic object who is regulated and hegemonized under the watchful eyes of a Master—himself synecdochic of Authority, Reason, and Truth—and those of a voracious public. The result is an indeterminate, postmodern, dystopian vision of mediated masses and the power apparatuses they/we wield through the act of watching. (shrink)

Hermeneutics has become a major topic of debate throughout the scholarly community. What has been called the "interpretive turn" has led to interesting new approaches in both the human and social sciences, and has helped to transform divided disciplines by bringing them closer together. Yet one of the largest and most important social sciences economics has so far been almost completely left out of the transformation. Economics and Hermeneutics takes a significant step towards filling this gap by introducing scholars on (...) both sides of the divide to ways that hermeneutics might help economists address some of their most important problems. Among the topics addressed are entrepreneurship, price theory, rational expectations, monetary theory, welfare economics, and economic policy. The approaches to economics represented include the Austrian school, McCloskey's "rhetoric" approach, Marxian critical theory and institutionalism. (shrink)

THE MYTH OF THE PLAN: LESSONS OF SOVIET PLANNING EXPERIENCE by Peter Rutland. LaSalle, Illinois: Open Court, 1985. 286 pp., $26.95. LENIN AND THE END OF POLITICS by A. J. Polan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. 240 pp., $22.50, $9.95 (paper).

Jean-Jacques Lavoie | : L’auteur présente un état de la recherche des critiques textuelle et des sources ainsi que des analyses structurelle et littéraire de Qohélet 2,1-3, afin de montrer comment Qohélet relativise, non sans ironie, la valeur de la jouissance. | : The author presents the state of research about textual and source criticisms, as well as structural and literary analyses concerning Qoheleth 2:1-3, in order to show how Qoheleth seeks to relativize, not without irony, the value of (...) enjoyment. (shrink)

The author presents the current state of research regarding textual and source criticisms as well as structural and literary analyses of Qoheleth 8,10, in order to show how the critique of Qoheleth not only has ethical and cultic implications, but also (and especially) theological ones. In other words, the author seeks to highlight the polysemy of this text which aims at denouncing, on the one hand, the immoral and hypocritical conduct of a part of the society (the wicked and their (...) accomplices) and, on the other hand, the lack of justice and divine intervention. (shrink)

Le présent article porte sur la trame relationnelle tissée autour de l’enfant né par gestation pour autrui ou conçu grâce à un don d’ovules, et plus spécifiquement sur les affiliations familiales qui émergent de ce processus inédit d’enfantement à plusieurs. La démonstration s’appuie sur les récits de 38 femmes canadiennes impliquées dans une entente de procréation assistée avec autrui en tant que mères, femmes porteuses ou donneuses. Deux cas de figure mettant en lumière la construction des liens d’apparentement entre les (...) personnes concernées sont présentés, qu’il s’agisse d’une inscription dans le réseau de parenté de l’enfant ou d’une reconnaissance symbolique mutuelle basée sur l’amitié. La proximité relationnelle entre les adultes est au cœur d’une filiation métissée qui témoigne de leur préoccupation commune envers l’intérêt de l’enfant. (shrink)

The historical context of mental health care in Quebec, which in recent years has given way to greater client participation in the decision-making process for which they are concerned, has reversed the previous medical conception of psychiatry. From a vision of internment, care is now adapted to the individual needs of the clientele served, even including the provision of care in the home. However, work with people weakened by mental illness is often fraught with questions and sometimes contradictory ethical issues. (...) Intensive follow-up teams in the community are a case in point. Working with a very vulnerable clientele, health workers must know how to be open and flexible in order to establish a therapeutic relationship with a clientele that is often involuntary and refractory to any form of treatment. To achieve this, they often have to get past refusals to follow-up by using various strategies derived from libertarian paternalism in order to maintain contacts that will become meaningful and allow these individuals to regain control over their lives. This sometimes-intrusive approach obviously raises its share of ethical issues, particularly regarding consent to care, and can be perceived as an infringement of fundamental rights by infringing rights to self-determination and decision-making autonomy. However, it is possible to reverse this position through a benevolent approach supported by an ethics of care that favours respect for the uniqueness of each individual by placing them at the heart of the therapeutic relationship. It is through dialogue, the place given to the other, respect for their choices, uniqueness and self-determination that it will then be possible to seek implicit consent and active participation of the user in the recovery process, even if sometimes there are binding legal measures. (shrink)

Le féminisme a réussi à transformer partiellement le monde dans lequel nous vivons. Mais la résistance de la société traditionnelle à ces changements, ainsi que la remontée de la droite et la valorisation forcenée de l'individualisme, risquent de compromettre ses acquis. Dans ce contexte, l'avènement d'un discours pseudo-féministe qui véhicule les valeurs traditionnellement considérées comme « féminines » par les hommes risque d'embrouiller le message féministe pour tous ceux qui y accordaient créance et espéraient le voir aller plus loin dans (...) sa quête d'une société nouvelle. Nous voulons analyser ce discours en montrant comment il tend à remettre en question l'effort de transformation sociale amorcé par le féminisme.Feminism has partly transformed our world. Traditionnal society's resistance to these changes together with the rise of the Right and individualism endanger these gains. In that context, the advent of pseudo-feminist discourse carrying the values traditionnally seen by men as "féminine" might blur the feminist message for those who give it credit and hope to see it progress in its quest for a new society. We wish to analyse that discourse and show how it tends to challenge the social transformation effort launched through feminism. (shrink)

A complex network of ethico‐legal rules makes it difficult for health researchers in South Africa to lawfully recruit adolescents to the kinds of sensitive studies where it may be ethically appropriate to proceed without notifying parents or obtaining parental consent. This article responds to a recent proposal to amend the blanket requirement for mandatory parental consent presently contained in section 71 the South African National Health Act 61 of 2003 [NHA]. The proposed amendment is intended to bring the NHA into (...) alignment with South Africa's 2015 Department of Health Guidelines on Ethics in Health Research by permitting greater flexibility for a health research ethics committee to waive parental consent, and permit adolescents to consent independently. A lacuna in this proposal is highlighted with reference to the requirements of South Africa's Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 [POPIA]: Even if the NHA is amended as proposed, the goal of aligning South African law with prevailing ethics norms in South Africa would not necessarily be attained, as parental consent may still be required by POPIA. This article investigates whether this goal (of aligning the law with ethics) can be attained in a way that is compliant with POPIA. It is concluded that this is indeed possible in a number of ways, and that the best way to attain this goal is by requesting the South African Information Regulator to issue a guidance note to the effect that all health research projects that are approved by institutional health research ethics committees are to be regarded as being in the public interest, which would qualify such health research projects to be exempted from POPIA's consent requirements. (shrink)

Like most goods‐producing sectors in the West, modern health‐care systems have been profoundly changed by globalization and the neoliberal policies that attend it. Since the 1970s, the role of the welfare state has been considerably reduced; funding and management of health systems have been subjected to wave upon wave of reorganization and assimilated to the private sector. At the same time, neoliberal policy has imposed the notion of patient empowerment, thus turning patients into consumers of health. The literature on nursing (...) has accordingly reported on the significant repercussions on all aspects of the profession, from delivery of care and treatment, through training for new nurses, to legislated policy reforms regarding the role and responsibilities of modern nurses. In light of these developments, this paper analyses and theorizes about the way the injection of neoliberal policy is linked to and affects the practice of nursing. Drawing on a number of Nietzschean arguments, we begin with an exploration of the complex effects of neoliberalism, bureaucratization, and technocratization on the health system and the practice of nursing. Our main theoretical point here is that neoliberal policy engenders and promotes a neoliberal tide, which results in the conversion of the values that drive modern nursing practice. We then examine this tide in the light of Nietzsche's concepts. Starting with an analysis based on the ontology of the will to power, we show that nurses are dominated by neoliberal values embedded in technocratic and bureaucratic ideologies. Finally, we argue that the application of neoliberal policy constitutes a form of domestication from which one might potentially be freed through the Nietzschean concept of transvaluation of values. This transvaluation, as its freeing from some of the neoliberal tide, may be accomplished in accordance with a hierarchy of specific life‐affirming values for nursing culture and practice. (shrink)

Concealing information requires that adolescents manage the information that they share, which requires cognitive skills, for example, theory of mind. This study explored motivations for concealment that early adolescents endorsed concealing or disclosing to friends and parents, in relation to their theory of mind. We found that adolescents broadly endorsed disclosure to both parents and friends, even when it might mean they would face consequences, be impolite, or face negative identity-related emotions. We found that ToM ability was associated with a (...) tendency to endorse being forthcoming and sharing information with both friends and parents. These findings provide new insight into how the relation between ToM and concealment may change with age, specifically how in early adolescence it may foster open communication rather than concealment as is the case in early and middle childhood. (shrink)

On the extreme wing of libertarian ideology are the individualist anarchists, who wish to dispense with government altogether. The quasi-legitimate functions now performed by government, such as the administration of justice, can, the anarchists claim, be provided in the marketplace. George H. Smith.

Lavoie and Talwar examine the phenomenon of prosocial lie telling: lying with the intention to benefit others. They investigate how well children aged 4 to 11 are able to conceal information about a surprise gift from their parents based on these children’s responses to their parents’ questions. Lavoie and Talwar conclude that, as children’s theory of mind abilities and working memory improve, their ability to conceal information from others also develops.

Cet article propose une exploration critique de l’herméneutique queer de la Bible hébraïque, en particulier par le biais de ses différentes lectures du Cantique des cantiques. Il se divise en deux parties. Dans la première, les auteurs présentent la genèse du mot «queer», ses développements théoriques et ses applications possibles aux études bibliques. Dans la deuxième partie, ils proposent quelques lectures queer du Cantique des cantiques à partir de différentes thématiques: la marginalité de la bien-aimée, la réciprocité du désir amoureux, (...) le brouillage des frontières sexuelles, l’absence d’allusion à la procréation et l’amour malgré l’oppression sociale. Finalement, les auteurs évaluent quelques arguments queer en faveur de l’attribution d’un statut pornographique au Cantique des cantiques. (shrink)

L’auteur présente un état de la recherche de la critique des sources, des analyses structurelles et littéraires de Qo 12,12. Puis, il poursuit son enquête en montrant que l’interprétation commune qui voit en 12,12 un témoin de la naissance du canon des Écritures n’a aucun fondement. Qo 12,12 ne provient pas d’une autre main, c’est plutôt un texte ironique dans lequel l’auteur fait sa propre autocritique.

Artificial intelligence (AI) will drastically change the healthcare system. Radiology is one speciality that is most affected as AI algorithms are increasingly used in diagnostic imaging. AI‐enhanced health technologies will, inter alia, increase workflow efficiency, improve diagnostic accuracy, reduce healthcare‐related costs, and help alleviate medical personnel shortages in under‐resourced settings. However, the development of AI‐enhanced technologies in healthcare is fraught with legal, ethical, and human rights concerns. Currently, the use of AI in South African healthcare is not governed by sui (...) generis legislation or ethical guidance focused exclusively and specifically on AI, although various provisions and principles from law and ethics find application. This article outlines these normative principles and explains their relationship with the extant legal obligations and regulatory framework as applied to the use of AI in radiology services in South Africa. The article concludes with three key recommendations for radiology practitioners using AI in South Africa. These are the need for: vigilant monitoring of AI use in practice, reforms to the liability framework, and appropriate guidance from local regulators and the Health Professions Council of South Africa on the ethical use of AI. (shrink)

This article seeks to shed light on the beliefs that influence nurses’ intention of respecting or not respecting an advance directive document, namely a living will or a durable power of attorney. Nurses’ beliefs were measured using a 44-statement questionnaire. The sample was made up of 306 nurses working either in a long-term care centre or in a hospital centre offering general and specialized care in the province of Québec. The results indicate that nurses have a strong intention of complying (...) with advance directives written by patients. The analysis also shows that four variables determine the strength of this intention: respect for autonomy; the location of the workplace; justice; and the dimension of relationships and emotions. Although these documents favour the expression of patients’ wishes, nurses should be aware that they do not systematically guarantee respect of a patient’s autonomy, nor do they replace a relationship based on trust between patients and health care professionals. (shrink)

The increasing complexity of Canadian businesses in a changing marketplace indicates that women as well as men managers will have to be well trained to be able to position themselves in this new environment with a certain degree of success and personal happiness. As management educators, we have to accept an important share in this responsibility. This paper examines some of the factors that should be considered by those who want to develop management training programs for the future women managers (...) or entrepreneurs. (shrink)

The “good farmer” literature, grounded in Bourdieu’s concepts of field, habitus, and capital, has provided researchers with a socio-cultural approach to understanding conservation adoption behavior. The good farmer literature suggests that conservation practices may not be widely accepted because they do not allow farmers to demonstrate symbols of good farming. This lens has not been applied to the adoption of conservation tillage, a practice increasingly used to improve conservation outcomes, farming efficiency and crop productivity. Drawing from in-depth interviews with dryland (...) wheat farmers in the US inland Pacific Northwest, this research seeks to understand how farmers’ engagement with CT is shaped by identity as a good farmer. Some farmers also sought to bolster social capital through CT by maintaining and strengthening relationships with peers, landowners, and future generations. We further found that engagement with CT provided a link for some participants between productivist values and stewardship values within the good farming identity. The findings from this research may help contextualize the barriers and opportunities to the adoption of agricultural conservation practices within farmer-specific social, cultural, and economic forms of capital. (shrink)

Jean-Jacques Lavoie | : Cet article présente une centaine de livres publiés depuis l’an 2000 sur le texte de Qohélet. L’état de la recherche est divisé en six parties qui correspondent à autant d’approches : critique textuelle, analyse philologique et sémantique, histoire de la réception, analyse comparée, critique structurelle et lecture canonique et pastorale. Ce choix n’a rien d’arbitraire. Au contraire, il est adapté aux livres publiés depuis l’an 2000 et permet de mettre en évidence les principaux résultats de (...) la recherche récente sur le livre de Qohélet. | : This article presents about a hundred books that have been published on the text of Qohelet since 2000. The presentation of the state of research is divided in six parts, corresponding to the following approaches : textual criticism, philological and semantic analysis, history of reception, comparative study, analysis of the logical structure of the book, and canonical and pastoral reading. This choice is not arbitrary. On the contrary, it reflects and highlights the main tendencies of literature published since 2000 on the book of Qohelet. (shrink)

Jean-Jacques Lavoie L’auteur présente un état de la recherche des critiques textuelles et des sources de Qohélet 7,15-18 et propose une analyse structurelle et littéraire de ces quatre versets, afin de montrer que Qohélet souligne les limites de la sagesse et de la justice et dénonce toute forme de démesure, car celle-ci ne peut garantir le succès et peut même conduire à la ruine. Craindre Dieu est le contraire de la démesure ; c’est reconnaître que l’on ignore tout de (...) la manière dont Dieu agit et c’est accepter de vivre dans un monde absurde. (shrink)

Jean-Jacques Lavoie | Résumé : L’auteur présente un état de la recherche sur la critique textuelle et la critique des sources de Qohélet 7,19-20 et propose une analyse structurelle et littéraire de ces deux versets. Il poursuit son enquête en s’attardant plus particulièrement aux thèmes de la force meurtrière et de l’imperfection humaine, deux thèmes intimement liés dans quelques textes de la Bible, particulièrement en 1 R 8 et au Ps 143. |: The author presents the state of research (...) about textual and source criticisms concerning Qoheleth 7:19-20, and then provides a structural and literary analysis of these verses. He pursues his inquiry further, focusing more particularly on the themes of the lethal force and the human imperfection, two themes interrelated in some biblical texts, particularly 1 Kings 8 and Psalm 143. (shrink)

Jean-Jacques Lavoie | : L’auteur présente un état de la recherche des critiques textuelle et des sources de Qo 2,25 et propose une analyse structurelle de Qo 2,24-26 ainsi qu’une analyse littéraire de Qo 2,25, afin de montrer que le propos de la péricope qui conclut la fiction royale est de nature théologique : rien n’est possible pour l’être humain — pas même pour le roi Qohélet! — sans l’intervention divine. Autrement dit, le Dieu qui donne est également celui (...) qui détermine les conditions de l’existence humaine, aussi bien celles qui sont heureuses et avantageuses que celles qui sont malheureuses et désavantageuses. | : The author presents the state of research regarding textual criticism as well as source criticism concerning Qo 2,25, and then offers a structural analysis of Qo 2,24-26, and a literary analysis of Qo 2,25, in order to show that the subject of the section that concludes the royal fiction is of theological nature : nothing is possible for the human being — not even for the king Qohelet! — without divine intervention. In other words, the God who gives is also the one who determines the conditions of human existence, both the happy and advantageous ones, as well as the unhappy and disadvantageous ones. (shrink)

Jean-Jacques Lavoie | Résumé : L’auteur présente un état de la recherche de la critique textuelle de Qo 2,12 en montrant qu’il faut maintenir le texte massorétique, puisque c’est le texte le plus difficile. Puis, il présente un état de la recherche de la critique des sources ainsi que de l’analyse structurelle et littéraire, afin de montrer que ce verset doit être lu à la lumière de son contexte immédiat. En effet, la comparaison de la sagesse et de la (...) folie, au v. 12a, annonce la question de l’avantage de la sagesse sur la folie et du sage sur le fou, en 2,13-16. Quant au v. 12b, il annonce la question portant sur la valeur du successeur, en 2,19a, et souligne, non sans ironie, que la valeur du successeur est dérisoire et que celui-ci ne vaut que ce que le prédécesseur, aussi incomparable soit-il, a fait de lui. Ainsi compris, le v. 12 peut aussi se lire comme une allusion à Roboam en 1 R 12. |: The author presents a state of research about textual criticism concerning Qo 2,12 by showing that it is necessary to maintain the Masoretic Text, since it is the most difficult text. Then, he presents the state of the research about source criticism, as well as structural and literary analyses, in order to show that this verse should be read in the light of its immediate context. Indeed, the comparison between wisdom and folly, in v. 12a, announces the question of the advantage of wisdom over folly, and of the wise over the fool in 2.13-16. As to v. 12b, it announces the question concerning the value of the successor in 2.19a, and emphasizes, not without irony, that the value of the successor is derisory, and that it is worth only what the predecessor, however incomparable he may be, has made of him. Thus understood, v. 12b can also be read as an allusion to Rehoboam in 1 K 12. (shrink)

Euthanasia remains controversial in Canada and an issue of debate among physicians. Most studies have explored the opinion of health professionals regarding its legalization, but have not investigated their intentions when faced with performing euthanasia. These studies are also considered atheoretical. The purposes of the present study were to fill this gap in the literature by identifying the psychosocial determinants of physicians’ intention to practice euthanasia in palliative care and verifying whether respecting the patient’s autonomy is important for physicians.