O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma leitura crítica a respeito das fórmulas da sexuação assim como apresentadas por Jacques Lacan, ao longo dos Seminários 18 a 21, principalmente no que tange sua associação a um binarismo na nomeação de ambos os seus lados, propondo a um deles o título de ‘homem’ e a outro o título de ‘mulher’. A partir de um entendimento do estruturalismo e do significante, assim como propostos por Lacan, e da construção fundamentada (...) na lógica e na topologia que sustentam tais fórmulas, pretendemos demonstrar uma leitura delas que não se prende a esse binarismo, e que, portanto, pode evidenciarse mais condizente à proposta lacaniana de desessencialização e desontologização, no sentido clássico do termo. Aliado a isso, recorremos a um dos temas que são escritos pelas fórmulas, a inexistência da relação sexual, a qual, como Lacan propõe, vem a substituir o princípio aristotélico da não-contradição para a psicanálise, aparecendo como a impossibilidade de se constituir uma unidade entre o que poderia ser dito de uma essência e de uma existência, cópula nunca satisfeita entre sujeito e significante, restando sempre como não-todo, entendimento que, a partir da lógica da sexuação, pode nos dizer de uma diferença pura, sempre contraditória e paradoxal, dos modos de se constituir o sexual. (shrink)

© 2016 Regents of the University of California.The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,062 new measurements from 721 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous (...) tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 117 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including those on Pentaquarks and Inflation. The complete Review is published online in a journal and on the website of the Particle Data Group. The printed PDG Book contains the Summary Tables and all review articles but no longer includes the detailed tables from the Particle Listings. A Booklet with the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the review articles is also available. (shrink)

This article aims to dualize several results concerning various types (including possibly Cut-free and Identity-free systems) of canonical multiple-conclusion sequent calculi, i.e. Gentzen-style deduction systems for sequents, equipped with well-behaved forms of left and right introduction rules for logical expressions. In this opportunity, we focus on a different kind of calculi that we dub cocanonical, that is, Gentzen-style deduction systems for sequents, equipped with well-behaved forms of left and right elimination rules for logical expressions. These systems, simply put, have rules (...) that proceed from sequents featuring complex formulas to sequents featuring their component subformulas. Our main goals are to prove soundness and completeness results for the target systems’ consequence relations in terms of their characteristic 3- or 4-valued non-deterministic matrices. (shrink)

In the context of propositional logics, we apply semantics modulo satisfiability—a restricted semantics which comprehends only valuations that satisfy some specific set of formulas—with the aim to efficiently solve some computational tasks. Three possible such applications are developed.We begin by studying the possibility of implicitly representing rational McNaughton functions in Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic through semantics modulo satisfiability. We theoretically investigate some approaches to such representation concept, called representation modulo satisfiability, and describe a polynomial algorithm that builds representations in the newly (...) introduced system. An implementation of the algorithm, test results and ways to randomly generate rational McNaughton functions for testing are presented. Moreover, we propose an application of such representations to the formal verification of properties of neural networks by means of the reasoning framework of Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic.Then, we move to the investigation of the satisfiability of joint probabilistic assignments to formulas of Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic, which is known to be an NP-complete problem. We provide an exact decision algorithm derived from the combination of linear algebraic methods with semantics modulo satisfiability. Also, we provide an implementation for such algorithm for which the phenomenon of phase transition is empirically detected.Lastly, we study the game theory situation of observable games, which are games that are known to reach a Nash equilibrium, however, an external observer does not know what is the exact profile of actions that occur in a specific instance; thus, such observer assigns subjective probabilities to players actions. We study the decision problem of determining if a set of these probabilistic constraints is coherent by reducing it to the problems of satisfiability of probabilistic assignments to logical formulas both in Classical Propositional Logic and Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic depending on whether only pure equilibria or also mixed equilibria are allowed. Such reductions rely upon the properties of semantics modulo satisfiability. We provide complexity and algorithmic discussion for the coherence problem and, also, for the problem of computing maximal and minimal probabilistic constraints on actions that preserves coherence.prepared by Sandro Márcio da Silva Preto.E-mail: [email protected]:https://doi.org/10.11606/T.45.2021.tde-17062021-163257. (shrink)

In large anonymous games, payoffs are determined by strategy distributions rather than strategy profiles. If half the players choose a strategy a, all of them get a certain payoff, whereas if only one-third of the players choose that strategy, the players choosing may get a different payoff. Strategizing in such a game by a player involves reasoning about not who does what but what fraction of the population makes the same choice as that player.We present a simple modal logic to (...) reason about such strategization in large games. Since actual numbers are irrelevant, a player need not even know how many others are in the game, thus leading to the consideration of games with unboundedly many players. The logic we consider is the propositional modal fragment of a first order modal logic. We show that it has a bounded agent property, giving us a decision procedure for satisfiability. We also present a complete axiomatization of the valid formulas. The logic admits a natural model checking algorithm and bisimulation characterization. The logic with quantification over players is more appropriate, but is undecidable. (shrink)

The Kemetic or Egyptian civilization is one of the first great cultures of the ancient world, dating back to time immemorial. Kemet (Egypt) is known for its magnificent monuments, the pyramids, as well as for its belief in the immortality of the soul, to which they dedicated an entire cult and a specific book for ceremonies and formulas in the afterlife, the Book of the Dead. In addition to these fundamental references, we must also include his understanding of the cosmic (...) order and its efficiency in human life, hence the fundamental concept of Maat (order, justice and truth). Maat is represented as a deity, daughter of Ra, wife of Thoth, but mainly as a philosophical concept that is the basis of all her culture and thought. We intend to present this concept in the historical periods of Egyptian civilization, present in wisdom literature (Sebayt), as a basis for its constitution as a founding principle of Egyptian philosophy (Kemetics), by extension, of philosophies in Africa and its influence among the Greeks. (shrink)

When we reason about strategic games, implicitly we need to reason about arbitrary strategy profiles and how players can improve from each profile. This structure is exponential in the number of players. Hence it is natural to look for subclasses of succinct games for which we can reason directly by interpreting formulas on the (succinct) game description rather than on the associated improvement structure. Priority separable games are one of such subclasses: payoffs are specified for pairwise interactions, and from these, (...) payoffs are computed for strategy profiles. We show that equilibria in such games can be described in Monadic Least Fixed Point Logic (MLFP). We then extend the description to games over arbitrarily many players, but using the monadic least fixed point extension of existential second order logic. (shrink)

The case study is presented in the title: Hrabanus Maurus’s In honorem sanctae crucis and Berthold of Nuremberg’s two-part work Liber de misteriis et laudibus sancta crucis and the supplement Liber de misteriis et laudibus interemerate Virginis genitrices Dei et Domini nostril Ihesu ) are confronted and dissected; and the use of the word “transformation” is key to the analytical and interpretive possibilities concerning the medieval formulas the author presents. Close to five hundred years separate the carmina figurata of the (...) Carolingian abbot and the text-images of the Dominican lector and both follow on antique traditions. With more than two hundred pictures of diagrams and illuminations from a multitude of codices, architectural details and religious objects, Hamburger furnishes our understanding of transformation in medieval visual cultures and of the centrality of diagrams in artistic productions. (shrink)

(Part II), "Consciousness" (Part III), "Dreaming" (Part IV), and "Unified Theories of Psychology and Cognition" (Part V), successively.Part I (Chapter 1-3) focuses on the integration of brain, of which neural architectures are regarded as the most reliable empirical basis of mental integration. Tang proposes a theory dubbed Four Functional Systems (FFS) (of the brain) according to four levels of analysis of the hierarchical neural systems. Historically, FFS is in the prospects of extending Alexander Luria's theory of Three Functional Systems (Luria, (...) 1973). The first subsystem makes preparations for potentiation, brain activation, and awareness states; the second one receives, processes, and stores the incoming sensory information; the third one formulates and regulates subsequent mental activities and behaviors; the last one evaluates stored information, then, in turn, generates emotional feelings (as valences). Thus, the complexity of the brain-as an integrated whole-is identical to the brain's quaternary functional systems.Part II (Chapter 4-6) centers on the integration of mind. Tang treats unconscious mental activities as the prerequisites of consciousness. Furthermore, associating with FFS, he points out the mind is involved with four components: arousal, cognition, emotion, and volition (p. 28-30). These components-the tetrads of a mind-are neither operated separately nor combined mechanically. They interact with each other in a self-organizing way.Part III (Chapter 7-12) showcases Tang's theory of consciousness. In Chapter 7, correspondingly, he proposes Four Components of Consciousness (FCC). Consciousness is composed of four elements: awareness, content, intention, and emotion (p. 51). Tang tries to link arousal states of consciousness with energy states of (human) brain anatomical regions. He believes that the interactions of brain regions fundamentally result in those regions' transferable variable states. In particular, based on Fechner's interpretations of external and internal psychophysics, Tang adopts mathematical and physical methods to illustrate consciousness. In his view, consciousness is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon; the emergence of consciousness has a process. Rigorous formulas can describe this process and the relationship between brain and mind (p. 90-95).Part IV (Chapter 13-17) discusses dreaming. Studies have shown that most dreams appear during rapid eye movement. Neurotechnologies, such as electroencephalogram, can record the activation and dynamic changes of different brain regions during dreams, indicating that information processing continues. Information processing occurs during both dreaming and waking states, but the same neural basis corresponds to different characteristics. For dreaming is a unique state of consciousness, understanding the nature of dreaming is of great significance to understanding consciousness.Finally, based on the previous four sections' empirical and theoretical support, Part V (Chapter 18-20) gets ready to construct a unified theory of psychology and cognition. Both psychologists and cognitive scientists aspire to a unified theory of the mind as physicists have expected (simply relatively speaking) in the material realm. Resorting to a general theory of physical and mental integration, Tang plans a Grand Unified Psychology program, whose theoretical framework consists of four parts: (1) central viewpoints and methods of studying psychology and behavioral science; (2) critical examinations of theories in various sub-fields of psychology and somewhat convergent psychological phenomena; (3) essentials of unifying various research fields and disciplines of psychology; (4) essentials of unifying the research diagram. Tang stresses the significance of studying the mind from mental integration (and psychological interaction). Elsewhere, Tang advocates: the processes and phenomena of cognition are only one dimension of the psychological realm; consequently, it is necessary to study different (mental) interactions of psychological experiences and feelings involving cognition, such as understanding, evaluating, monitoring. In short, the units and correlations of various mental interactions involving cognition and feelings are indispensable.Throughout the book, Tang attempts to systematically grasp interdisciplinary advances of physics, psychology, brain science, medicine, technical science, and present his mind and consciousness theory (FFS and FCC). In the end, he offers a sketch of a unified program of psychological and cognitive sciences. This book epitomizes Tang's research on mind, brain, and consciousness over the past two decades and could be seen as the forefront of Chinese scholars' research on consciousness. The only drawback is that the content system it contains is so extensive that some fascinating details, such as experimental studies on mind wandering, quantitative studies of consciousness, cannot be specifically presented. Just as Eric Kandel (2018) stated, "determining the nature of consciousness is one of the greatest scientific challenges of the twenty-first century, so answers will not come quickly or easily," the theories and program proposed by Tang in this book need to be scrutinized further by the contemporaries. (shrink)

Reasoning about equilibria in normal form games involves the study of players’ incentives to deviate unilaterally from any profile. In the case of large anonymous games, the pattern of reasoning is different. Payoffs are determined by strategy distributions rather than strategy profiles. In such a game each player would strategise based on expectations of what fraction of the population makes some choice, rather than respond to individual choices by other players. A player may not even know how many players there (...) are in the game. Logicising such strategisation involves many challenges as the set of players is potentially unbounded. This suggests a logic of quantification over player variables and modalities for player deviation, but such a logic is easily seen to be undecidable. Instead, we propose a propositional modal logic using player types as names and implicit quantification over players. With modalities for player deviation and transitive closure, the logic can be used to specify game equilibrium and interesting patterns of reasoning in large games. We show that the logic is decidable and present a complete axiomatisation of the valid formulas. (shrink)

Automated reasoning issues are addressed for a finite lattice-valued propositional logic LnP(X) with truth-values in a finite lattice-valued logical algebraic structure—lattice implication algebra. We investigate extended strategies and rules from classical logic to LnP(X) to simplify the procedure in the semantic level for testing the satisfiability of formulas in LnP(X) at a certain truth-value level α (α-satisfiability) while keeping the role of truth constant formula played in LnP(X). We propose a lock resolution method at a certain truth-value level α (α-lock (...) resolution) in LnP(X) and have proved its theorems of soundness and weak completeness, respectively. We provide more efficient resolution based automated reasoning in LnP(X) and key supports for α-resolution-based automated reasoning approaches and algorithms in lattice based linguistic truth-valued logic. (shrink)

Apoiado nas fórmulas dos próprios jovens hegelianos, este trabalho procura caracterizar a principal oposição no interior do movimento. Tal oposição aparece agora como uma entre uma crítica pesadamente construtiva, a favor da comunidade como um universal estabelecido fora da consciência dos homens, e outra a favor da primazia do sujeito, “liberal”, e potencialmente “dissolvedora”.

Divergindo em pontos fundamentais do pensamento filosófico medieval, Descartes, na construção de sua filosofia do homem, terá em pensadores renascentistas sua principal fonte de inspiração, estabelecendo com estes pensadores uma continuidade de idéias, uma comunhão de pensamentos. Não obstante as divergências, mostraremos neste texto como Descartes irá buscar na Escolástica fórmulas e conceitos para melhor expor sua antropologia.

RESUMOPretende-se sustentar que para compreender o princípio da autonomia como princípio supremo da moralidade na Fundamentação, isto é, como a fórmula que contém em si as outras fórmulas do imperativo categórico, é preciso interpretá-la mediante o princípio da determinação completa. Conforme a indicação de Kant de que ocorre uma progressão entre as fórmulas, segue-se o fio condutor das formas lógicas da quantidade em direção às categoriasda quantidade, tal como estabelecido na Crítica da razão pura. Ora, se a concepção (...) kantiana de razão (em seus usos teórico e prático) pressupõe sua interpretação da lógica, então é de supor na relação entre as fórmulas do imperativo categórico a mesma relação que encontramos na combinação das categorias de quantidade.Palavras-chave: Kant, imperativo categórico, autonomia, determinação completa, categorias de quantidade, fiocondutor.ABSTRACTWe argue that to understand autonomy as the supreme principle of morality, that is, as the formula that contains the other formulas within itself, we have to understand it by means of the principle of complete determination. Following Kant’s remark that there is a progression among the formulas, we recall the problem of the guiding thread in the Critique of Pure Reason. Now, since Kant’s conception of reason (both theoretical and practical) dependson his logic, it seems that to understand the relationship among the formulas of the categorical imperative, we have to understand the relationship among 1) transcendental unity, logical universality and formula of universal law/law of nature; 2) transcendental plurality, logical particularity and formula of humanity; 3) transcendentaltotality, logical singularity and formula of autonomy/realm of ends.Key-words: Kant, Categorical Imperative, Autonomy, Complete Determination, Categories of Quantity, Guiding Thread. (shrink)

O pensamento freudiano certamente conta entre as próprias condições de possibilidade do feminismo. A tese da bissexualidade originária do ser humano é fundamental nesse sentido porque ela serve de ponto de partida para a ideia de que a sexuação resulta de um processo, resulta de um tornar-se. Não estando dada de uma vez por todas, como se se tratasse de algo natural, ela pode ser entendida tanto no seu fator disruptivo relativamente a uma série de constrições tradicional e ideologicamente (...) vinculadas ao organismo biológico, quanto nas possibilidades históricas que carrega consigo naquilo que concerne à própria construção do humano. Mas, por outro lado, não podemos negligenciar o fato de que as últimas considerações de Freud sobre a sexualidade feminina apresentam teses inapelavelmente inaceitáveis. Entre elas, lembremos que Freud situa as mulheres na contracorrente da civilização ao sustentar que nós seríamos menos capazes de sublimação e que possuiríamos um Supereu mais fraco. O objetivo do artigo é mostrar em detalhe como Freud tece suas teses a respeito da inferioridade feminina, sem diminuir o tom dessas teses, sem escamoteá-las e, ao mesmo tempo, tentando mostrar como elas produzem suas próprias armadilhas, ou seja, tentando destacar os momentos em que a argumentação de Freud simplesmente não se sustenta, ficando refém de modo não marginal de alguns preconceitos próprios. (shrink)

Franciscan education is carried out with the understanding that formal knowledge must serve real life. Concepts, formulas and theoretical reffections are not enough without the understanding that life is an experience, a relationship, a giƒ and grace poured out by the Creator. Francisco de Assis, did not leave any theory on education, as he did not discuss topics associated with pedagogy or other sciences. The saint of Assisi leƒ a testimony of life, which serves as a basis and model for (...) all who want to live the maxim of the Gospel. Their words were witnessed in their a itudes and this serves as a reference for so many who dedicate themselves to teaching children, adolescents and young people. This simple fact leaves a clue to everyone who takes on the task of educating and we cannot forget that in a way we are all educators and, therefore, responsible for leaving marks for “being” and “living”. This is the meaning and mission assumed in the Franciscan schools belonging to the SCALIFRA-ZN Network. Developing a life based on Franciscan Principles, Values and A itudes is a basis for humanizing education. (shrink)

When we ask ourselves about the meaning of life, two analyses are possible in principle: 1. that we are asking something about the purpose or the reason of being of life or of a life, or 2. that we are asking something the value of life or of a life. At the present article, I do not approach 1 neither the life as a whole, but I take the individual lives in the context of 2. I briefly explain what would (...) be to someone to have an objectivist conception of the meaning of life and what would be to someone to have a subjectivist one; and, then, I try to show how we can think in formulas that can capture the intuitions of those conceptions, without acquiring commitment with none of them. My way is to show that both objectivist and subjectivist conceptions think the meaning of life as related to projects or realizations that fulfill principles of value (the value can be objective or subjective according to the adopted conception), and ten I try to indicate that the projects or realizations from a person’s life come together through a simple sum to make the meaning of life of such a person’s life. The way I suggested for us to find the value of one of those realizations does not seem to present none theoretical problem. But the simple sum of realizations (and/or projects) to represent the value of the meaning of a person’s life simply did not work. That’s because it seems to lack some kind of index that is able to formalize the relations between realizations. Thus, although we couldn’t properly formalize the relation between the realizations that achieve the meaning of someone’s life at a certain moment, we get a good intuitive formalization of the value of a realization and we hope to have started an interesting investigation for future logicians, metaphysicians, mathematicians and theorists of value. (shrink)

Leibniz is one of the founders of calculus, a starting point of modern mathematics. A crucial point in the understanding of Leibniz' calculus is the concept of differential, especially differential of higher order. In this article we discuss the first successful application of differentials of higher order, namely the determination of the radius of curvature. 1692 Jakob Bernoulli determined three formulas for this radius. Leibniz was not satisfied with the proofs of Bernoulli and published two years later a new elegant (...) deduction. The article is a reconstruction of Bernoulli's and Leibniz' approaches showing the ingenious work of Leibniz in this field. (shrink)

Arguments about constitutional and personal rights often invoke the concept of privacy. In the United States it has been said that the constitution "embodies a promise that a certain private sphere of individual liberty will be kept largely beyond the reach of government". A number of formulae has been invoked in an attempt to define the sphere of constitutional privacy. They include: Fundamental rights of interests; personal decisions and issues; important questions intimately affecting private lives; and decisions affecting education, child-rearing, (...) marriage and contraception.Canadian and Europian courts have resorted to balancing formulae and to proportionality to set the limits to liberty guarantees. All of them need, however, an implied general theory of liberty such as that propounded by Mill , since privacy is a special sub-category of liberty.Privacy claims are made not only against the State, but in tort law relations between individuals, or between individuals and organisations such as the Press. Proposals for legislation to protect personal privacy encompass two different types of claim. One relates to physical intrusion: the other to proprietary rights over information of certain kinds. It is questionable whether general legislation to establish a statutory tort of breach of privacy is defensible. It may even be dangerous and be exploitable to protect government information. A public interest defence is essential. That throws the balancing role back on the courts, but they cannot rely on any obvious social consensus in weighing the interests at issue. In der Auseinandersetzung über subjektive Rechte, die von einer Verfassung garantiert sind oder deren Verletzung privatrechtliche Ansprüche auslöst, berufen sich viele Stimmen auf das Konzept der Privatsphäre. Nach einer in den Vereinigten Staaten vertretenen These liegt der amerikanischen Verfassung "das Versprechen zugrunde, daß die Privatsphäre, d.i. eine bestimmte Sphäre individueller Freiheit, im großen und ganzen außerhalb des Zugriffs des Staates liegt". Wie läßt sich rechtlich präzisieren, was diese verfassungsrechtlich garantierte Privatsphäre eigentlich einschließt? Eine Reihe von Antworten, die auf diese Frage gegeben werden, bezeichnen als vom Begriff der Privatsphäre erfaßt a) fundamentale Rechte oder Interessen, b) persönliche Probleme oder Entscheidungen, c) wesentliche Fragen, die das Privatleben ganz existenziell berühren, d) Entscheidungen, die die Erziehung und Ausbildung von Kindern, Empfängnisverhütung und Eheschließung betreffen. Einige dieser Formeln enthalten Elemente eines logischen Zirkels, da sie bei dem Versuch, die Privatsphäre näher zu umschreiben, ihrerseits selbst den Ausdruck "privat" benutzen. Andere sind entweder offensichtlich zu weit oder zu eng oder sonst schlechterdings ungenügend. Darüber hinaus ist es nicht klar, wann bei den subjektiven Rechten, die als fundamental bezeichnet werden, Ausnahmen gemacht werden. Ein Beispiel liefert die US-amerikanische Entscheidung Bowers v. Hardwick. (shrink)

Starting from recent formulas of EU bureaucracy for subordinating scientific and educational apparatuses to the needs of the capital and to the requests of its political representatives, the article analyses the interconnection between the historical transformation of the ideological state apparatuses and the epistemological discontinuity provoked by the triumph of technosciences. The hypothesis to be tested is the following: While the crisis of West European-North American capitalism requires an ever tighter submission of ideological state apparatuses, and especially of scientific and (...) academic apparatuses to the needs of the capital, theoretical practices in the humanities and social sciences have come to the point where they entered into an open conflict with the domination of the capital and have, as a consequence, started to subvert their own institutional supports in the ideological apparatuses of the capitalist state. For this purpose, the article reconsiders social sciences as a compromise formation and, eventually, reassesses the historical materialism as a non-Cartesian modern science. Polazeci od skorasnjih formula EU birokratije putem kojih se naucni i obrazovni aparati podredjuju potrebama kapitala i zahtevima njegovih politickih predstavnika, ovaj rad analizira uzajamnu povezanost istorijske transformacije ideoloskih aparata drzave i epistemoloskog diskontinuiteta koji je izazvan trijumfom tehno-nauka. Ispitivacemo sledecu hipotezu: iako kriza kapitalizma u Zapadnoj Evropi i Severnoj Americi zahteva sve cvrsce podredjivanje ideoloskih aparata drzave - narocito onih akademskih i naucnih - teorijske prakse u humanistickim i drustvenim naukama su dosegle tacku otvorenog sukoba sa dominacijom kapitala, cime su sledstveno pocele da podrivaju sopstvena institucionalna uporista u ideoloskim aparatima kapitalisticke drzave. U tu svrhu, rad preispituje drustvene nauke kao jednu kompromisnu formaciju i, naposletku, iznova razmatra istorijski materijalizam kao ne-kartezijansku modernu nauku. (shrink)

Este artigo procura ser uma incursão introdutória num dos problemas mais pre­mentes para quem se propõe estudar e conhecer os processos como a cultura impressa se engendra e como, através dos seus itinerários de circulação e apropriação, ela corresponde e correspondeu a uma das fórmulas de enunciação e circunscrição do mundo na modernidade. Esse problema surge como consequência do reconhecimento da relevância dos acervos docu­mentais e materiais de editores e livreiros para o estudo e análise do processo sócio-histórico de (...) construção da cultura impressa. Aborda-se e explora-se o difícil ecossistema social de pro­dução e sobrevivência desses acervos, num contexto nacional e internacional de actividade e de enquadramento institucional desfavorável à constituição, preservação e patrimonialização dessas fontes fundamentais para o conhecimento da cultura impressa. (shrink)

Para melhor compreensão do Quadrado Lógico (QL) das oposições, bem como para os Silogismos (SL), é comum a apresentação de fórmulas do Cálculo Quantificacional Clássico de 1ª Ordem (CQC). Contudo, a formalização tradicional, amplamente divulgada, não nos permite a demonstração de todos os valores conhecidos ao QL; também não nos permite a correta demonstração do status semântico de alguns SL; e, por conseguinte, não traduz (formaliza) adequadamente verbos tais como “ser”, “igualar”, “identificar”, “equivaler” e outros do tipo à linguagem (...) do CQC. Esso acontece não por deficiência ou limitação do cálculo, mas pela inobservância tanto da sintaxe atribuída àquele sistema formal quanto dos procedimentos do método de demonstração aqui utilizado: os Tableaux Sémantiques. Admitindo as fórmulas tradicionais (Fórmulas “T”: A = Ɐx (Sx → Px); E = Ɐx (Sx → ¬Px); I = Ǝx (Sx ˄ Px); O = Ǝx (Sx ˄ ¬Px)), o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar, pelo CQC, via Tableaux Sémantiques, os casos problemáticos resultantes da aplicação de tais fórmulas tanto ao QL quanto ao SL. Rejeita-se aqui a relação tradicional entre “Ɐ” e “→”, bem como entre “Ǝ” e “˄”, como modos adequados de formalização dos verbos supracitados, sugerindo uma regra de formalização àqueles vocábulos. Além disso, é sugerido novo conjunto de fórmulas (Fórmulas “G”: A = Ɐx (Sx ↔ Px); E = Ɐx (Sx ↔ ¬Px); I = Ǝx (Sx ↔ Px); O = Ǝx (Sx ↔ ¬Px)) por meio do qual todas as valorações do QL e status semântico dos SL são adequadamente demonstrados. (shrink)

L'œuf de ver à soie qui se prête à de nombreuses recherches génétiques et physiologiques a été assimilé à un volume géométrique simple afin qu'on puisse calculer aisément l'aire de sa surface totale et son volume. On a d'abord cherché à justifier le modèle géométrique proposé grâce à une étude expérimentale et statistique. On a ensuite établi les formules mathématiques utiles. Enfin on a discuté de l'approximation donnée par ces formules et de leur signification biologique.The egg of the silkworm which (...) permits a lot of genetical and physiological researches has been assimilated to a simple geometric volume, so that the area of its total surface and its volume might be easily calculated. First we have tried to justify the geometrical model which is proposed by means of an experimental and statistical study. We have then demonstrated the useful mathematical formulas. Finally we have discussed the approximation given by these formulas and their biological significance.Das Seidenraupenei, das viele genetische und physiologische Forschungen ermöglicht, hat man mit einem einfachen geometrischen Modell verglichen, um seine ganze Fläche und sein Volumen leicht rechnen zu können. Zuerst hat man versucht, das vorgeschlagene geometrische Modell dank einer experimentalen und statistischen Arbeit zu rechtfertigen. Dann sind die nötigen mathematischen Formeln festgesetzt worden. Zuletzt hat man die durch diese Formeln gegebenen Annäherungen und ihre biologischen Bedeutung erörtert. (shrink)

Die nach den Konventionen der Alten Geschichte gemeinhin mit dem Beginn der Regierungszeit des Kaisers Diokletian (284 n. Chr.) einsetzende Epoche der Spätantike (die Papyrologen sprechen seit diesem Zeitpunkt dagegen zumeist von der „Byzantinischen Zeit“) zeitigte eine Fülle von administrativen und fiskalischen Reformen, die sich auch in Änderungen der Zeitrechnung in den Provinzen des Reiches niederschlugen. Am besten studieren lassen sich diese Auswirkungen in der Provinz Ägypten, wo mit den Papyri eine Fülle von datierten administrativen Aufzeichnungen sowie öffentlichen und privaten (...) Urkunden zur Verfügung steht. Hier manifestiert sich in diesen Phänomenen zugleich die zunehmende Angleichung Ägyptens an die administrativen und fiskalischen Strukturen in den anderen Provinzen des Reiches, wenn man so will die „Romanisierung“ Ägyptens, deren Ergebnis das Verschwinden zahlreicher Besonderheiten war, durch welche sich in der frühen und hohen Kaiserzeit die Verhältnisse in Ägypten von denen in den übrigen Teilen des Reiches signifikant unterschieden haben, wenngleich dieser Umstand es nach der Auffassung des Rez. keinesfalls rechtfertigt, der Provinz als solcher einen Sonderstatus im römischen Reichsverband zuzuschreiben, wie dies eine traditionelle Richtung der althistorischen Forschung lange Zeit getan hat und teilweise immer noch tut. Die weltweit besten Kenner der diversen chronologischen Systeme des byzantinischen Ägypten und der mit ihnen zusammenhängenden, z. T. äußerst verwickelten Probleme sind zweifellos Roger S. Bagnall und Klaas A. Worp (B&W), die bereits vor 27 Jahren mit den „Chronological systems of Byzantine Egypt“ (CSBE. Studia Amstelodamensia, VIII. Zutphen 1978) eine Summe der aus ihrer Editionstätigkeit erwachsenden intensiven Beschäftigung mit den chronologischen Problemen byzantinischer Urkunden aus Ägypten vorgelegt und nicht nur dem Editor solcher Dokumente im besonderen, sondern auch der historischen und papyrologischen Forschung im allgemeinen ein unentbehrliches Hilfsmittel an die Hand gegeben haben. Schon ein Jahr später folgten mit den aus ihrer Feder stammenden „Regnal Formulas in Byzantine Egypt“ (RFBE. Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, Supplement 2. Missoula/Montana 1979) und 1987 mit den zusammen mit A. Cameron und S. Schwartz verfaßten „Consuls of the Later Roman Empire“ (CLRE) zwei weitere solcher unverzichtbaren Hilfsmittel, die den auf dem Gebiet der epigraphischen und papyrologischen Hinterlassenschaft der Spätantike tätigen Forschern die Arbeit beträchtlich erleichtern. In Anbetracht des in der seit dem Erscheinen von CSBE vestrichenen Zeit enorm angewachsenen Quellenmaterials, welches nicht nur vielfältige neue chronologische Probleme aufwarf, sondern auch bereits bekannte in neuem Licht erscheinen ließ – einen Prozeß, den B&W mit zahlreichen Artikeln zur Chronologie der Papyrusdokumente des byzantinischen Ägypten (siehe die Bibliographie in CSBE) gewissermaßen kommentierend begleitet haben – bedarf diese Neuauflage der CSBE sicherlich keiner Rechtfertigung. Auch wenn mit der Volltextdatenbank der „Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri“ (DDBDP) sowie mit dem „Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis der griechischen Papyrusurkunden Ägyptens“ (HGV) nunmehr – zum Zeitpunkt der Erstauflage der CSBE noch nicht existente – äußerst nützliche digitale Ressourcen zur Verfügung stehen, die die Sammlung und chronologische Auswertung der Dokumente bedeutend erleichtern (worauf B&W in der Einleitung zu CSBE zu recht hinweisen [viii]), so ist dies zweifellos immer noch eine mühe- und entsagungsvolle Kärrnerarbeit, für die den beiden Autoren nicht hoch genug gedankt werden kann. Hinzu kommt, daß sich diese Arbeit nicht nur auf die Sammlung der Dokumente und der ggfs. seit ihrer Edition erfolgten Berichtigungen beschränkt, sondern B&W in zahlreichen Fällen auch selbst Lesungen überprüft und berichtigt haben. (shrink)

Da Costa and French explore the consequences of adopting a 'pragmatic' notion of truth in the philosophy of science. Their framework sheds new light on issues to do with belief, theory acceptance, and the realism-antirealism debate, as well as the nature of scientific models and their heuristic development.

O Ensino Médio no Brasil tem enfrentado diversas mudanças sobre seu objetivo principal, sendo fortemente associado ao Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), uma das principais portas de entrada para o Ensino Superior. A redação do ENEM, um dos componentes da prova, segue um formato dissertativo-argumentativo padronizado, exigindo que os candidatos defendam uma opinião sobre temas sociais e proponham uma intervenção, respeitando os direitos humanos. Com base nas teorias de Herbert Marcuse, o artigo discute como a estruturação da redação pode (...) limitar o pensamento crítico dos candidatos, favorecendo uma reprodução de discursos dominantes. Assim, o processo de elaboração da redação, que deveria fomentar o pensamento crítico, acaba se tornando um exercício de conformidade às normas determinadas. A análise da obra de Marcuse, em particular a ideia de "fechamento do discurso", sugere que a redação do ENEM, apesar de sua intenção de avaliar a capacidade de argumentação e escrita dos candidatos, reforça uma padronização discursiva, em que os candidatos são incentivados a seguir fórmulas predefinidas para alcançar uma boa pontuação. Isso leva a refletir que o exame apenas perpetua um discurso unidimensional e operacionalizado. (shrink)

Biography of Burūjirdī, Ḥusayn al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī, 1875-196, an Iranian scholar and religio-political leader.

Jild-i 1-2. Nāmahʹī az nāmahʹhā-yi andīshahʹvarzī.

Although it is not younger than other areas of non-classical logic, paraconsistent logic has received full recognition only in recent years, largely due to the work of, among others, Newton da Costa, Graham Priest, Diderik Batens, and Jerzy Perzanowski. A logical system Λ is paraconsistent if there is a set of Λ-formulas Δ ∪ {A} such that in Λ one may derive from Δ both A and its negation, and the deductive closure of Δ with respect to Λ is different (...) from the set of all formulas. If from Δ one may derive a formula and its negation, Δ is said to be syntactically inconsistent. But is every syntactically inconsistent set of formulas contradictory? In classical logic and many non-classical logics, every syntactically inconsistent set is unsatisfiable, that is, semantically inconsistent. If contradictoriness means semantical inconsistency, there is, up to logical equivalence, only one contradiction. In paraconsistent logics, there are usually many non-equivalent formulas representing the semantically unique contradiction in a non-paraconsistent logic. So when is a formula the contradiction of another formula, and, moreover, how does the notion of contradiction relate to the notions of contrariety and negation? (shrink)

Natural deduction systems for classical, intuitionistic and modal logics were deeply investigated by Prawitz [D. Prawitz, Natural Deduction: A Proof-theoretical Study, in: Stockholm Studies in Philosophy, vol. 3, Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 1965. Reprinted at: Dover Publications, Dover Books on Mathematics, 2006] from a proof-theoretical perspective. Prawitz proved weak normalization for classical logic only for a language without logical or, there exists and with a restricted application of reduction ad absurdum. Reduction steps related to logical or, there exists and classical (...) negation bring about many problems solved only rather recently. For classical S5 modal logic, Prawitz defined a normalizable system, but for a language without logical or, there exists, ◊ and, for a propositional language without ◊, Medeiros [M.da P.N. Medeiros, A new S4 classical modal logic in natural deduction, Journal of Symbolic Logic 71 799–809] presented a normalizable system for classical S4. We can mention many cut-free Gentzen systems for S4, S5 and K45/K45D, some normalizable natural deduction systems for intuitionistic modal logics and one more for full classical S4, but not for full classical S5. Here our focus is on the definition of a classical and normalizable natural deduction system for S5, taking not only □ and ◊ as primitive symbols, but also all connectives and quantifiers, including classical negation, disjunction and the existential quantifier. The normalization procedure is based on the strategy proposed by Massi [C.D.B. Massi, Provas de normalizaçaõ para a lógica clássica, Ph.D. Thesis, Departamento de Filosofia, UNICAMP, Campinas, 1990] and Pereira and Massi [L.C. Pereira, C.D.B. Massi, Normalização para a lógica clássica, in: O que nos faz pensar, Cadernos de Filosofia da PUC-RJ, vol. 2, 1990, pp. 49–53] for first-order classical logic to cope with the combined use of classical negation, disjunction and the existential quantifier. Here we extend such results to deal with □ and ◊ too. The elimination rule for ◊ uses the notions of connection and of essentially modal formulas already proposed by Prawitz for the introduction of □. Beyond weak normalization, we also prove the subformula property for full S5. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Paraconsistent Logic and Latin America Thinking about Logic The Nature of Paraconsistent Logic A History of Paraconsistent Logic Philosophical Aspects of Paraconsistent Logic References Further Reading.

O texto que se segue busca apresentar algumas facetas da discussão sobre a origem da linguagem em Rousseau, Fichte e Nietzsche com vistas a destacar elementos comuns aos três autores, sobretudo ao tomarem o ponto de vista histórico como estratégia de recusa de toda fundamentação metafísica da palavra. The following text presents some features of the discussion about the origin of language by Rousseau, Fichte and Nietzsche trying to enhance common elements between the three authors, especially by taking the historical (...) point of view as a strategy of refusal of any metaphysical origin of the word. (shrink)

Translator's introduction -- Mir Damad's introduction -- 1st qabas. On the kinds of creation (huduth) and the divisions of existence according to them, establishing the bases of judgment, and defining the area of dispute -- 2nd qabas. On the three kinds of essential antecedence and constructing the demonstration by way of essential priority (taqaddum bi'l-dhat) -- 3rd qabas. The two kinds of separate posteriority and constituting the demonstration by way of eternal priority -- 4th qabas. Quotations from the book of (...) god and the traditions of his messenger, and from the traditions of the lofty and pure imams -- 5th qabas. Concerning the mode of existence of the unqualified natures and the path of the demonstration by the mode of the existence of the nature -- 6th qabas. On the continuity of time and motion; setting up the course of the demonstration with respect to the continuity of the magnitude of time according to the natural system in two ways; establishing the finitude of extended continuous quantity; and invalidating a numerical infinity -- With respect to successive temporal creatures -- 7th qabas. A series of abridged arguments, unsound dialectical arguments, and criticism of certain syllogisms and controversial sophistical doubts according to the two extremes of the two groups -- 8th qabas. Inquiry into the power of God and his will after completing what remains in the care of the intellect, through the use of decisive utterance, to solve some of the difficulties and dilemmas caused by doubt and the confusions arising from idle fancies -- 9th qabas. On establishing the intelligible substances and the stages of the system of existence in the two chains of beginning and return -- 10th qabas. The decisive doctrine on the secret of predetermination (qada') and fate (qadar), how evil is related to predetermination, the colocynth of truth on prayer and its granting, and the return of the command to god in the beginning and the end -- Glossary-- Bibliography. (shrink)

Entre outubro e novembro de 2022, um trabalho de tamanho fôlego sai do prelo na cena cultural e intelectual mexicana. Trata-se de El nihilismo mexicano: una reflexión filosófica de autoria de Mario Teodoro Ramírez vindo a lume pela Bonilla Artigas [...].

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo trabalhar o tema da liberdade na relação indivíduo e coletividade segundo o pensamento steiniano. Parte-se de uma investigação do indivíduo em relação consigo mesmo, com o outro para daí abstrair a essência da peculiaridade das influências externas do convívio do indivíduo na coletividade. Sendo assim, Stein analisa fenomenologicamente a pessoa humana em todas as suas dimensões e reconhece que é preciso averiguar as manifestações subjetivas da espiritualidade e examinar suas consequências na vida coletiva. Assim (...) uma investigação fenomenológica sobre a relação indivíduo e coletividade está subjacente à problemática de se saber como o indivíduo pode resguardar sua individualidade e liberdade na convivência coletiva. Para responder essa questão a autora apresenta o caminho da fé como abertura para que o indivíduo possa agir eticamente, consciente na coletividade tendo em vista o bem comum. A liberdade humana como dom da graça e como condição humana que se revela através da relação entre o reino da natureza e o reino da graça. (shrink)

در اين كتاب، جدالي سهمگين و در عين حال جذاب و بي مصالحه و سازش بين انسان "ميرا" و خداي "ناميرا" در ميگيرد. گفتگو ها و پرسش ها و پاسخ ها، آنچنان پربار و تجسم انگيزست كه خواننده بي قرارانه در انتظار پايان محاكمه ، فصل هاي كتاب را ميخواند و حضور خود را در جمع فرزانگان و جدال نويسنده و خدا احساس ميكند. ketab - sherkat ketab - شرکت کتاب - ketab.com - ketab corp.

In this succinct survey of a period four centuries ago, when even papal prelates welcomed the reviving classical humanism as a refreshment from the dull formulas of a hidebound scholasticism, whose best upholders were struggling to rescue its original spirit from established senescence, Father Bouyer directs his sympathy and acumen to evaluate humanist Christianity in its central and most controversial figure, Desiderius Erasmus and in particular to the striking attempt to establish a humanist theology. Unfortunately for English readers his study (...) concentrates upon ‘the spirit and general trend’ of Erasmus, exemplified in the significant Basel years, ‘when “Erasmianism” showed itself clearly as lying between the ultra-conservative Catholicism and the Protestant innovators’, and for this purpose critically expounds the Etudes erasmiennes of the late Professor Renaudet, ‘the examination of which’ he frankly admits ‘will form the core of our work’. Thus this work is mainly a translation of Fr. Bouyer’s Autour d’Érasme which sprang from the French literary scene in 1955 with the addition of an introductory sketch of the chief Renaissance prelates, initially led by Nicholas of Cusa, Vittorino da Feltre and Pico della Mirandola and concluding with ‘its final blossoming in the group of cardinals surrounding Pope Paul III’. (shrink)

In this paper a uniform methodology to perform natural\ndeduction over the family of linear, relevance and intuitionistic\nlogics is proposed. The methodology follows the Labelled\nDeductive Systems (LDS) discipline, where the deductive process\nmanipulates {\em declarative units} -- formulas {\em labelled}\naccording to a {\em labelling algebra}. In the system described\nhere, labels are either ground terms or variables of a given {\em\nlabelling language} and inference rules manipulate formulas and\nlabels simultaneously, generating (whenever necessary)\nconstraints on the labels used in the rules. A set of natural\ndeduction style (...) inference rules is given, and the notion of a\n{\em derivation} is defined which associates a labelled natural\ndeduction style ``structural derivation'' with a set of generated\nconstraints. Algorithmic procedures, based on a technique called\n{\em resource abduction\/}, are defined to solve the constraints\ngenerated within a structural derivation, and their termination\nconditions discussed. A natural deduction derivation is then\ndefined to be {\em correct} with respect to a given substructural\nlogic, if, under the condition that the algorithmic procedures\nterminate, the associated set of constraints is satisfied with\nrespect to the underlying labelling algebra. Finally, soundness\nand completeness of the natural deduction system are proved with\nrespect to the LKE tableaux system \cite{daga:LAD}.\footnote{Full\nversion of a paper presented at the {\em 3rd Workshop on Logic,\nLanguage, Information and Computation\/} ({\em WoLLIC'96\/}), May\n8--10, Salvador (Bahia), Brazil, organised by Univ.\ Federal de\nPernambuco (UFPE) and Univ.\ Federal da Bahia (UFBA), and\nsponsored by IGPL, FoLLI, and ASL.}. (shrink)