O pensamento freudiano certamente conta entre as próprias condições de possibilidade do feminismo. A tese da bissexualidade originária do ser humano é fundamental nesse sentido porque ela serve de ponto de partida para a ideia de que a sexuação resulta de um processo, resulta de um tornar-se. Não estando dada de uma vez por todas, como se se tratasse de algo natural, ela pode ser entendida tanto no seu fator disruptivo relativamente a uma série de constrições tradicional e ideologicamente vinculadas (...) ao organismo biológico, quanto nas possibilidades históricas que carrega consigo naquilo que concerne à própria construção do humano. Mas, por outro lado, não podemos negligenciar o fato de que as últimas considerações de Freud sobre a sexualidade feminina apresentam teses inapelavelmente inaceitáveis. Entre elas, lembremos que Freud situa as mulheres na contracorrente da civilização ao sustentar que nós seríamos menos capazes de sublimação e que possuiríamos um Supereu mais fraco. O objetivo do artigo é mostrar em detalhe como Freud tece suas teses a respeito da inferioridade feminina, sem diminuir o tom dessas teses, sem escamoteá-las e, ao mesmo tempo, tentando mostrar como elas produzem suas próprias armadilhas, ou seja, tentando destacar os momentos em que a argumentação de Freud simplesmente não se sustenta, ficando refém de modo não marginal de alguns preconceitos próprios. (shrink)

A critical, philosophical engagement of the psychological structures that propagate the continued oppression of women. In this book, the Italian feminist thinker Lea Melandri argues that systemic violence against women has deep psychoanalytic roots. Drawing inspiration from the work of Freud and the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Elvio Fachinelli, along with feminist practices of consciousness-raising, Melandri demonstrates how male dominance and female subservience are established by society through a binary and oppositional understanding of sex and gender. This understanding—and the oppression and (...) violence against women that results—is inscribed in the psyches of both men and women, and is replicated anew from generation to generation. Melandri analyzes women in media, politics, philosophy, and literature to show how this plays out, and calls for awareness of these deep psychic structures and expectations formed within the dynamics of society and primary family relations. Lea Melandri is one of Italy’s best-known feminist thinkers and activists. She is the author of many books and continues to write and advocate for women’s rights. In 2012, she was awarded by the city of Milan the Ambrogino d’oro, one of the city’s highest honors. Antonio Calcagno is Professor of Philosophy at King’s University College at Western University, Canada. He the editor of Contemporary Italian Political Philosophy and the coeditor (with Inna Viriasova) of Roberto Esposito: Biopolitics and Philosophy, both also published by SUNY Press. (shrink)

This dissertation abstract and the reflection commentary present the work done by Dr. Lea Stadtler. Comprising four articles, the dissertation explores the challenge of designing successful public–private partnerships for development and contributes to the discourse on partnerships and business engagement in society. Article I adopts the company perspective and develops a conceptual framework for interest alignment in PPPs for development. Based on a theoretical analysis, Article II examines the role that different structures play in handling common design challenges. Articles III (...) and IV are empirical: The former analyzes how partners cope with tensions occurring on the PPP’s boundaries, while Article IV explores the roles of broker organizations, which increasingly facilitate the partnering process of PPPs for development. This extended dissertation abstract introduces the dissertation’s research focus and summarizes each article’s research question, methods, and main findings. The reflection commentary in the appendix discusses the author’s views of her dissertation journey as a junior scholar and the research process. (shrink)

The interview conducted in 2017 with Professor Lauro Frederico Barbosa da Silveira is published. This republication is a posthumous tribute to this philosopher who was one of the founders of the Trans/ Form/Ação Journal 50 years ago. A profound expert on various topics in Philosophy and other areas, Lauro was a pioneer in Semiotics studies in Brazil, having contributed to the consolidation and dissemination of the field. The interview addresses several subjects, such as the origin, academic and professional background (...) of the interviewee, the role of semiotics, the philosopher and philosophy in the world, the inseparability between theory and practice, the Brazilian political scenario, the role of information and the media in the formation of habits, autonomous action, and the function of emotions in the production of theories. (shrink)

Many challenges to economic and social well-being require close collaboration between business, government, and civil-society actors. In this context, the involvement of multiple companies rather than a single company may enhance such cross-sector social partnerships’ outcomes. However, extant literature cautions about the tensions arising from companies’ competitive interests and the detrimental effects on the CSSP’s social outcome. Similarly, studies analyzing simultaneous collaboration and competition suggest shielding off competitive elements from the collaboration. Based on insights into two multi-company CSSPs, we conversely (...) find that government and NGO partnership managers deliberately leveraged competition through the CSSP design. They used similar segmentation mechanisms to enhance CSSP contributions, but differed in the way they integrated collaborative and competitive elements, leading to sustained corporate commitment in one CSSP and unmet promises in the other. These insights expose the paradoxical nature of coopetition at the interface of social and economic goals, and advance current research by indicating competition’s positive effects and the respective partnership design implications. On this basis, our study helps reveal and better understand sustainability-related tensions and opportunities at the inter-organizational level. (shrink)

The “happy fish” passage concluding the “Autumn Floods” chapter of the Classical Chinese text known as the Zhuangzi has traditionally been seen to advance a form of relativism which precludes objectivity. My aim in this paper is to question this view with close reference to the passage itself. I further argue that the central concern of the two philosophical personae in the passage – Zhuangzi and Huizi – is not with the epistemic standards of human judgements (the established view since (...) Hansen, “The Relatively Happy Fish”), but with the more basic problem of species-specific perspectives. On my reading, Zhuangzi’s emphatic positionality in the passage – on the dam, accompanied by his friend Huizi – plausibly suggests a circumspect reflection on the limitedness of human knowledge. It is significant that Zhuangzi’s knowledge of fish happiness is avowedly from a certain place, and not absolute. But there is still a sense in which this view is objective: namely, insofar as it adequately accounts for an inherently human perspective on the world. I call this modest form of relativism ‘Species Relativism’, which, crucially, leaves room for objectivity, even though a fully objective (i.e. absolute) view of the world is not accessible to humans. (shrink)

Passer à l'acte. Arrêter d'attendre. Se lancer sans filet. Dans la psychanalyse, la criminologie ou le langage courant, le passage à l'acte désigne un acte impulsif autant qu'irrationnel. Et si c'était le contraire? Et s'il y avait dans le passage à l'acte un véritable élan de pensée et de création? Et si le passage à l'acte était avant tout une manière d'accorder une puissance propre à l'étincelle de l'instant, à l'intensité de l'appel d'air? Dans cet essai, on suivra la trajectoire (...) transgressive d'une meurtrière dans un roman de Marguerite Duras, ou encore la ligne de fuite d'un philosophe braqueur de banques. Au plus près des œuvres de Chantal Akerman, Pierre Michon ou Francis Ponge et des idées de Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan ou Gilles Deleuze, Léa Bismuth propose une réflexion inédite sur le rôle que jouent les crises, les bifurcations brusques, les explosions qu'il est devenu impossible de contenir dans des existences que nous croyons maîtriser. Et si l'art de passer à l'acte était avant tout l'art des commencements aventureux? Et si l'art de passer à l'acte était l'art de vivre la vie elle-même? (shrink)

Partnerships can play an important role in addressing environmental concerns and fostering environmental improvement. In this context, we argue that a more elaborate understanding is needed of how partners intend to reach beyond the partnership boundaries and target stakeholders at the firm, industry, supply-chain, or societal levels. As environmental improvement is intertwined with the process of change, we build on the theory of planned change to explain how the focus on selected partnership mechanisms may help partners anticipate and overcome barriers (...) when targeting environmental improvement at these different levels. We test our framework, using a sample of 566 environmental partnerships formed in the USA, and provide rich insights into how partners intend to reach beyond the partnership boundaries. From a practical perspective, these insights may inform corporate managers’ decision to configure environmental partnerships in terms of the target group and suitable partnership mechanism. From a theory perspective, the study helps develop a more systematic understanding of what partners intend to do and when partnerships may provide benefits in addressing level-specific change barriers. These insights provide a first step in positioning partnerships in the broader context of environmental change and encourage future research to move from the intentions to the actual outcomes. (shrink)

Models of category learning have been extensively studied in cognitive science and primarily tested on perceptual abstractions or artificial stimuli. In this paper, we focus on categories acquired from natural language stimuli, that is, words. We present a Bayesian model that, unlike previous work, learns both categories and their features in a single process. We model category induction as two interrelated subproblems: the acquisition of features that discriminate among categories, and the grouping of concepts into categories based on those features. (...) Our model learns categories incrementally using particle filters, a sequential Monte Carlo method commonly used for approximate probabilistic inference that sequentially integrates newly observed data and can be viewed as a plausible mechanism for human learning. Experimental results show that our incremental learner obtains meaningful categories which yield a closer fit to behavioral data compared to related models while at the same time acquiring features which characterize the learned categories. (shrink)

Este artigo analisa a crítica de Adorno à ontologia de Heidegger. Para tal, utiliza como leitmotiv a interpretação heideggeriana de Kant. Procuraremos mostrar que para Adorno a edificação da ontologia fundamental a partir da filosofia de Kant é uma interpretação indevida desta. Por fim, procura apontar uma possível saída na filosofia de Adorno para o problema da necessidade de fundamentação do discurso filosófico. Tal saída passa pela constatação da importância da arte para a construção da universalidade na filosofia.

Inicialmente, proponho a discussão sobre as justificativas que são fornecidas para o ensino de humanidades. Analiso, em seguida, algumas dessas justificativas a partir de suas raízes filosóficas que julgo remontarem a Aristóteles e a Hegel. Identifico na estratégia enciclopédica desse último, o tipo de argumento mais usual para legitimar o ensino de humanidades ainda hoje. Indico, na seqüência, os motivos pelos quais nenhuma dessas justificativas possui, nos nossos dias, poder de convencimento. Finalmente, utilizando o diagnóstico de Lyotard sobre o mundo (...) contemporâneo, indico uma maneira alternativa de tornar o ensino de humanidades necessário sem fazer referência ao humanismo. (shrink)

This book focuses on a question issued from The Architectonic of Pure Reason, one of the most important sections of Kant's first Critique: what is the human being? It suggests that the answer to this question is tied to a particular account of the unity of reason - one that stresses its purposive character.

Libertarians often invoke the principle of self-ownership to discredit distributive interventions authorized by the more-than-minimal state. But if one takes a democratic approach to the justification of ownership claims, including claims of ownership over oneself, the validity of the self-ownership principle is theoretically inseparable from the normative justification of the state. Since the idea of the state is essential to the very assertion (not just the positive enforcement) of the principle of self-ownership, invoking the principle to discredit a distribution of (...) ownership authorized by the state commits libertarians also to weakening that principle's validity. Put differently, appealing to the self-ownership principle to circumscribe the state's power to distribute property is problematic when the state is necessary to assert the validity of that principle. This is because anytime the self-ownership principle is used to undermine a state-based distribution of property it is also implicitly eroding the ground for asserting its own validity.1. (shrink)

Esta coletânea é uma homenagem aos 70 anos do professor Emmanuel Carneiro Leão. Reúne artigos de seus alunos, amigos e admiradores que foram atraídos pela abrangência e rigor de seu pensamento. A diversidade de temáticas, abordagens e premissas destes ensaios refletem bem a generosidade do espírito de Emmanuel Carneiro.

This paper brings into focus the idea that just as no third-personal way of thinking could capture the self-consciousness of first-person thought, no first- or third- personal way of thinking could capture the especially intimate way we have of relating to each other canonically expressed with our uses of ‘you’. It proposes, motivates and defends the view that second-person speech is canonically expressive of a distinctive way we have of thinking of each other, under a concept that refers de jure (...) to its addressee and whose availability depends on standing in a relation of interpersonal self-consciousness with another. (shrink)

Why are people interested in money? Specifically, what could be the biological basis for the extraordinary incentive and reinforcing power of money, which seems to be unique to the human species? We identify two ways in which a commodity which is of no biological significance in itself can become a strong motivator. The first is if it is used as a tool, and by a metaphorical extension this is often applied to money: it is used instrumentally, in order to obtain (...) biologically relevant incentives. Second, substances can be strong motivators because they imitate the action of natural incentives but do not produce the fitness gains for which those incentives are instinctively sought. The classic examples of this process are psychoactive drugs, but we argue that the drug concept can also be extended metaphorically to provide an account of money motivation. From a review of theoretical and empirical literature about money, we conclude that (i) there are a number of phenomena that cannot be accounted for by a pure Tool Theory of money motivation; (ii) supplementing Tool Theory with a Drug Theory enables the anomalous phenomena to be explained; and (iii) the human instincts that, according to a Drug Theory, money parasitizes include trading (derived from reciprocal altruism) and object play. (Published Online April 5 2006) Key Words: economic behaviour; evolutionary psychology; giving; incentive; money; motivation; play; reciprocal altruism. (shrink)

Historisch-pedagogische studie over de plaats van de jeugd in het grotere geheel van de volwassenen wereld.

L’intérêt public est au cœur de la sémantique politique : le syntagme est omniprésent dans les pratiques discursives du droit et de l’administration publics ainsi que dans les discours rhétoriques et polémiques des acteurs du débat public. Pourtant, s’il constitue un élément de langage fondamental, son contenu a rarement été défini : ce sont les usages à travers le temps qui peuvent en indiquer le sens, mais ce sens, pour n’avoir pas été explicitement posé, demeure nécessairement incertain et peut varier (...) selon les contextes, les énonciateurs et les destinataires à qui il est adressé.La difficulté sémantique tient à l’apposition quasiment oxymorique du terme d’« intérêt » – qui, logiquement, devrait être relatif à chaque individu – et de celui de « public » uni, uniforme et homogène. Sur quel fondement comment peut-on dégager un contenu objectif à l’expression? Peut-il être suffisamment précis et solide pour être le fondement de la légitimité politique, peut-il être le critère pour déterminer si la réalisation d’une politique publique est justifiée ou pas? L’imprécision sémantique empêche-t-elle d’établir l’existence d’un concept politique d’intérêt commun? C’est donc le statut épistémologique de l’intérêt public qu’il convient de questionner in fine : il nous faut déterminer de quel type d’objet épistémologique il s’agit pour saisir à quelles fins il est manipulé dans les pratiques discursives. Il s’agira dans cet article de développer la thèse selon laquelle l’intérêt public n’est pas un concept scientifique à proprement parler, ni une catégorie, ni même une expérience politique pure, il est éventuellement un concept au sens politique du terme, à comprendre comme une structure langagière, une fiction régulatrice toujours en cours de formation, historiquement élaborée en réponse à une anthropologie rationnelle. Pour cela, on mettra en évidence, dans un premier moment, l’absence de définition du prétendu concept d’intérêt public. Dans un second temps, nous expliquerons sa persistance paradoxale non seulement dans les discours politiques mais aussi dans les discours théoriques en revenant sur les étapes les plus importantes de la généalogie du concept. Finalement, nous pourrons développer les difficultés que suppose la qualification épistémologique de la notion « d’intérêt public » et proposer une interprétation de son statut. (shrink)

A diagnose médica, considerada de um ponto de vista semiótico, consiste num complexo processo dialógico entre médico e paciente. Ambos desempenham papéis essenciais no estabelecimento de hipóteses diagnósticas sugestivas. E isso por meio de um diagrama em que as categorias fenomenológicas, propostas por Peirce, funcionam como vetores caracterizando as diversas atividades e experiências que compõem o processo. O processo em sua inteireza é bastante longo, embora possa ser abreviado em razão ou da urgência de se determinar a conduta terapêutica ou (...) da precipitação de ao menos um dos participantes. A seqüência das atividades também pode mudar de direção dependendo do curso do diálogo, como acontece em todo processo dinâmico e não determinístico. (shrink)

Diante do problema de fundamentar criticamente a produção semiótica no interior da formação econômica e social capitalista e mesmo da fase inicial de implantação do socialismo, BAKHTIN, ou seu discípulo VOLOCHINOV, discute as proposições da lingüística de tradição saussuriana e do subjetivismo individualista dos vosslerianos e, evitando o mecanicismo pretensamente marxista, propõe o estabelecimento da instância social e ideológica da formação do discurso. Após elaborar os fundamentos gerais da produção social dos signos, detém-se na análise dos discursos indiretos progressivamente elaborados (...) na literatura burguesa a partir do século XVIII francês.Faced with the problem of lying foundations for the semiotic production inside the capitalistic social and economic formation and even inside the first phase of the establishment of socialim, Bakhtin, or his disciple Volochinov, discusses the propositions of Linguistics along the line of the saussurian tradition and the propositions of the vosslerian individualistic subjectivism; he avoids the pretendedly marxist mechanicism and proposes establishing the social and ideologic instance of the formation of discourse. After formulating the general principles of the social production of signs, Bakhtin analyses the indirect discourses which have been gradually elaborated in the French bourgeois literature since the 18th century. (shrink)

Possuímos sentimentos divergentes com relação a aspectos do presente: somos otimistas com relação à expansão da democracia e cautelosos com relação à aplicação intensa da técnica. Indago se é possível manter esses dois sentimentos divergentes a partir de uma análise da situação cultural que produziu as noções atuais de natureza e sujeito – os respectivos fundamentos da técnica e da democracia contemporâneas. Constato que o sistema técnico-democrático, do qual essas noções emergiram, impõe uma conexão específica entre a natureza e o (...) sujeito, de tal forma que o movimento produzido em uma delas afeta necessariamente a outra. Portanto, democracia e técnica se constituem como as duas faces de uma mesma moeda e não devem ser tratadas de maneira abstrata, como dois elementos distintos. As tentativas de identificação de problemas e de proposição de soluções sobre a técnica e a democracia tenderão a produzir resultados inócuos se partirem dessa perspectiva abstrata que os representa como dois elementos separados da vida contemporânea.: We have different feelings about aspects of the actual world: we are optimistic about the expansion of democracy and cautious about the technique’s intense application. I ask if it’s possible to keep these two conflicting feelings from an analysis of the cultural situation that produced the current notions of nature and subject – the respective foundations of contemporaries technique and democracy. I note the technical democratic system, which these notions have emerged, imposes a specific connection between nature and subject, such that the movement produced in one necessarily affects another. Therefore, democracy and technique constitute as two sides of the same coin and should not be treated abstractly as two distinct elements. Attempts to identify problems and propose solutions about the technique and democracy will tend to produce innocuous results if they start from this abstract point of view that represent them as two separate elements of contemporary life. Keywords: Technique; Democracy; Nature; Subjectivity; Technical Democratic System. (shrink)

Global Justice and Avant-Garde Political Agency offers a fresh, nuanced example of political theory in an activist mode. Setting the debate on global justice in the context of recent methodological disputes on the relationship between ideal and nonideal theorizing, Ypi's dialectical account shows how principles and agency really can interact.

This article explores the justification of states' territorial rights. It starts by introducing three questions that all current theories of territorial rights attempt to answer: how to justify the right to settle, the right to exclude, and the right to settle and exclude with reference to a particular territory. It proposes a ‘permissive’ theory of territorial rights, arguing that the citizens of each state are entitled to the particular territory they collectively occupy, if and only if they are also politically (...) committed to the establishment of a global political authority realizing just reciprocal relations. The article is developed by introducing some key features of the permissive theory and by explaining how such an account addresses the questions of settlement, exclusion and particularity in ways that significantly improve on existing rival accounts (most prominently: acquisition theories, legitimacy-based theories and nationalist theories). (shrink)

Philosophical treatments of the self in a range of different traditions have positioned it outside the realm of ordinary worldly objects. This paper argues that part of the explanation for this seemingly widespread and persistent temptation to mystify the self is that the epistemic properties of I-thought are apt to give rise to an illusion of transcendence about their objects—that is, about ourselves.