L'approche herméneutique du vouloir-dire, représentée ici par Martin Heidegger et Hans Lipps décrit le véritable lieu d'origine de ce qu'on appelle signification dans l'expérience que chacun fait de sa situation, et donc antérieurement à tout langage. La signification n'apparaît pas alors simplement comme le contenu idéal et théorique du discours, mais semble en première analyse appartenir à la tournure pratique d'une situation : elle est ce que l'on comprend d'une chose quand on en détermine les emplois possibles en vue d'une (...) fin déterminée. Mais du point de vue des herméneutiques heideggerienne et lippsienne, cette détermination pragmatique de la signification demeure incomplète tant que ne lui est pas ajoutée une compréhension langagière de la signification qui échappe justement à tout pragmatisme. Il s'avère alors que le rôle du vouloir-dire, de la signification attachée au discours effectivement prononcé, est de compléter les significations attachées aux choses dans une situation donnée. La parole n'a pas pour rôle de simplement refléter les significations préalablement données dans l'expérience pratique de la situation, mais doit au contraire les compléter en les faisant assumer par quelqu'un. La signification du discours, le vouloir-dire, est un vouloir-se-dire du locuteur, sans lequel les significations pragmatiques de la situation demeureraient inachevées. (shrink)

Commentaires sur l'interprétation de la phénoménologie chez N. Kaufmann qui préconise une approche que j'ai appelée la lecture frégéenne de la phénoménologie. Je commente brièvement quelques-uns des problèmes liés à cette approche. J'examinerai ensuite le postulat de base de cette approche de la phénoménologie qui consiste à voir dans la théorie husserlienne de l'intentionnalité la tentative d'articuler le concept de directionalité emprunté de Brentano sur la théorie de la signification de Frege. Cette question fait l'objet de la deuxième et (...) de la troisième section où j'examine la thèse suivant laquelle la théorie de la signification de Frege aurait rendu possible à la fois de résoudre les difficultés inhérentes à la conception immanentiste de l'intentionnalité de Brentano, et d'élaborer une théorie relationnelle de l'intentionnalité. Dans la quatrième section, je pose la question de savoir comment et à quelles conditions cette théorie de l'intentionnalité pourrait nous être utile devant les problèmes auxquels nous faisons face actuellement dans la philosophie de l'esprit. Dans la dernière section, j'énumère quelques traits caractéristiques de l'analyse intentionnelle et évalue sa pertinence dans le domaine des phénomènes mentaux et de l'action. Je conclue avec quelques remarques générales sur les difficultés liées à cette approche de la phénoménologie. (shrink)

On n'a pas toujours assez insisté sur cet aspect, mais la préoccupation de l'herméneutique de Gadamer d'affranchir l'expérience humaine de la vérité de sa dépendance unilatérale envers la méthode et ses promesses de contrôle, plonge ses racines, bien avant la rédaction de Vérité et méthode, dans les premières années d'apprentissage du philosophe. C'est la puissance de révélation et d'évocation non maîtrisable de la poésie qui aura d'abord éveillé le jeune Gadamer à un univers de connaissance qui ne se résume ni (...) à un savoir d'objet ni aux prétentions modernes d'une pensée qui veut s'assurer de ses procédés et de ses propres pensées, mais qui n'en recèle pas moins un authentique pouvoir véritatif. La fréquentation de l'œuvre de Stefan George et l'influence qu'exerça très tôt sur lui le cercle de ses adeptes ont à cet égard valeur de commencement, donc une signification insigne, s'il est vrai, comme le suggère Aristote après Hésiode, que «le commencement est plus que la moitié du tout»... Plutôt que les abstractions et les constructions de la philosophie, c'est-à-dire, à l'époque, de l'épistémologie néo-kantienne, c'est donc l'horizon littéraire des Dostoïevski, Kierkegaard et Tagore, sans compter la lecture des classiques grecs, Homère et Pindare en tête, qui nourrit les pensées du jeune étudiant de MarbourgMais c'est évidemment la rencontre avec Heidegger, à l'été 1923, qui devait donner à Gadamer son véritable élan philosophique. Le projet d'une herméneutique de la facticité que poursuivait Heidegger, dans ses premières leçons de Fribourg, lui apprit surtout qu'il n'est de véritable savoir que celui qui procède de la concrétude du Dasein et du souci de son existence. Comme un lointain écho à l'éthique d'Aristote, la philosophie redécouvrait enfin à travers Heidegger son intimité avec la mobilité de la vie, la distanciation et le contrôle épistémologiques faisant place à un savoir de situation qui ressortit moins à l'ego pur qu'à l'assise temporelle et à la modalité compréhensive de l' être-au-monde. (shrink)

Intentionality is a key concept in the phenomenological tradition, but also figures in several other currents of contemporary thought, often as a criteria of consciousness. Husserl adopted the principle of intentionality from Franz Brentano, who was heavily influenced by Aristotle and medieval Aristotelian tradition. Considering that intentionality means a direction of thought or behaviour, it is quite evident that Aristotle remains a major reference in this context : through the idea of natural entelechies, the theory of life, perception and thinking (...) and through the ethical descriptions of dispositions, virtues and decisions. Whatever point of view chosen, it seems obvious that the equivalent of Husserlian intentionality must be something else in Aristotle than a principle of constitution of objects in the sense of modern (Cartesian and Kantian) tradition. What could be called intentionality in Aristotle seems rather to be something like a direction of behaviour, founded on natural tendencies. Such a «physiomorphic» intentionality can shed some light on the contemporary discussions concerning consciousness, knowledge and affectivity and similarly differentiate and situate the «modern» critique of teleology. The present article deals with these questions in relation to phantasia and orexis. (shrink)

Devant l’écart possible entre l’action pastorale et des dispositions canoniques, l’auteur propose quelques éléments de réflexion sur le droit en Église. Il s’interroge d’abord sur l’autorité du droit canonique dans l’Église catholique dans le contexte de la crise des héritages culturels. Il présente ensuite les caractéristiques majeures de ce droit et son rôle de promotion de la communion dès lors que celle-ci s’organise en société. Une pratique pastorale du droit implique la prise en compte de la situation ecclésiale à partir (...) de laquelle on lit, interprète et applique les dispositions canoniques. Cela pose la question d’une herméneutique du droit à la lumière de Vatican II, celui-ci interprétant celui-là et non le contraire. Cela pose en tout cas la question d’une réception en Église des dispositions canoniques. Plus un dispositif aura été réfléchi et préparé en Église, plus il aura des chances d’être reçu et appliqué. (shrink)

La signification de la Torah pour l’éthique chrétienne se prête à trois perspectives différentes : la création divine, la rédemption en Christ, la sanctification par l’Esprit Saint. Selon la première approche, examinée à partir de Thomas d’Aquin, la Torah affirme que la « loi naturelle » est inscrite par le Créateur dans le coeur de l’homme. Selon la seconde, christologique, suivie dans les écrits de Luther, la relation créatrice se trouve reprise dans la dialectique Loi-Évangile, en évitant à la fois (...) des tendances antinomistes et légalistes. Dans la dernière perspective, pneumatologique, présente entre autres chez Barth et Bonhoeffer, la Torah est, toujours à nouveau, un « enseignement » qui forme le caractère du chrétien à l’image du Christ. Le « commandement concret » ne se découvre que dans la situation même de la décision, en tant que parole concrète de l’Esprit Saint. (shrink)

L’immanence de l’analyse a été une base méthodologique importante pour une éthique de l’interprétation, en retenant le texte comme la plateforme critique où les actes de communication doivent converger selon le principe régulateur de la consistance sémantique de l’entente ou du différend. Le périmètre textuel devrait fonctionner comme le plan d’homogénéisation des tensions herméneutiques potentiellement hétérogènes. Toutefois, l’hétérogénéité ne peut qu’émerger de nouveau dans la textualité; par exemple, pendant l’expérience perceptive de l’oeuvre d’art, les signifiants peuvent devenir des interprétants du (...) texte en démarrant d’autres articulations sémiotiques, détachées des grammaires qui ont permis l’accès prioritaire à la signification. La délimitation de l’objet artistique est déjà une question interprétative, l’oeuvre habitant déjà un espace d’implémentation publique où elle est en relation avec d’autres identités culturelles. Par ailleurs, on connait bien la question classique de l’intertextualité, tout comme la présence d’une intentionnalité liée au cadre pratique de la production historique de l’oeuvre. Aujourd’hui, les développements des études sur l’oeuvre d’art peuvent dépasser la simple accumulation des problématiques et la parataxe d’applications disciplinaires, afin de repérer une syntaxe d’approches coordonnées. Cette visée a besoin avant tout d’interconnecter les distinctions entre perception, interprétation, analyse et usage de l’oeuvre d’art avec les différentes déterminations spatiales de cette dernière : l’énoncé, l’énonciation, l’intertexte, l’espace d’implémentation. (shrink)

Un citron, La Joconde et le Père Noël. Aucun de ces trois objets ne se trouve dans notre esprit, pourtant, nous parvenons à les concevoir. Comment ? Mobilisant les ressources du pragmatisme et de la philosophie des techniques, Pierre Steiner développe l’idée que nos pensées ne visent pas le monde mais y sont inscrites. -/- Les principales traditions philosophiques ont en commun le présupposé que l’esprit serait comme un archer qui aurait le pouvoir, par la pensée, de « viser le (...) monde », ce que l’on nomme « intentionnalité », et l’idée que les techniques ne sont que des applications de celle-ci. Contre ces présupposés, l’auteur propose une relecture critique de l’histoire de la philosophie ainsi qu’une reconsidération de la nature technique de notre intelligence. -/- Une pensée est un acte qui nous engage dans une situation et les concepts ne sont pas des représentations mais des techniques d’usage de signes. En dialoguant rigoureusement avec la phénoménologie et la philosophie analytique du langage et de l’esprit, mais aussi avec les sciences cognitives, Pierre Steiner combine dans cet ouvrage archéologie historique et discussion critique. Il aboutit à un positionnement radicalement nouveau. (shrink)

RésuméLa signe comme expression consiste selon F. de Saussure dans le rapport immotivé signifiant‐signifié, sa valeur signifiante étant déerminée par la place du signifiant dans le systemèréel de la langue tandis que le signifyé‐concept est noème, irréel . Inerte tant qu'aucun acte ?expression ou de compréhension ne ľanime , il porte, exprime et induit ľintentionnalité de ces actes; il est conscience hors de soi, intentionnalité sans sujet, visée du signifyé différenciée par son signifiant . Aussi les problèmes du “sujet”, (...) de ľa'”origine”, de la “suffisance” du signe adéquat, de ľ”insuffisance” du signe qui, en son ouverture, exprime au‐delà de lui‐même, exigent‐ils ľélucidation du champ de signification, notamment des figures métonymiques ou métaphoriques qui y apparaissent. (shrink)

The concept of representation in public law is attracting more and more interest; specially gives many problems in the Parliament how representation, so as a representative institution. In this place is plained a principal problem: the new function of Parliament and the roll of parliamentary's Government control. We assist to the end of the dogma of the separation of powers. So we need to distinguish between control by the Parliament and control in the Parliament; the first are less effective because (...) significate the Government control of his own majority; the second is the critical capacity of minorities against the Government; this last are a effective control who's should create public opinion. This does not imply the suppression of public representation idea. By suggesting a revision of these idea does not mean that they should disappear. It seems wise to conserve the concept of representation providing it refer to the particular situation of the autoritas and his decision, whenever he appers as a victim of the procers in which take part the after side of problem: the souveragnity. (shrink)

Si l’on trouve dans Être et Temps comme dans les Recherches philosophiques un souci commun visant à rendre compte d’un rapport d’usage quotidien aux choses, que la tradition philosophique aurait eu tendance à méconnaître au profit de leur saisie « objective », cette similitude de surface est plutôt vue ici comme le point de départ d’une discussion : cette saisie pré-objective des choses doit-elle être approchée par une généralisation de l’idée d’interprétation-explicitation, ou bien faut-il maintenir une distinction forte entre « (...) voir » et « voir comme »?Being and Time as well as the Philosophical Investigations aim at describing the every-day relationships to « things », a dimension that the philosophical tradition had neglected, owing a metaphysical privilege to objective knowledge. But this common point between Heidegger and Wittgenstein must not hide the difference and the debate that can be worked out between the two points of view: should we generalize the idea of interpretation or keep a sharp distinction between « see » and « see as »? (shrink)

1施莱尔玛赫 contribution to the development施莱尔玛赫for hermeneutics in the development of Historically hermeneutics In order to make a decisive turn when he made ​​the future "general hermeneutics" , hermeneutics will be applied to all text interpretation. When the traditional hermeneutics contains In order to understand, description and application,施莱尔玛赫the attention is hermeneutics as "the art of understanding." 施莱尔玛赫also introduced the interpretation of psychology, can penetrate the text by means of its author's individuality and flexibility soul. He wanted to become a systematic hermeneutics, (...) and criticism of previous hermeneutics is "the rules of the merger," and the lack of coherence. Wu Ning speaking, they deal with different issues is a combination of methods. 施莱尔玛赫hermeneutics points to avoid misunderstanding of the text. This part is up to the final discussion of施莱尔玛赫criticism of the United States. 2. Dilthey contribution to the philosophical hermeneutics of Dilthey on施莱尔玛赫In order to write the thesis, including In order to Protestant hermeneutics history, from the Reformation to the future as a second reference books. He was a learned scholar and has been on many topics regardless above. For our purposes, Dilthey is a philosopher with a passion for life, he was placed In order to humanities and social sciences and natural sciences in an established full equality of points, by the foundation on the hermeneutics In order to develop a basic methodology. But in the science competition, he was seeking "Allgemeingultigkeit", a universal validity, to do so In order to give him too much towards the foundation to the scientific methods of thought. He is still a major development of the character of philosophical hermeneutics. 3 Heidegger before and on philosophical hermeneutics, "and there is time" contribution to the development of philosophical hermeneutics is the decisive shift in Heidegger, born with the future, there are original philosopher The early works. He Freiburg Hu plugs Seoul assistant, and in the phenomenological Hu stopper Seoul In order to create a useful set up beyond the traditional methods of philosophy, but he is still too dependent on science Hu stopper Marco effectiveness. Part I: description of the evolution of the early Heidegger: "ontology - the fact of hermeneutics," the book published after the death of Heidegger was published in 1999, English translation, Heidegger in this series by the fact that the ontology of hermeneutics In order to give us a hermeneutic understanding of his meaning. In order to avoid the traditional hermeneutics of his meaning, In order to return to the ancient hope臘hermeneueinc and hermeneia idiom. He attempts to go beyond the limits of contemporary objects, through the period of return to the ancient hope臘general language idioms. Hermeneutic encounter with the interpretation of Homer's description of the mouth, publish, translate and interpret. His description of historical hermeneutics in the pull-down maps and sub ​​Lane Park after a groundbreaking Aristotle hope臘idioms in the loss of richness and decline. But the hermeneutics of Heidegger speaking the method is close to something, such as early speech hermeneutics In order to approach closer to the truth of it is understandable the former interpretation of this domain as there face life. For this last hermeneutics as the method of self-understanding, but in a letter to his students Engelbert Kerbs letter, Heidegger also emphasizes the history In order to recognize the character. Us from our understanding of historical context, our understanding of the structure is formed by shaping the concept of history and even our language. In Dilthey's hermeneutics, he also stressed that understanding the historical basis. From Dilthey to Heidegger this view. Heidegger in his speech defines hermeneutics as "the fact of participation, close, and descriptions of the same interrogation methods." Hermeneutics is the interpretation of not only understanding knowledge as a negative process, but active participation, interrogation and close. Fact of itself is interpreted, it is through understanding the questions and answers something. Heidegger back to the necessary conditions for our understanding of factors, understanding of "the former structure." He describes some part of the former, is awareness and understanding of nature, we understand something "to" something, and we understand it in a specific historical context. Further more, we expect to understand it in the presence of a sight, not a determining sexual arousal by the sight, by the basic problems of the future horizon, it is "the possibility of there," the sight, for there is a special special possible time horizon. These early works of Heidegger has been found there the possibility of meaning. We all都leadership to a new concept of the humanities. In addition, as a rational animal, as Aristotle said sub-Lane, who is of a future there may not be included, including the timing of there. People are looking to understand their own there. Instructions to Heidegger, hermeneutics offers a new concept for the person's point of view. Part II: there and time hermeneutics is first mentioned in the "there and the time," Section VII, Heidegger phenomenology has been interpreted as if it is. In order that he found "the meaning of phenomenological description as a way to rely on hermeneutics, phenomenology of this and some of the logos have hermeneuein the characteristics of this phenomenology is to use some basic meaning of the word hermeneutics, it indicates the work In order to interpret . "In the second sense, Heidegger found in hermeneutics裡are there for the meaning of this method of exposing the shield. The third meaning is the interpretation of this promising continuous manner so that its future is possible, it's future there. Section 31 of hermeneutics is important, because there is some understanding that is. Understanding the process is the center of human existence, in Section 32 entitled "interpretation and understanding," understanding the interpretation built on. Visit the world around it and understand things as this or that, always never as pure consciousness. As Heidegger said, "always had to watch as the ability to understand and interpret", in other words, there is no precedence in the interpretation of pure consciousness, there is always ask questions and interpretation of the visual field. Section 44, regardless Heidegger also true about management, in its modern form as a true statement, is always carried a deeper understanding and interpretation of the export process. But the really right is defined as the management there has been an associate of knot, so it access to basic ontology of sight. It is obvious that there's open, this hole is to guide him toward the police point of view of the artistic part of the next lecture will be discussed. This lecture primarily presents the two early works of Heidegger in which hermeneutics plays a definitive role. As background, the contributions of Schleiermacher and Dilthey are presented briefly before going into Heidegger's contribution. Ⅰ. Schleiermacher's Contribution to the Development of a Philosophical Hermeneutics Schleiermacher made a decisive turn in the history of hermeneutics when he proposed a "Universal Hermeneutics," a hermeneutics that would apply to all kinds of text interpretation. While traditional hermeneutics included moments of understanding, explication and application, Schleiermacher focused on hermeneutics as the "art of understanding . "Schleiermacher also introduced psychological interpretation whereby one tried to penetrate the individuality and soul of the author of a text. He wanted hermeneutics to be systematic, and he criticized previous hermeneutics for being only an" amalgam of rules "and lacking systematic coherence. Rather , they were methods for dealing with an array of different kinds of problems. Schleiermacher's hermeneutics was directed at avoiding misunderstanding of the text. At the end of this section Gadamer's criticisms of Schleiermacher will be discussed. Ⅱ. Dilthey's Contribution to Philosophical Hermeneutics Dilthey wrote his dissertation on Schleiermacher and included a history of Protestant hermeneutics since the Reformation as a second companion volume. He was a broadly educated professor and wrote on many topics. For our purposes, Dilthey was a life-philosopher with a passion for placing the Humanities and Social Sciences on an equal footing with the Natural Sciences by developing a basic methodology for them based on hermeneutics. But in competing with the sciences, he sought an "Allgemeingultigkeit," a universal validity, and in doing so he tended to give too much ground to the way of thinking in the sciences. Still, he is a major figure in the development of philosophical hermeneutics. Ⅲ. The Contribution of Martin Heidegger to Philosophical Hermeneutics before and in Being and Time The decisive turn in the development of a philosophical hermeneutics came in the early writings of Martin Heidegger, a radical and original philosopher. He was in Freiburg an assistant to Husserl and found in Husserl's phenomenology a useful way of overcoming traditional philosophy, but he still found Husserl too preoccupied with scientific validity. Part Ⅰ: Heidegger's Early Lectures: Ontology-the Hermeneutics of Facticity A posthumously published and translated set of Heidegger's lectures on ontology in terms of a hermeneutics of facticity gives us a sense of his understanding of hermeneutics. He bypassed the traditional sense of hermeneutics and went back to the Greek usage of hermeneuein and hermeneia. He attempted to overcome the limitations of modern objectivity by returning to the usages current in ordinary language in ancient Greece. There hermeneutics meant orally interpreting Homer, announcing, translating, and explaining. His account of the history of hermeneutics after Plato and Aristotle is a history of decline and loss of the richness found in Greek usage. But hermeneutics for Heidegger meant a means of access to something, and in these early lectures hermeneutics became an interpretive means of access to facticity, to the realm of pre-interpretive understanding as Dasein faces life. Ultimately hermeneutics became a means for the self-understanding for Dasein. But in a letter to his student, Engelbert Krebs, Heidegger also emphasizes the historical character of cognition. We understand from our situation in history, and our understanding is structured by historically shaped concepts and even our language. Dilthey, too, emphasized the historical matrix for understanding in his hermeneutics, and Heidegger took this up from Dilthey. Heidegger defined hermeneutics in the opening lines of the lectures as "the unified manner of the engaging, approaching, accessing, interrogating, and explication of facticity." Hermeneutics as interpretation is not just understanding as a passive process of cognition but an active engaging, interrogating, and accessing. Facticity itself is interpretive in that it sees what something is through question and answer. Heidegger is stepping back into the factors that precondition our understanding, the "forestructure" of understanding. This forehaving, he says, belongs to the very nature of knowing and understanding. We see something "as "something, and we see it in a specific historical situation. Furthermore, we see it in an existential horizon of expectation, a horizon haunted by uncertainty, by the" fundamental questionability of the future, that is of "possible being," of what is possible for this particular being at this particular time and place. Already in these early works Heidegger finds in the sense of what is possible being, a sense of "ontic questionability, care, restlessness, anxiety, temporality." All of this leads to a new conception of humanity. Instead of being an animal endowed with reason, as in Aristotle, a human being is a being with a possible future, a being with temporality. Humans are beings seeking to know themselves. Hermeneutics, Heidegger says, offers the standpoint for a new conception of the human being. Part Ⅱ: Being and Time The first mention of hermeneutics is in section 7 of Being and Time, where Heidegger is already interpreting phenomenology as letting what is show itself. He finds that " the meaning of phenomenological description as a method lies in interpretation. The logos of the phenomenology of Dasein has the character of hermēneúein. The phenomenology of Dasein is a hermeneutic in the original signification of the word, where it designates the work of interpreting. "In a second sense, Heidegger finds in hermeneutics a means of uncovering the meaning of being for Dasein. And the third sense is the interpretation Dasein as continually making its future possibilities, its future being. Section 31 is important to hermeneutics because there the being of Dasein is said to be understanding. Understanding is the central process of an existing human being. In section 32, titled "Understanding and Interpretation," interpretation builds on understanding. It looks around at the surrounding world and sees things as this or that, always already , never as pure perception. As Heidegger puts it, "The seeing of this sight is always already understanding and interpreting." In other words, there is no pure perception prior to interpretation; there is always the horizon of questioning and interpreting. In section 44, Heidegger argues that truth, too, in its modern forms as statements which are true, is derivative from the deeper processes of understanding and interpreting that are always already going on. But when truth is rightfully defined in connection with being, then it moves into the horizon of fundamental ontology. It is the disclosure of being. This insight is part of what leads him to his view of art, which we will discuss in the next lectur. (shrink)

The paper is based on the New Institutional Economic Theory, which emphasizes institutions as a vital component in the creation of wealth and economic growth. It is widely accepted that formal institutions change rapidly through political and legislative decisions. Informal institutions are deeply embedded in customs, tradition and inherited behavioral norms. Thus, change comes at a very slow pace. This research is focused on the business ethics segment of informal institutions.The paper is based on the effects of institutional changes on (...) the position and the slope of demand curve for ethical business behavior. Business people faced with opportunity costs that influenced their behavior. Additional statistical analyses provide evidence of business ethics perception, which is more expressed in the group of managers than in the administration group. Behavior of the middle-aged population differs significantly in comparison to other groups when deciding on ethical dilemmas in real business situations.Cet article s’inspire de la Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle qui met l’accent sur les institutions en tant que composante fondamentale du processus de création de richesses et de la croissance économique, Il est généralement reconnu que les institutions formelles se modifient rapidement sous l’impulsion de décisions politiques et législatives. Les institutions informelles, quant à elles, sont profondément ancrées dans les coutumes, les traditions, et les normes de comportement héritées d’anciennes générations. Ainsi, dans le cas de ces institutions, le changement est beaucoup plus lent. Cet article met l’accent sur l’éthique des affaires en tant qu’une des composantes des institutions formelles.Une des idées qui sous-tend l’article est l’analyse des effets des changements institutionnels sur la position et la pente de la courbe de demande pour des comportements éthiques dans les affaires. Les hommes d’affaires font face à des coûts d’opportunité qui influencent leur comportement. Des analyses statistiques supplémentaires donnent la preuve de la perception de l’éthique des affaires, perception qui est plus aiguë parmi les managers que parmi les administratifs. Le comportement de la population d’âge intermédiaire diffère de manière significative de celui des autres groupes face à des dilemmes éthiques que suscitent certaines situations concrètes du monde des affaires. (shrink)

Cette communication proposee a un colloque franco-Americain est l'analyse de la situation philosophique francaise actuelle. Apres quelques considerations sur la signification politique et historique d'un colloque international de philosophie, L'auteur pose la question de l'homme et de ses fins (au sens a bigu de mort et de finalite), Telle qu'elle fascine la philosophie francaise aujourd'hui. Pour comprendre en quels termes se pose aujourd'hui cette question en france, Il faut tenir compte de la lecture qui a ete faite par les deux (...) dernieres generations de kant, Hegel, Husserl et heidegger. A un premier niveau, Cette lecture a meconnu, De maniere tres significative, La critique de l'anthropologisme, Sinon de l'humanisme, Qui est a l'oeuvre chez ces quatre philosophes. Les principaux arguments de cette critique sont reconstitues au cours d'une premiere etape. Mais a un deuxieme niveau, Il apparait qu'un humanisme profond soutient cette critique. Demonstration en est faite, Avec une attention particuliere en ce qui concerne heidegger, Dont la situation est plus difficile et plus decisive. C'est cette dermiere analyse qui est presupposee par toute la critique de l'humanisme qui domine aujourd'hui en france. (shrink)

This report highlights how Jacques Quintin’s Ethique de l’accompagnement – Une approche existentielle enables an understanding of the relationship with the Other, and in particular the caregiver-patient relationship, in an ethical way. This book demonstrates that the role of the caregiver lies in supporting the sick person and their entourage in order to guide them in a process of reflection, self-examination, deliberation and decision making on the question of their own existence and self-understanding. This work is a remarkable development, but (...) also a guide, in the implementation of clinical ethics. (shrink)

Qu'est-ce que l'agir chrétien? Comment rendre compte de la vie morale des hommes et des femmes de ce temps, qui veulent être disciples du Christ? Cet ouvrage vise à mettre à la disposition des lecteurs les outils essentiels pour l'élaboration d'un jugement moral dans le cadre de la tradition chrétienne. Ces "jalons d'éthique chrétienne", issus d'un enseignement donné depuis une dizaine d'année au Centre Sèvres, constituent un manuel de théologie morale fondamentale, destiné à tous ceux qui veulent s'informer ou se (...) former dans la manière chrétienne de faire des choix éthiques. Les différents chapitres sont autant d'éléments à considérer ou de dimensions à examiner pour parvenir à un agir juste. Sont ainsi abordés : la place et l'usage de l'Ecriture dans le raisonnement moral ; les enseignements de l'histoire et de la tradition ; la pertinence de la loi naturelle ; la place de la raison et de la Révélation ; la notion de personne humaine ; le dialogue de la loi et de la conscience ; les vertus ; les relations entre morale et spiritualité ; les dimensions ecclésiales et sociales de l'agir chrétien. Tous ces jalons sur le chemin de la vie bonne ne sont pas simplement juxtaposés : ils prennent place au sein d'une architecture systématique qui en donne le sens. Pour l'auteur, la théologie morale se conçoit comme un art de l'interprétation et de la décision : agir selon l'Esprit du Christ suppose de mettre en oeuvre une triple herméneutique conjointe de la Parole de Dieu, de la tradition chrétienne et de l'existence croyante en situation, avec pour centre le discernement de la conscience éclairée de la personne. C'est dans le mouvement d'interprétation d'une raison inspirée par la foi qu'il est possible de parler du jugement moral d'un chrétien dans son action. (shrink)

Ceux qui parlent une langue seconde, savent par leur propre expérience que, malgré une bonne connaissance du vocabulaire et des règles de la grammaire, ils n'arrivent pas à réagir verbalement à des situations concrètes de la même manière que ceux qui la parlent en langue maternelle. Cet ouvrage, à la fois théorique et pratique, tâche de combler ce vide par une analyse contrastive serrée des enonces en situation, à partir d'un corpus étendu et varié, et de tests nombreux avec des (...) sujets français, anglais, italiens, hongrois et japonais. (shrink)

This book takes a new approach to ethics by focusing on the kinds of dilemmas that confront people almost daily on the job.

Brand image constitutes one of the most salient, over-defined, heavily explored and multifariously operationalized conceptual constructs in marketing theory and practice. In this Chapter, definitions of brand image that have been offered by marketing scholars will be critically addressed in the context of a culturally oriented discussion, informed by the semiotic notion of iconicity. This cultural bend, in conjunction with the concept’s semiotic contextualization, are expected both to dispel terminological confusions in the either inter-changeable or fuzzily differentiated employment of such (...) terms as brand image, symbol, icon, as well as to address the function of brand image at a deeper level than a mere construct to be operationalized in quantitative studies of purchase drivers. This shift in focus is coupled with a critical turn from the cogito-centric view of the consuming subject through the cognitivist lens of the AI metaphor as decision-making centre at the origin of largely conscious meaning-making, in favor of a psychoanalytically informed approach that considers figurativity as an essential process whereby brand image is formed. In these terms, brand image will be intimately linked to brand images as figurative multimodal expressive units and rhetorical tropes, as figurative syntax, that are responsible for shaping an idiolectal brand language, as well as to distinctive levels of iconicity as textual condition of possibility of a brand language. In order to understand the role of iconicity as fundamental condition of brand textuality, rather than just a procedure for spawning brand images, the discussion is contextualized in a wider framework involving the culturally situated source of brand images, how they become correlated with brand image concepts and how correlations between brand images and brand image result in brand knowledge structures (Keller 1998). This opening up of the discussion on iconicity is enacted against the background of what I call the Brand Imaginarium which involves: (i) a critical engagement with the dominant cognitivist perspective in branding research that prioritizes individual memory in brand knowledge formation, through a cultural branding lens that involves two additional types of memory, viz. communicative and cultural (ii) a critical engagement with the cognitivist perspective on brand knowledge formation that prioritizes conscious processing of stimuli (as ‘brute facts’, rather than as already semiotized expressive units) in a cognitive mechanism from which the faculty of imagination has been expelled, by restoring the importance of imagination in brand knowledge formation, and, concomitantly, by showing that the highly figurative language of brands may not be researched thoroughly unless imagination is posited anew as processing correlate (iii) the adoption of an expansionist approach to the role of the imaginary in brand knowledge formation, from cognitive (or psychic) faculty, to a more sociologically inclined process of inter-subjective mirroring, and concomitantly as imaginary social significations (Castoriades 1985) that are shared by culturally conditioned and habituated subjects that engage in meaningful cultural practices, rather than individual processing monads. (shrink)

This article is the result of an empirical research project analyzing the decision behaviour of Austrian managers in ethical dilemma situations. While neoclassical economic theory would suggest a pure economic rational basis for management decisions, the empirical study conducted by the authors put other concepts to a test, thereby analyzing their importance for managerial decision making: specific notions of fairness, reciprocal altruism, and commitment. After reviewing some of the theoretical literature dealing with such notions, the article shows the results of (...) an online survey working with scenarios depicting ethical dilemma situations. By judging such scenarios the respondents showed their preference for the named concepts, though with different degrees of confirmation. The results (with all limitations of an online survey in mind) support the theoretical work on the named concepts: Fairness elements (including Rawlsian principles of justice and an understanding of fairness as conceived by a reference transaction) play a major part in management decisions in ethical dilemma situations. Also, commitment as a behaviour that sticks to rules even if personal welfare is negatively touched, and reciprocal altruism as a cooperative behaviour that expects a reciprocal beneficial action from other persons have been concepts used by Austrian managers when analyzing ethical dilemmas. The article also tries to put the results into a comparative perspective by taking into account other studies on ethical decision factors conducted with, e.g. medical doctors or journalists, and by discussing intercultural implications of business ethics. (shrink)

This essay starts with the possibility of situating Derrida’s aporetic ethics in the domain of normative ethics and argues that Derrida’s reflection on ethics is enrooted in the specific way he conceives the phenomenological notion of auto-affection. In the second section, I analyze, in the early work, auto-affection with signs and show its centrality in Derrida’s first encounter with Levinas’s philosophy. Derrida refuses to substitute the hetero-affective relation to the Other for auto-affection as the source of universal law and normativity. (...) He does not sacrifice universality and tackles the problem of autonomous ethical decision-making even though he welcomes through affectivity the signification of the singular other, which is irreducible to conceptual, emotive, and normative self-relation. This background helps us understand the rootedness of ethical aporias in a reflection on auto-affection. (shrink)

Current approaches to professional ethics emphasise the importance of upholding the ethical duties of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice in practice. All are prima facie duties, meaning that they must be respected on their own and, if the duties conflict, it is assumed that the dilemma can be resolved through rational decision making. There are, however, a number of limitations to this approach to professional ethics. This paper explores these limitations through an empirical study that examined the ethical dilemmas facing (...) 24 professionals in their work with older people who were self-neglecting or living in squalor in Sydney, Australia. The research uncovered that two groups of professionals interpreted autonomy in different ways. Furthermore, when faced with difficult ethical dilemmas, participants agreed that the most satisfactory responses involved strategies that closely mirrored elements of alternative approaches to ethics, particularly the ethics of care and virtue ethics. The findings point to the relevance of a pluralistic approach to ethics in professional practice. (shrink)

De nombreuses études ont été consacrées au vocabulaire psychologique et aux fonctions intellectuelles dans la littérature grecque et singulièrement au théâtre notamment depuis les travaux de Br. Snell jusqu’aux ouvrages de S. D. Sullivan. L’article ici proposé est à la fois modeste et précis : il analyse comment le théâtre tragique est un corpus privilégié pour saisir la manière dont l’intelligence peut se présenter de manière traditionnelle avec un sens concret lié à l’agir, mais également s’enrichir en s’écartant de ces (...) emplois, ou même apparaître plus abstraitement comme une réflexion sur le sens de l’action humaine, dans un drame où celle-ci est à la fois mise en scène et mise en question. L’étude ne porte pas seulement sur la distinction entre des sens traditionnels et des significations novatrices, mais sur les contextes dramatiques dans lesquelles ces notions sont employées, car ceux-ci peuvent contribuer à renouveler l’emploi d’un sens apparemment traditionnel (ainsi des contextes à valeur politique plus marquée chez Sophocle ou Euripide). De même, l’examen ne se limite pas à nous et noein : il prend en compte, d’une part les créations lexicales propres à un auteur pour mesurer leur éventuelle importance sur l’évolution de la notion (Eschyle), et d’autre part certains dérivés et composés — pour autant qu’ils font intervenir la notion d’intelligence — comme ἐννοεῖν, ἔννους, πρόνοια, ou comme l’antonyme ἄνοια : ces mots, verbes, noms ou adjectifs, permettent en effet de sérier des emplois liés à l’action pratique, mais où la notion d’intelligence revêt une portée essentielle, et qui sont parfois proches de ceux présents chez les historiens contemporains comme Hérodote ou Thucydide. L’analyse montre comment le théâtre tragique, dans sa forme dialogique elle-même, présente des situations conflictuelles où est questionné le sens même du nous selon les points de vue divers des personnages, ainsi que les réflexions des personnages ou du chœur sur ces conflits, en mettant en scène des prises de décision qui se traduisent ou non en actions. Le corpus tragique est ainsi un corpus important pour l’étude de l’évolution de la notion d’intelligence en Grèce antique avant Platon. (shrink)

The authors present a comprehensive synthesis and evaluation of the published scales measuring the components of the decision making process in ethical situations using the Hunt-Vitell (1993) theory of ethics as a framework to guide the research. Suggestions for future scale development are also provided.

This paper develops a pragmatist approach to ethical business decision-making. It draws primarily on the work of John Dewey and applies his deliberative approach to ethics to the challenges of business practitioners. In particular the paper proposes the value of Dewey’s concept of dramatic rehearsal in emphasizing the task of “constructing the good” in ethical decision-making. The contribution of the paper is, first, to build on recent foundational work to bring American pragmatism into the mainstream business ethics literature; second, to (...) offer a perspective that is accessible to practitioners and integrates ethics into their daily tasks; and third, to identify a number of related research imperatives – in particular the importance of focusing efforts on gaining a deeper understanding of the deliberative process itself. (shrink)

While a number of studies have examined the impact of gender/sex on ethical decision-making, the findings of this body of research do not provide consistent answers. Furthermore, very few of these studies have incorporated cross-cultural samples. Consequently, this study of 222 American and Spanish business executives explored sex differences in ethical judgments and intentions to act ethically. While no significant differences between males and females were found with respect to ethical judgments, females exhibited higher intentions to act more ethically than (...) males. This difference was true of both U.S. and Spanish executives. Further research is warranted to develop a clearer understanding of the linkage between ethical judgment and intention to act in an ethical manner. These findings have implications for global firms, particularly regarding codes of conduct and ethics training. (shrink)

Information is a force multiplier. Knowledge of the enemy's capability and intentions may be of far more value to a military force than additional troops or firepower. Situation assessment is the ongoing process of inferring relevant information about the forces of concern in a military situation. Relevant information can include force types, firepower, location, and past, present and future course of action. Situation assessment involves the incorporation of uncertain evidence from diverse sources. These include photographs, radar scans, and other forms (...) of image intelligence, or IMINT; electronics intelligence, or ELINT, derived from characteristics (e.g., wavelength) of emissions generated by enemy equipment; communications intelligence, or COMINT, derived from the characteristics of messages sent by the enemy; and reports from human informants (HUMINT). These sources must be combined to form a model of the situation. The sheer volume of data, the ubiquity of uncertainty, the number and complexity of hypotheses to consider, the high-stakes environment, the compressed time frame, and deception and damage from hostile forces, combine to present a staggeringly complex problem. Even if one could formulate a decision problem in reasonable time, explicit determination of an optimal decision policy exceeds any reasonable computational resources. While it is tempting to drop any attempt at rational analysis and rely purely on simple heuristics, we argue that this can lead to catastrophic outcomes. We present an architecture for a ``complex decision machine'' that performs rational deliberation to make decisions in real time. We argue that resource limits require such an architecture to be grounded in simple heuristic reactive processes. We thus argue that both simple heuristics and complex decision machines are required for effective decision making in real time for complex problems. We describe an implementation of our architecture applied to the problem of military situation assessment. (shrink)

Dans la réception de Bolzano, et probablement depuis les Prolégomènes de Husserl, on insiste généralement sur le fait que la Théorie de la science (1837) de Bolzano vise à développer une théorie des représentations et des propositions qui fait de celles-ci des entités logiques de plein droit, indépendantes des actes de pensée, et seules porteuses des propriétés dont traite la logique (vérité, fausseté, objectualité, etc.) L’importance accordée à cette position, souvent appelée réalisme logique (Morscher), tend toutefois à masquer d’autres aspects (...) de l’ouvrage de Bolzano qui, sans contredire ce réalisme logique, montrent toutefois que la perspective développée par le philosophe de Prague visait aussi à rendre compte de la relation intentionnelle entre l’agent et ces entités logiques. Dans le présent article, je me penche sur les moyens mis en branle par Bolzano pour élucider cette relation. Dans un premier temps, j’examine le cas des représentations sans objet en soulignant le caractère intentionnel de certaines de leurs caractérisations. Dans un deuxième temps, je me penche sur le traitement réservé au jugement en relation à la proposition en soi. Dans la dernière partie de l’article, j’expose les grandes lignes de sa conception des intentions de signification sous-jacente à sa sémiotique. Pris comme un tout, ces trois cas montrent que le thème de l’intentionnalité n’est pas un épiphénomène dans la Théorie de la science, comme on pourrait le croire en partant de l’interprétation de Bolzano par Husserl, mais bien une partie constituante de l’entreprise du philosophe de Prague. (shrink)

We argue that providing cumulative risk as an estimate of the uncertainty in dynamically changing risky environments can help decision-makers meet mission-critical goals. Specifically, we constructed a simplified aviation-like weather decision-making task incorporating Next-Generation Radar images of convective weather. NEXRAD radar images provide information about geographically referenced precipitation. NEXRAD radar images are used by both pilots and laypeople to support decision-making about the level of risk posed by future weather-hazard movements. Using NEXRAD, people and professionals have to infer the uncertainty (...) in the meteorological information to understand current hazards and extrapolate future conditions. Recent advancements in meteorology modeling afford the possibility of providing uncertainty information concerning hazardous weather for the current flight. Although there are systematic biases that plague people’s use of uncertainty information, there is evidence that presenting forecast uncertainty can improve weather-related decision-making. The current study augments NEXRAD by providing flight-path risk, referred to as the Risk Situational Awareness Tool. RSAT provides the probability that a route will come within 20 NMI radius of hazardous weather within the next 45 min of flight. The study evaluates four NEXRAD displays integrated with RSAT, providing varying levels of support. The “no” support condition has no RSAT. The “baseline” support condition employs an RSAT whose accuracy is consistent with current capability in meteorological modeling. The “moderate” support condition applies an RSAT whose accuracy is likely at the top of what is achievable in meteorology in the near future. The “high” support condition provides a level of support that is likely unachievable in an aviation weather decision-making context without considerable technological innovation. The results indicate that the operators relied on the RSAT and improved their performance as a consequence. We discuss the implications of the findings for the safe introduction of probabilistic tools in future general aviation cockpits and other dynamic decision-making contexts. Moreover, we discuss how the results contribute to research in the fields of dynamic risk and uncertainty, risk situation awareness, cumulative risk, and risk communication. (shrink)

Existe-t-il une rationalité de la décision judiciaire qui ne soit pas tributaire de sa justification juridique? C’est ce que présuppose toute théorie qui prétendrait rendre compte de manière causale et empirique de l’action du juge. Une telle ambition se heurte toutefois aux difficultés ontologiques et heuristiques posées par l’intentionnalité : caractériser le sens d’une action ou d’une décision n’est pas le fruit d’une simple observation mais de sa rationalisation au regard d’une norme de comportement stipulée. Une explication causale de (...) la décision judiciaire risque dès lors d’être circulaire ou privée d’intérêt du point de vue d’une théorie du droit. Le « problème de l’intentionnalité », c’est-à-dire le fait qu’une décision judiciaire puisse méconnaître la norme pour l’application de laquelle elle a été rendue et produire néanmoins des effets de droit, peut en revanche être surmonté dans le cadre d’une approche normativiste de la décision et d’une conception dynamique du système juridique dans le prolongement des travaux d’Hans Kelsen et de l’école de Vienne en théorie du droit. (shrink)

We explore two dimensions of situational factors expected to influence decision-making about ethical issues among sales representatives – universal vs. particular and direct vs. indirect. We argue that these distinctions are important theoretically, methodologically, and managerially. We test our hypotheses by means of a survey of 252 sales representatives. Our results confirm that considering universal and particular and direct and indirect situational factors contributes to our understanding of decision-making about ethical issues within a sales context, specifically willingness to engage in (...) an unethical act. We also find that personal factors act independently and interact with situational factors in decision-making about ethical issues. Both demographic factors, age and gender, and personality factors, Machiavellianism and self-monitoring, have main effects on decision-making, and some of these factors interact with situational factors to affect decision-making. For example, age of the decision-maker (younger) and size of commission (larger) interact such that the likelihood of choosing an unethical alternative is greater. (shrink)

In medicine, professional behavior and ethics are often rule-based. We assessed whether instruction on formal criteria of authorship affected the decision of students about authorship dilemmas and whether they perceive authorship as a conventional or moral concept. A prospective non-randomized intervention study involved 203s year medical students who did (n = 107) or did not (n = 96) received a lecture on International Committee of Medical Journal editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria. Both groups had to read 3 vignettes and answer 4 (...) questions related to the distinction between conventional and moral domains. Written justification of student’ choices whether the authorship in a vignette was right or wrong was rated by 4 independent raters as based on justice or a rule. Formal instruction had no effect on students’ decisions on authorship in the vignettes (44, 34 and 39% ICMJE-consistent answers for 3 vignettes, respectively, by students receiving instruction vs. 38, 42 and 30% for those without instruction; P > 0.161 for all vignettes). For all dilemmas, more students decided contrary to ICMJE criteria and considered their decisions to be a matter of obligation and not a choice and to be general across situations and sciences. They were willing to change their decision if a rule was different only for peer situations but not for mentor–mentee situations. The number of students who used rule-based justification of their ICMJE criteria-consistent decisions was significantly higher in the instructed than in the uninstructed group. Instruction about formal authorship criteria had no effect on student’s decisions about authorship dilemmas and their decisions were related to the moral rather than a conventional domain. Teaching about authorship and other professionalism and integrity issues may benefit from interventions that bring intuitive processes into awareness instead of those fostering rule-based reasoning. (shrink)

Ce texte avance une hypothèse sur ce qui fait la spécificité de l’herméneutique, et sur la façon dont elle peut être située dans le paysage de pensée contemporain. Les deux auteurs convoqués sont Gadamer et Derrida. Partant d’une certaine position de Derrida relativement à la question de l’interprétation, on s’efforce d’en évaluer la pertinence à la lumière de Gadamer. Les perspectives de pensée ouvertes par Gadamer se laissent-elles ranger dans le cadre dessiné par Derrida, ou peuvent-elles servir d’instruments pour ébranler (...) ce cadre ?This text puts forward a hypothesis regarding what constitutes the specificity of hermeneutics, and on how it can be situated in the landscape of contemporary thought. The two authors dealt with are Gadamer and Derrida. We will start from a position held by Derrida concerning the question of interpretation, and examine this position in the light of Gadamer’s writings. Do the perspectives offered by Gadamer simply fall into the framework drawn out by Derrida, or can they serve as means to destabilize this very framework ? (shrink)

Claire Katz & Lara Trout, Emmanuel Levinas. Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers ; Thomas Bedorf, Andreas Cremonini, Verfehlte Begegnung. Levinas und Sartre als philosophische Zeitgenossen ; Samuel Moyn, Origins of the Other: Emmanuel Levinas between Revelation and Ethics ; Pascal Delhom & Alfred Hirsch, Im Angesicht der Anderen. Levinas’ Philosophie des Politischen ; Sharon Todd, Learning from the other: Levinas, psychoanalysis and ethical possibilities in education ; Michel Henry, Le bonheur de Spinoza, suivi de: Etude sur le spinozisme de Michel (...) Henry, par Jean-Michel Longneaux ; Jean-François Lavigne, Husserl et la naissance de la phénoménologie. Des Recherches logiques aux Ideen: la genèse de l’idéalisme transcendantal phénoménologique ; Denis Seron, Objet et signification ; Dan Zahavi, Sara Heinämaa and Hans Ruin, Metaphysics, Facticity, Interpretation. Phenomenology in The Nordic Countries ; Dimitri Ginev, Entre anthropologie et herméneutique ; Magdalena Mărculescu-Cojocea, Critica metafizicii la Kant şi Heidegger. Problema subiectivităţii: raţiunea între autonomie şi deconstrucţie. (shrink)

The issue of the allocation of resources in health care is here to stay. The goal of this study was to explore the views of physicians on several topics that have arisen in the debate on the allocation of scarce resources and to compare these with the views of policy makers. We asked physicians and policy makers to participate in an interview about their practices and opinions concerning factors playing a role in decision making for patients in different age groups. (...) Both physicians and policy makers recognised allocation decisions as part of their reality. One of the strong general opinions of both physicians and policy makers was the rejection of age discrimination. Making allocation decisions as such seemed to be regarded as a foreign entity to the practice of medicine. In spite of the reluctance to make allocation decisions, physicians sometimes do. This would seem to be only acceptable if it is justified in terms of the best interests of the patient from whom treatment is withheld. (shrink)

La 4ème de couv. indique : "Le pragmatisme, davantage qu'un véritable courant philosophique, est une attitude intellectuelle, un état d'esprit, une approche critique du contenu et des modes de production des connaissances. Il invite à se concentrer sur les actions plutôt que sur les idées, sur les pratiques plutôt que sur les pensées, sur l'expérience, sur l'utilité, sur les conséquences. Or il semble prospérer désormais jusque dans le monde des sciences du droit. Le pragmatisme juridique, attaché à l'effectivité des normes, (...) permettrait mieux que le positivisme juridique moderne, attaché à la validité des normes, d'accepter et d'expliquer les modes de régulation originaux qui émergent au XXIe siècle. L'enjeu, en se détachant de toute forme de dogmatisme, est de permettre au droit scientifique d'accompagner le droit pratique même lorsque ce dernier évolue de plus en plus profondément et de plus en plus fréquemment. C'est pourquoi un nombre croissant de juristes s'intéressent au droit vivant, au droit en action ou au droit en situation et procèdent à des expérimentations, des enquêtes ou des études de cas. Si toutes les branches du droit et toutes les branches de la recherche juridique peuvent être concernées, cela se traduit en particulier dans les travaux relatifs à la gouvernance du cyberespace, à la protection de l'environnement, à la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, à la régulation de la finance ou à l'élaboration des standards techniques. Autant de domaines particulièrement affectés par la mondialisation qui incitent les chercheurs à adopter une approche dynamique et ouverte du droit, par exemple afin d'étudier ses sources réelles plus que ses sources officielles. Tout d'abord, ce livre présente les réponses novatrices que certains scientifiques du droit contemporains apportent aux questions "quel est l'objet de la connaissance juridique et comment l'atteindre?", ces réponses étant souvent empreintes d'un pragmatisme inconscient. Ensuite, il précise et approfondit les pistes ainsi ouvertes en appliquant au droit les propositions des philosophes pragmatistes. L'ambition de cet ouvrage est donc d'affiner le visage du pragmatisme juridique en identifiant les nouvelles orientations théoriques, les nouveaux cadres épistémologiques et les nouveaux outils scientifiques s'y rapportant. Ceux-ci sont peut-être l'avenir de la recherche en droit.". (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to offer guidelines to deal with hard choices, specifically in situations where some compromise among opposing values is inescapable. The guidelines are intended to help ethicists and practitioners to delineate different alternatives and to dismiss some of them as morally unacceptable. This article explores the view that compromises arise from negotiations but from ethical predicaments as well. For this reason, I distinguish between strategic and moral compromises. Both managers and employees are individual moral agents (...) who have to confront the possibility of unpalatable and even disgusting compromises, so that they are forced to put their integrity into risk in certain compromise situations. However, I shall argue for the possibility of palatable moral compromises. The guidelines to cope with those situations and to identify the unpalatable compromises are based on J. S. Mill's moral philosophy. Mill suggested that half-measures passed in Parliament must have certain key elements to be morally acceptable. I make use of this doctrine to put forward compromise guidelines in the form of a set of hallmarks, internal and external elements of palatable compromises. Two minicases are used to test the guidelines and to emphasize the importance of compromises for ethical decision making and commitment to company. (shrink)

On entend montrer que la réécriture heideggérienne de la notion husserlienne d’intentionnalité, réécriture herméneutique, contextuelle et pratique de 1919 à 1923, réécriture ontologique et temporelle de 1923 à 1929 aboutit à une double dissolution de la notion qui témoigne de l’irréductible divergence entre la pensée de Heidegger et la phénoménologie husserlienne.

A framework is presented to better characterize the role of individual differences in information processing style and their interplay with contextual factors in determining decision making quality. In Experiment 1, we show that individual differences in information processing style are flexible and can be modified by situational factors. Specifically, a situational manipulation that induced an analytical mode of thought improved decision quality. In Experiment 2, we show that this improvement in decision quality is highly contingent on the compatibility between the (...) dominant thinking mode and the nature of the task. That is, encouraging an intuitive mode of thought led to better performance on an intuitive task but hampered performance on an analytical task. The reverse pattern was obtained when an analytical mode of thought was encouraged. We discuss the implications of these results for the assessment of decision making competence, and suggest practical directions to help individuals better adjust their information processing style to the situation at hand and make optimal decisions. (shrink)

Individuals are downloading copyrighted materials at escalating rates (Hill 2007; Siwek 2007). Since most materials shared within these networks are copyrighted works, providing, exchanging, or downloading files is considered to be piracy and a violation of intellectual property rights (Shang et al. 2008). Previous research indicates that personal moral philosophies rooted in moral absolutism together with social context may impact decision making in ethical dilemmas; however, it is yet unclear which motivations and norms contextually impact moral awareness in a peer-to-peer (...) (P2P) file sharing context (Shang et al. 2008). In sum, factors affecting the decision to share copyrighted material require further clarification and investigation (Shang et al. 2008). The purpose of this study was to use a consumer-based scenario and multiple ethics measures to explore how idealism, formalism, and perceived social consensus impact users’ propensity to recognize that the sharing of copyrighted media through P2P networks was an ethical issue and their subsequent ethical intentions. Results showed that high levels of idealism and formalism were associated with an increased recognition that file sharing was an ethical issue, but neither construct had a direct effect on ethical intention. Strong social consensus among respondents that other people consider file sharing to be unethical was also positively related to the recognition that file sharing was an ethical issue, and ethical recognition was a moderate predictor of intention not to engage in file sharing. Finally, a post hoc mediation analysis indicated that idealism, formalism, and social consensus operated through recognition of an ethical issue to impact ethical intention (indirect-only mediation). (shrink)

A knowledge-based decision theory faces what has been called the prodigality problem : given that many propositions are assigned probability 1, agents will be inclined to risk everything when betting on propositions which are known. In order to undo probability 1 assignments in high risk situations, the paper develops a theory which systematically connects higher level goods with higher-order knowledge.