Plotinus' formulation of the problem of the individual should not be reduced to the question of whether or not one can accept Forms of Individuals. First, if Plotinus does indeed posit an intelligible foundation of individuality, there are no grounds to identify this foundation with a Form: it must rather be considered a logos. Second, we must, in addition to this intelligible "principle of distinction", allow for a sensible "principle of individuation": the living body. Finally, we have to distinguish a (...) third level: that of the hêmeis, the individual as a person, capable of freedom and consciousness. This latter's compatibility with the other two seems problematic, so that the real difficulty may lie in this tension, in Plotinus' thought, between an ontological and an ethical concept of the individual. (shrink)

On propose ici une lecture de la Métaphysique inspirée de Ε, 2, 1026a33-b2, prenant la dunamis et l’energeia comme principal sens de l’être. Le couple conceptuel de l’en-puissance et de l’acte fournit ainsi à la fois le principe d’une réponse possible à la question disputée de la « science recherchée », et le fondement d’une ontologie singulière, que l’on caractérise comme une ontologie axiologique. On commence par analyser la signification de ces notions telle qu’elle se déploie en Métaphysique Δ et (...) Θ : au terme de cette analyse, l’acte apparaît comme nommant l’identité réelle, ou réalisée, de l’être et du bien, et l’en-puissance, cette identité comme à réaliser. On montre ensuite, en suivant Ζ et Η, comment le couple de la dunamis et de l’energeia, et non celui de la matière et de la forme, est au principe de la substance sensi­ble, puis, à partir de Λ (en particulier Λ, 5, 1071a3-6), comment la dunamis et l’energeia valent, par-delà les substances sensibles, comme les principes communs à toutes les substances, sous la modalité spécifique de l’analogie. Le couple de l’en-puissance et de l’acte assure ainsi à la fois la généralité du dis­cours ousiologique, et le primat réel du principe théologique (qu’Aristote désigne toujours comme acte, et jamais comme forme). On montre enfin com­ment dunamis et energeia fondent non seulement une ousiologie unitaire, mais aussi une ontologie générale, en ce qu’elles s’appliquent, sous certaines conditions, aux êtres mathématiques. On s’interroge, pour finir, sur la signi­fication de l’inversion, par Plotin, de la dunamis aristotélicienne, et de la désignation du Premier Principe non plus comme acte pur, mais comme « puissance de tout (δύναμις πάντων) ». En ce geste plotinien, on reconnaît l’origine d’un mouvement d’identification du divin non plus au bien, comme le faisait Aristote à travers la notion d’acte pur, mais à la puissance - à une puissance qui, ultimement, pourra être pensée comme excédentaire au bien. Comme la théologie de l’acte pur, cette ontologie axiologique de l’en-puissance et de l’acte est victime d’un oubli dont, en conclusion, est brièvement esquis­sée l’histoire. (shrink)

S’il traverse toute la littérature médio- et néoplatonicienne, le motif du daimonion de Socrate a été peu traité par les commentateurs modernes. On peut voir là un effet de la négligence dans laquelle a longtemps été tenue la dimension religieuse de la philosophie socratique, mais aussi, et plus profondément, le signe d’un malaise, d’un « inconfort », selon le diagnostic des éditeurs, face à l'aspect peut-être le plus étrange de celle-ci. C’est donc à cette lacune que le présent volume s’effo...

People frequently report that their thought has, at times, a vocal character. Thinking commonly appears to be accompanied or constituted by silently ‘talking’ to oneself in inner speech. In this paper, I argue that inner speech ‘utterances’ can constitute occurrent propositional attitudes, e.g., occurrent judgments, suppositions, etc., and, thereby, we can consciously reason through tokening a series of inner speech utterances in working memory. As I demonstrate, the functional role a mental state plays in working memory is determined in a (...) flexible and context sensitive manner by metacognitive monitoring and control procedures. An inner speech utterance functions as an occurrent judgment (and, thus, as a premise, lemma, or conclusion in a line of conscious reasoning) when it is experienced with a level of certainty that exceeds one’s threshold of confidence for acceptance. In virtue of an agent experiencing an inner speech utterance with a sufficient level of certainty, the utterance plays the functional role of an occurrent judgment through, e.g., terminating inquiry and causing overt actions (like overtly asserting the words rehearsed in inner speech). (shrink)

More than 10,000 people have died in the Japanese tsunami, and the survivors are cold and hungry. But the media concentrate on nuclear radiation from which no one has died—and is unlikely to. Nuclear radiation at very high levels is dangerous, but the scale of concern that it evokes is misplaced. Nuclear technology cures countless cancer patients everyday—and a radiation dose given for radiotherapy in hospital is no different in principle to a similar dose received in the environment. What of (...) Three Mile Island? There were no known deaths there. And Chernobyl? The most recent UN report confirms the known death toll—28 fatalities among emergency workers plus 15 fatal cases of child thyroid cancer—which would have been avoided if iodine tablets had been taken. And in each case, the numbers are minute compared with the 3,800 people at Bhopal in 1984 who died as a result of a leak of chemicals from the Union Carbide pesticide plant. (shrink)

On cherche ici à lever le reproche d’incohérence souvent adressé à la doctrine plotinienne de l’Intellect en montrant comment l’attribution à celui-ci de déterminations apparemment contradictoires obéit à une logique rigoureuse. Appliqué au rapport de l’Intellect naissant à l’Un-Bien, le modèle aristotélicien de l’empreinte et du noûs pathêtikos est refusé pour l’Intellect achevé. La notion d’energeia se trouve ainsi, contre Aristote, dissociée de celle de bien, pour dire la structure fondamentale du deuxième principe. Mais celle de dunamis intervient aussi, en (...) écho au Sophiste de Platon, pour dire sa structuration en genres premiers. Enfin, le processus de spécification peut être pensé à la lumière du rapport de l’en-puissance et de l’acte. C’est finalement en la notion de vie que se résout la tension entre ce double héritage platonicien et aristotélicien.« L’empreinte du bien dans le multiple » : structure et constitution de l’intellect plotinienPlotinus’s theory of Intellect is frequently said to be incoherent. The paper aims to answer this criticism by showing how the attribution, to the second principle, of apparently conflicting determinations actually obeys a rigorous logic. Although it does apply to the inchoate Intellect and to its relation to the One-Good, the Aristotelian model of the noûs pathêtikos must be rejected so far as the thinking Intellect is considered. The Aristotelian concept of energeia, is therefore dissociated from the good in order to express the fundamental structure of the second principle. But, as in Plato’s Sophist, the notion of dunamis is also mobilised to describe its structuration into first genera. Finally, the potentiality/actuality analysis applies to the process of specification. The notion of Life ultimately appears as that into which this double heritage can be reconciled. (shrink)

People frequently report that, at times, their thought has a vocal character. Thinking commonly appears to be accompanied or constituted by silently ‘talking’ to oneself in inner speech. In this paper, we explore the specifically epistemic role of inner speech in conscious reasoning. A plausible position—but one I argue is ultimately wrong—is that inner speech plays asolelyfacilitative role that is exhausted by (i) serving as the vehicle of representation for conscious reasoning, and/or (ii) allowing one to focus on certain types (...) of objects or relations, e.g., causal relations, abstracta, counterfactuals, etc., or to consciously entertain structured propositional contents that it would be hard (or impossible) to focus on or entertain with representations in other (e.g., imagistic) formats. According to this position, inner speech doesn't figure as a justificatory element in our reasoning or as the partial epistemic basis of our conclusions—it merely facilitates reasoning through (i) and/or (ii). In contrast to the view that inner speech is amerefacilitator, I establish that (outside of potentially playing roles (i) and/or (ii)) the language we use itself serves as a crucial source of information in reasoning. In other words, we reason from propositions about the language we use in inner speech as opposed to exclusively reasoning from the semantic contents of the speech. My conclusion follows from how we use language as a cognitive tool to keep track of information, e.g., the contents of premises, lemmas, previous reasoning results, etc., in reasoning. (shrink)

Pezdek and Lam [Pezdek, K. & Lam, S. . What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study “False memory,” and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness and Cognition] claim that the majority of research into false memories has been misguided. Specifically, they charge that false memory scientists have been misusing the term “false memory,” relying on the wrong methodologies to study false memories, and misapplying false memory research to real world situations. We review each of these claims (...) and highlight the problems with them. We conclude that several types of false memory research have advanced our knowledge of autobiographical and recovered memories, and that future research will continue to make significant contributions to how we understand memory and memory errors. (shrink)

Dans un article fameux, Émile Bréhier a montré comment la méditation néo-platonicienne sur la notion d’ἀρχή était régie par la double exigence de simplicité et de principialité. Cette double exigence peut aussi se formuler comme un dilemme : faut-il, en le principe, penser prioritairement la transcendance ou la causalité, l’absolu ou la relation? Cette question traverse l’étude de Sylvain Roux : « Comment concilier la nécessaire transcendance avec l’égale nécessité de son ratta...

À partir d’une étude qualitative comparée en France et au Québec, nous montrons dans cet article que la phase d’intégration des nouvelles recrues aides-soignantes dans les organisations gériatriques françaises et québécoises est une phase complexe d’expérimentation du métier, où elles intègrent des normes collectives de rythmes de travail. Le collectif de travail, par la voix d’une « ancienne », juge de la capacité des nouvelles recrues à respecter ces rythmes et transmet des stratégies de régulation créées localement et indispensables pour (...) répondre aux prescriptions contradictoires. La situation actuelle d’intensification du travail vécue dans les organisations gériatriques françaises et québécoises conduit néanmoins à une fragilisation dangereuse des collectifs, voire à une individualisation du rapport aux enjeux organisationnels. Une telle individualisation peut conduire les nouvelles recrues à subir une souffrance éthique consécutive au fait d’accomplir des actes moralement condamnables pour parvenir à respecter les normes temporelles. (shrink)

Les traités 42, 43 et 44 (Enn. VI, 1-3), Des genres de l’être, comptent parmi les plus arides et les moins fréquentés des Ennéades. Le juge­ment de Trendelenburg, rejoint par Prantl, Zeller ou Inge, a long­temps pré­valu, selon lequel ils n’offriraient qu’une doctrine hybride et obscure, née de la juxtaposition des catégories d’Aristote et des genres du Sophiste. Leur partie critique ne présenterait guère plus d’intérêt, qui se limiterait à réaffirmer, contre Aristote, le dualisme platonicien...

Fluid-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis) kinetics were studied inDictyostelium discoideum amoebae from the axenic strain Ax-2 that exhibits high rates of fluid-phase endocytosis when cultured in liquid nutrient media. Fluorescein-labelled dextran (FITC-dextran) was used as a marker in continuous uptake- and in pulse-chase exocytosis experiments. In the latter case, efflux of the marker was monitored on cells loaded for short periods of time and resuspended in marker-free medium. A multicompartmental model was developed which describes satisfactorily fluid-phase endocytosis kinetics. In particular, it accounts (...) correctly for the extended latency period before exocytosis in pulse-chase experiments and it suggests the existence of some sorts of maturation stages in the pathway. (shrink)

Nike. McDonald’s Apple. These companies and many others invest millions of dollars each year protecting that one thing that distinguishes them in the marketplace – a trademark. A company’s trademark is the symbol that allows consumers to know that they are dealing with a particular company. This article addresses the extent to which some companies will go to obtain and protect a trademark. Specifically, it will address the fight between Cisco and Apple over the iPhone trademark, as both companies took (...) questionable steps in the United States and abroad to obtain rights to the iPhone mark. In addition, the basics of trademark law and ethical theories relevant to trademark law will be addressed. (shrink)

In a parallel truism, everyone alive in the year 2200 AD will be able to trace his or her lineal ancestry to a parental stock in the year 200 AD. This book ...

The aim of this article is to show how the integration of new nursing assistants in nursing homes in Quebec can be analyzed as a process of “enablement” or identity construction of the recruits by peer group through two specific phases: experienced nursing assistants quickly judge the ability of the recruit to support the heavy workload during the phase known as “orientation”, selecting recruits by this criterion; and they will transmit some informal competences to recruits selected and considered able to (...) be part of the peer group. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi l’intégration de nouveaux préposés aux bénéficiaires dans les CHSLD au Québec peut être analysée comme un processus d’habilitation, c'est-à-dire de construction identitaire des recrues par le groupe de pairs, à travers deux phases spécifiques : les préposés expérimentés jugent rapidement la capacité de la recrue à supporter la lourde charge de travail durant la phase dite d’ « orientation », en sélectionnant les recrues selon ce critère ; puis ils transmettront certaines compétences informelles aux recrues sélectionnées et considérées comme capables de faire partie du groupe de pairs. (shrink)

D’une vie de philosophe, on n’attend ni un récit anecdotique, ni, bien sûr, un exposé théorique, mais un témoignage, toujours singulier et inanticipable, sur la façon dont des idées, une vérité, peuvent pénétrer et modifier une existence, ou inversement, et au risque de toutes les réductions biographiques, sur l’itinéraire existentiel qui a pu présider à la découverte ou à l’adoption de ces idées, de cette vérité. Cela vaut plus encore, lorsque la proposition théorique fondamentale de ce phil...

Les lectures plotinienne et proclusienne de Métaphysique Λ ne se résolvent pas dans ces résultats doctrinaux que sont la hiérarchisation de l’Intellect et de l’Un-Bien et l’harmonisation des causalités efficiente et finale. Pour les saisir tant dans leur différence que dans celle qui les oppose toutes deux aux lectures concordistes, il faut déplacer l’analyse du plan des doctrines à celui des concepts. Plus précisément, il faut demander comment Plotin et Proclus intègrent le concept qui, en Métaphysique Λ, condense la charge (...) polémique portée par Aristote contre Platon, à savoir le concept d’energeia. Ce dernier engage en effet une conception radicalement antiplatonicienne du principe premier, dont on montre qu’elle s’articule en quatre critiques fondamentales. On analyse dès lors les stratégies de lecture de Λ mises en oeuvre par Plotin et Proclus de façon à évaluer les angles de contreattaque qu’elles déterminent. Plutôt qu’à une harmonisation ou à une simple hiérarchisation, on a affaire, dans les deux cas quoique sous des modalités différentes, à une intégration dialectique qui en passe par la neutralisation de la charge polémique du concept d’energeia ainsi que par sa réélaboration, elle-même solidaire de modèles causaux distincts tant de celui de Platon que de celui d’Aristote. (shrink)

In light of recent social psychological literature, I expand Miranda Fricker’s important notion of testimonial injustice. A fair portion of Fricker’s account rests on an older paradigm of stereotype and prejudice. Given recent empirical work, I argue for what I dub prescriptive credibility deficits in which a backlash effect leads to the assignment of a diminished level of credibility to persons who act in counter-stereotypic manners, thereby flouting prescriptive stereotypes. The notion of a prescriptive credibility deficit is not merely an (...) interesting conceptual addendum that can be appended to Fricker’s theory without need for further emendation. I develop the wider implications of prescriptive credibility deficits and argue that they pose a challenge to Fricker’s conception of the function of credibility assignments in conversational exchange and how a virtuous listener should respond to the potential threat of a prejudicial stereotype affecting her credibility assignments. (shrink)

As part of a more general project which consists in identifying the process by which the modern ontology of power and action came to replace the Aristotelian ontology of in-potency and act, this article questions some fundamental features of Aquinas’ use and reworking of the Aristotelian concepts of dunamis and energeia. First, I ask, how Aquinas can characterise God as being pure act and omnipotent at the same time given that for Aristotle pure act radically excludes all potency. It appears (...) that the Thomistic act not only admits potency-as-power, but also signifies the full power of being so that we can detect in Aquinas the conjunction in the first being - of power with being itself Second, I show how the symmetrical reinterpretation of the Aristotelian concept of in-potency comes to be modified by means of the concept - inherited from Neo-Platonism - of epitedeiotes. Thus understood as receptive capacity, in-potency no longer signifies the principle within each substance of its own proper and immanent act but rather its dependence on the first act, the primary being. In the end, the concept of potency is redistributed by Aquinas between the Creator’s full power of being, and the creature’s mere capacity for being. (shrink)

Les études ici réunies visent à explorer la résurgence, dans la philosophie et la théologie contemporaines, du motif de l’impuissance de Dieu. La question n’est plus seulement celle, comme dans la pensée médiévale, de la limitation de la toute‑puissance divine, mais bien de son complet abandon. Elle est étroitement liée à l’interrogation sur ce que peut être une théologie d’après la Shoah, et elle préside aussi, chez des penseurs comme Hans Jonas, Gianni Vattimo, ou Giorgio Agamben, au redéploiement des problèmes (...) du mal et de la création, des concepts théologiques de kénose et d’incarnation, ou encore des catégories aristotéliciennes de la puissance.The contributions assembled here explore the resurgence in contemporary philosophy and theology of the notion of a powerless God. What is at stake here is no longer the medieval question of limitations of divine omnipotence, but its radical abandonment. This is closely linked to the question of a new post‑Shoah theology. Among thinkers such as Hans Jonas, Gianni Vattimo, or Giorgio Agamben, it presides over a re‑examination of the problems of evil and creation, of the theological concepts of kenosis and incarnation or even the Aristotelian categories of potency. (shrink)

« Notre monde recèle autant de possibilités immenses que de gigantesques échecs. »La gauche détient les clefs pour redonner un avenir à la France et à l’Europe. Plus de solidarité, plus d’égalité, plus de règles, plus de respect de l’autre et le retour du sens de l’intérêt général face à l’argent roi sont les talismans du progrès retrouvé. Le combat politique avec..

Les Eléments de théologie de Proclus constituent un monument philosophique radicalement singulier tant par son architecture propre que par la façon dont la tradition l'a revisité. Ordonnant, sous une forme géométrique, les principes de la métaphysique néoplatonicienne, ils ont à la fois constitué celle-ci en système et opéré comme le principal relais de sa transmission aux pensées byzantine, arabe et occidentale. Ce sont ces effets d'héritage et d'adaptation que les textes ici réunis visent à évaluer. Du Liber de causis à (...) Hegel en passant par Thomas d'Aquin, Dietrich de Freiberg, Giordano Bruno, les Platoniciens de Cambridge et Leibniz, se reconstitue ainsi une a grande chaîne des "êtres", réarticulée par la chaîne des raisons, et à chaque fois revivifiée par celle de la transmission. (shrink)

This is a new release of the original 1949 edition.

Independent samples of women were surveyed to test Trivers and Willard’s hypothesis that the mother’s condition and her ability to invest in her offspring affect the (secondary) sex ratio of her offspring. Patterns of sex ratios (number of males per 100 females) were analyzed in conjunction with four attributes of a mother’s microenvironment: level of health in her community, family structure, relative access to resources, and her birthing history. The results inferentially support the hypothesis that the microenvironment of the woman (...) would act to bias the sex ratio of her offspring. These specific data lend support to Trivers and Willard’s general hypothesis. (shrink)

A new view on the human tradition of apocalypse, from the rise of Homo sapiens to the climate instability of our present, and a look at how the new tools of archaeology reveal these upheavals as moments that created the world we live in, and continue to offer surprising opportunities for radical change.

This work reveals the key transformative processes embedded within the yogic tradition.

Engineering begins with a design problem: how to make occupants of vehicles safer, settle on an inter-face for an x-ray machine, or create more legible road signs. In choosing any particular solution, engineers must make value choices. By focusing on the solving of these problems, Ethics Within Engineering: An Introduction shows how ethics is at the intellectual core of engineering. Built around a number of engaging case studies, it presents real examples of engineering problems that everyone, engineer or not, will (...) recognize, ranging from such simple artifacts as toasters and the layout of burners and knobs on a stove top to the software responsible for the Colombia airliner crash. (shrink)

Suppose an accountant discovers evidence of shady practices while ex amining the books of a client. What should he or she do? Accountants have a professional obligation to respect the confidentiality of their cli ents' accounts. But, as an ordinary citizen, our accountant may feel that the authorities ought to be informed. Suppose a physician discov ers that a patient, a bus driver, has a weak heart. If the patient contin ues bus driving even after being informed of the heart (...) condition, should the physician inform the driver's company? Respect for patient confidentiality would say, no. But what if the driver should suffer a heart attack while on duty, causing an accident in which people are killed or seriously injured? Would the doctor bear some responsibility for these consequences? Special obligations, such as those of confidentiality, apply to any one in business or the professions. These obligations articulate, at least in part, what it is for someone to be, say, an accountant or a physician. Since these obligations are special, they raise a real possibility of con flict with the moral principles we usually accept outside of these spe cial relationships in business and the professions. These conflicts may become more accentuated for a professional who is also a corporate employee-a corporate attorney, an engineer working for a construction company, a nurse working as an employee of a hospital. (shrink)

It is unfortunate that it is all too easy to find examples of professional misconduct. Professionals are distinguished from the rest of us, and from each other, by learning the special skills and knowledge essential to the practice of their profession, by coming to think in different and distinct ways, and by taking on a special set of moral relations, including furthering the social purpose for which the state recognizes the profession. A professional can thus go wrong in any of (...) a number of ways, but in criticizing professionals morally, it is often enough that we can appeal to the profession’s norms. No one is entitled to believe whatever they wish regarding ethical matters, and we need not appeal to competing ethical theories to make ethical judgments regarding matters of professional ethics. (shrink)

Certain social context features (e.g., maternal presence) are known to increase young children's exploration, a key process by which they learn. Yet limited research investigates the role of social context, especially peer presence, in exploration across development. We investigate whether the effect of peer presence on exploration is mediated by age or cultural‐specific experiences. We test its impact on exploration across development (2–11 years) and across cultures (United States and the Tsimane', indigenous farmer‐foragers in Bolivia). Specifically, peer presence does not (...) boost exploration among young U.S. children and becomes more inhibitory among school‐age children. In contrast, peer presence facilitates exploration and provides an additional boost for older Tsimane' children, who differ from U.S. children in their cultural‐specific learning experiences (e.g., formal education), among other differences. We discuss potential cultural factors and mechanisms by which peer presence may boost exploratory behavior. (shrink)