Der Pilot und Priester, Assumptionist und Byzantinist Christopher Walter hat einen neuen unschätzbaren Beitrag zur byzantinischen Geschichte geliefert. Als Schüler von André Grabar und Kollege von Vitalien Laurent verwaltet er die reiche Wissenschaftstradition der Assumptionisten und Bollandisten. Sein grosses Wissen über Theologie, Kirchengeschichte, Patristik und Kunstwissenschaft vermittelt er in einer angenehmen fliessenden Sprache. In dieser Arbeit webt er einen kunstfertigen Gobelin und verbindet die christliche Frühgeschichte mit dem vom antiken Heroenkult übertragenen Märtyrerkult in einem tiefgreifenden Versuch, die Historizität (...) der Kriegerheiligen zu fixieren. Er bringt den kultischen Aspekt der Armee in einer Darstellung zum Leben, die sich oft zu einem spannenden Detektivroman entwickelt. Endlich können wir den beliebtesten Kriegerheiligen in einen festeren Griff bekommen, den Archistrategos, den Erzengel Michael, mit den himmlischen Heerscharen zu seiner Verfügung, zur Verteidigung der ecclesia militans und des irdischen Imperiums neben anderen Kriegerheiligen, die die Standarten der Tagmaeinheiten schmückten. (shrink)

The agroecological transition of agriculture not only requires changes in practices but also in ways of thinking and in their underlying values. Agroecology proposes broad scientific principles that need to be adapted to the singularities of each farm. This contextualization leads to the identification of agroecological practices that work locally and could serve as evidence-based practices to be transferred to local practitioners. This strategy was tested in a 4-year experiment conducted with dairy-sheep farmers in the South of France. The aim (...) was to collectively engage in the agroecological transition. Our work focused on the creation of a diagnostic tool that was used to analyze local farms and identify virtuous practices to be promoted locally as evidence-based practices. But this strategy came up against the complexity and singularity of the situations to be transformed: not only was no evidence found but the construction of the diagnostic tool itself led to controversy concerning the models of agriculture to be promoted. The experiment then took a pragmatic turn: on-farm workshops were organized to enable farmers to benefit from the professional judgment of peer farmers who were willing to help their colleagues accomplish their agroecological transition. The diagnostic tool, which was designed to be prescriptive, was then used to judge the social acceptability of solutions that made sense in each farmer’s own situation. Our experiment led us to conclude that managing the agro-ecological transition of farmers and their farming system is better conceived as a value-based process than as an evidence-based one. (shrink)

The practice and development of modern medicine requires large amounts of data, particularly in the domain of cancer. The future of personalized medicine lies neither with “genomic medicine” nor with “precision medicine”, but with “data medicine”. The establishment of this DM has required far-reaching changes, to establish four essential elements connecting patients and doctors: biobanks, databases, bioinformatic platforms and genomic platforms. The “transformation” of scientific research areas, such as genetics, bioinformatics and biostatistics, into clinical specialties has generated a new vision (...) of care. Molecular tumor boards are one response to these changes and are now providing better access to next-generation sequencing and new cancer treatments to patients with inoperable or metastatic cancers, and those for whom the usual treatment has failed. However, MTB face a crucial ethical challenge: maintaining and improving the trust of patients, clinicians, researchers and industry in academic medical centers supported by private or public funding rather than providing genetic data directly to private companies. We believe that, in this era of DM, appropriate modern digital communication networks will be required to maintain this trust and to improve the organization and effectiveness of the system. There is, therefore, a need to reconsider the form and content of informed consent documents at all academic medical centers and to introduce dynamic and electronic informed consent. (shrink)

Agroecological transitions aim at developing sustainable farming and food systems, adapted to local contexts. Such transitions require the engagement of local actors and the consideration of their knowledge and reasoning as a whole, which encompasses different natures of knowledge (empirical, scientific, local, generic), related to different dimensions (economic, environmental, technical, social, political), as well as their values and perceived uncertainties. While these transitions are often problematized in relation to technical issues, this article's objective is to start from the way the (...) local actors consider these transitions in order to see what issues are actually involved. In this study, we analyzed the reasoning of diverse farming actors, including farmers and farm advisors. We conducted 30 cognitive mapping interviews, during which the local actors drew cognitive maps to explicit their reasoning concerning their agroecological transition with an open approach. Their reasoning revealed an emphasis on the human & social dimension of the process of agroecological transitions: (i) human and social considerations come first in the transition process, while technical solutions are viewed as secondary, (ii) use and development of human capacities, social interactions and human well-being are crucial to the conduct of agroecological transitions, (iii) human-scale farming appears as a condition for the use of human capacities, human well-being and rural development, (iv) agroecological transitions imply farming advisory transitions, and (v) rural development appears as a condition for agroecological transitions, implying transitions in society as a whole. (shrink)

This is the first volume of a two-volume project whose aim is to publish all the known Middle English manuscript translations of the French Somme le mi, a thirteenth-century manual of religious instruction offering teaching on the Decalogue, the seven deadly sins and their remedies, compiled by the Dominican friar Laurent of Orleans. The project extends and deepens our knowledge of the influence of this popular French text, known today only from the versions entitled The Ayen bite of Inwit (...) and The Book of Vices and Virtues, published in 1866 and 1942, respectively. This volume presents the versions extant in BL MSS Royal 18. A. x and Add. 37677; the second will cover the versions in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 494, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 1286, and Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS e Musaeo 23. The texts of both volumes have been prepared with the help of the recently-published edition of the French text, a circumstance from which the earlier English editions were unable to benefit. It is likely that the versions edited here for the first time will make a considerable contribution to our understanding of the processes of textual transmission and to that of translation itself in English literary circles of the fifteenth century. (shrink)

Résumé Où va la peinture est un livre de Laurent Marissal qui se présente à la fois comme un traité sur la peinture et comme une œuvre peinte. Les actions qu’il relate sont elles-mêmes revendiquées comme des actions picturales. L’article s’interroge sur ces usages hétérodoxes de la notion de « picturalité », tout d’abord au niveau de la mise en forme narrative du livre, puis à celui des actions que cette forme a pour dessein de relater. Une dernière partie (...) étudie la relation du travail de Laurent Marissal avec le courant du narrative art. (shrink)

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) construit une vision unifiée de l’histoire humaine débouchant sur un état final considéré comme définitif. Pour cela, il mobilise plusieurs registres, dont certains peuvent paraître mutuellement contradictoires : l’ingénierie scientifique appliquée à la science sociale, la transposition laïque du thème chrétien de la venue prochaine du Royaume, le genre utopique et même la littérature d’anticipation. La superposition de ces stratégies de légitimation vient pallier les limites de la science pour la réorganisation sociale. Depuis le xx e siècle (...) nous sommes revenus du mythe du progrès et de sa dimension eschatologique, mais au prix d’une désillusion et d’une perte de sens collectif, voire d’un catastrophisme qui ressuscite d’anciennes terreurs apocalyptiques. (shrink)

Les écrits du dernier Husserl développent une théorie du monde de la vie qui s’expose dans la Krisis de 1936 et dans les nombreux textes inédits qui lui font cortège. Si cette théorie du monde de la vie ne se présente pas, à première vue, comme une éthique ou une théorie de l’éthique, elle demeure marquée par une préoccupation éthique qui scelle l’unité des analyses husserliennes. Dans cet article, on cherchera à préciser les contours et la portée de cette ultime (...) éthique husserlienne, en revenant en particulier sur le motif de l’auto-méditation que Hus-serl érige en principe de la responsabilité individuelle et sociale. (shrink)

Le programme de recherche que l'on trouvera ci-dessous nous semble particulièrement original et utile d'un point de vue rythmanalytique – et cela à double titre. Alors que la vitesse, l'accélération et l'urgence sont, depuis quelques années, les objets d'une littérature pléthorique et désormais assez répétitive, Laurent Vidal et les chercheurs regroupés dans l'ANR TERRIAT s'intéressent, quant à eux, à la « lenteur » et à l'« attente ». Second point fort, ils orientent leur attention vers la question des « (...) (...) - 4. Rythmes du social – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Heredity has been dismissed as an insignificant object in Claude Bernard’s physiology, and the topic is usually ignored by historians. Yet, thirty years ago, Jean Gayon demonstrated that Bernard did elaborate on the subject. The present paper aims at reassessing the issue of heredity in Claude Bernard’s project of a “general physiology”. My first claim is that Bernard’s interest in heredity was linked to his ambitious goal of redefining general physiology in relation to morphology. In 1867, not only was morphology (...) included within experimental physiology, but it also theoretically grounded physiological investigations. By 1878, morphology and physiology were considered as completely independent sciences, and only the latter was perceived as suitable to experimentation. My second claim is that this reversal reflected the existence of two opposite attitudes towards heredity. In the late 1860s, Bernard was convinced that heredity would soon be accessible to experimental manipulation and that new species would be produced in the laboratory exactly like organic chemistry succeeded to do for raw bodies. Ten years later, he ascertained that this was impossible. My third claim is that Bernard was epistemologically ill-equipped to address the issue of heredity. Bernard was strongly committed to a general reasoning scheme that acknowledged only three categories: determining conditions, constant laws and phenomena. This scheme was a key factor in his successes as a physiologist who was able to capture new mechanisms in living bodies. Nonetheless, it also prevented him from understanding how time and history could be endowed with a causal action that cannot be reduced to timeless parameters. (shrink)

Nous présentons ici une version modale des dialogues de recherche de conditions (SSD) que nous avons introduits dans [Rahman & Keiff 2004]. La sémantique utilisée correspond à celle des systèmes modaux non normaux.

As a student in Clermont-Ferrand at the relocated Strasbourg University, Julien Freund (1921-1993) took part in the local actions of the Groupe Franc de Combat. The theme of resistance later found its way into his work as a philosopher and political scientist. This study, based on hitherto unpublished archival documents, attempts to synthesise his scattered remarks in an attempt to identify the main thrust of his work.

L’histoire officielle de la discipline veut que la psychologie sociale française, née et morte aussitôt à la fin du XIXe siècle, ait connu une longue éclipse pour renaître seulement dans les années 1950 sous influence américaine. Cette disparition dans la première moitié du XXe siècle serait due à la domination de la sociologie durkheimienne qui passe pour être hostile à la psychologie. Cet article remet en cause cette vision traditionnelle. Il montre que la sociologie durkheimienne s’est elle-même définie comme une (...) psychologie collective et qu’elle a su, à partir des années 1910 environ, ouvrir un véritable dialogue avec les psychologues au sein de l’université. L’idée durkheimienne que les catégories les plus fondamentales de la pensée sont déjà des constructions sociales provoqua chez les psychologues une véritable petite révolution intellectuelle. Elle les obligea en effet à sortir du champ étroit de la psychophysiologie qu’avaient promu depuis 1870 les fondateurs tels Taine et Ribot, en réaction contre le spiritualisme. Cette nouvelle psychologie sociale a influencé la plupart des grands psychologues de l’époque (Blondel, Dumas, Janet, Meyerson, Wallon), mais le temps et les hommes lui ont manqué pour s’institutionnaliser. De fait, elle disparaît avec la mort de ses principaux artisans (Blondel et Halbwachs) et l’oubli parfois volontaire pratiqué par leurs successeurs. (shrink)

“In 1968-69 I wanted to die, that is to say, stop living, being killed, but it was blocked on all sides,” wrote Hélène Cixous, esteemed French feminist, playwright, philosopher, literary critic, and novelist. Instead of suicide, she began to dream of writing a tomb for herself. This tomb became a work that is a testament to Cixous’s life and spirit and a secret book, the first book she ever authored. Originally written in 1970, _Tombe_ is a Homerian recasting of Shakespeare’s (...) _Venus and Adonis_ in the thickets of Central Park, a book Cixous provocatively calls the “all-powerful-other of all my books, it sparks them off, makes them run, it is their Messiah.” Masterfully translated by Laurent Milesi, _Tombe_ preserves the sonic complexities and intricate wordplay at the core of Cixous’s writing, and reveals the struggles, ideas, and intents at the center of her work. With a new prologue by the author, this is a necessary document in the development of Cixous’s aesthetic as a writer and theorist, and will be eagerly welcomed by readers as a crucial building block in the foundation of her later work. (shrink)

A synchrony-free, velocity-independent formulation of the Lorentz transformation is derived in a very simple manner with the help of thek-calculus. The dependence of the well-known relativistic effects on the choice of simultaneity metric is put forth, and the significance of the possibility of eliminating these effects is explored. This leads to a simple analysis of the clock paradox, or round-trip clock retardation. The doctrine of the conventionality of simultaneity is brought to bear on the interpretation of this effect. It is (...) argued that such a round-trip effect constitutes a physical realization not only of the conventionality of simultaneity but of that of temporal congruence as well. Some physics perhaps vindicates a little philosophy. (shrink)

RÉSUMÉ Les critiques d’ordre éthique faites à l’assistance médicale à la procréation ne tiennent généralement pas compte de l’extraordinaire efficacité des nouvelles techniques procréatives face à la souffrance des couples stériles. Mais, marquée par l’impératif technicien qui la pousse à explorer tous les possibles techniques, la médecine procréative constitue également — et paradoxalement — une puissante source de souffrances elle-même. Un nouveau discernement éthique est nécessaire, à la fois conscient des réussites de l’AMP et soucieux de ne pas tomber dans (...) une logique utilitariste. ABSTRACT Ethical objections formulated against medically assisted procreation usually do not take into account the extraordinary success of the new procreative techniques so far as sufferings undergone by sterile couples are concerned. Since procreative medicine is, however, under the technical imperative which urges it on to explore every technical possibility, it itself constitutes as well — and paradoxically — a powerful source of suffering. A new ethical discernment is necessary, which would prove to be both aware of the successes of medically assisted procreation and concerned not to fall into a utilitarian logic. (shrink)

Cet article présente une méthodologie spécifique destinée à traiter le discours politique médiatisé. Aussi bien qualitative que quantitative dans sa conception, la logométrie intégrative offre la possibilité de quantifier des stratégies de positionnements énonciatifs ou bien le recours à des activités cognitivo-discursives telles que la narration ou l'argumentation en même temps que des marqueurs textuels. Après le codage manuel d'un corpus échantillon, des statistiques sont générées par le logiciel Systemic Coder (O'Donnell, 2002) pour comparer la production discursive de deux politiciens (...) d'opinions différentes ayant participé au débat panel Question Time en mars 1993. Les résultats montrent que seuls 9 traits sur 140 formant l'ensemble du modèle sont identifiés comme étant significativement divergents (Loi statistique de Student-Fisher). Les traits mis en exergue se répartissent sur l'ensemble de la grille, depuis les choix de genre et de mise en scène énonciative, jusqu'au recours à certains marqueurs modaux : cela montre la nécessité d'adopter une perspective pluridimensionnelle. Une caractérisation interne des discours comparés (analyse par groupement de cellules) révèle que la notion d'écart n'est pas suffisante pour reconstruire la cohérence des activités langagières au niveau d'un locuteur donné. (shrink)

It is only approximately one year before Sein und Zeit was published that Heidegger read Kant for the first time with attention and interest. Has this late reading had an influence on the treatise that Heidegger was writing? The thesis that we stand for is that Kant’s main influence shall be found in no passage of the treatise in particular, but mostly in the decision of adopting the form of a treatise.

This article argues that many situations in social life can be analyzed by their requirement for the justification of action. It is in particular in situations of dispute that a need arises to explicate the grounds on which responsibility for errors is distributed and on which new agreement can be reached. Since a plurality of mutually incompatible modes of justification exists, disputes can be understood as disagreements either about whether the accepted rule of justification has not been violated or about (...) which mode of justification to apply at all. The article develops a grammar of such modes of justification, called orders of worth (grandeur), and argues that the human capacity for criticism becomes visible in the daily occurrence of disputes over criteria for justification. At the same time, it is underlined that not all social situations can be interpreted with the help of such a sense of justice, which resides on a notion of equivalence. Regimes of love, of violence or of familiarity are systematically distinct from regimes of justification. (shrink)

Cognitive forms vary considerably as a human being detaches herself from what is closest and most personal and moves to communicate — in the broad sense of taking part in a common matter — across increasing relational distances. The article proposes to deal with the variety of cognitive formats which cannot `commonize' cognition to an equal degree, relating them to a set of regimes of engagement with the world that are identified in terms of the dependency between the human agent (...) and her environment. The good that engagement aims to guarantee orients how reality is grasped and specifies the format of what constitutes relevant information. This analysis offers new insight into the composition of communities as well as persons who have to cope with the plurality of cognitive formats and engagements from the very familiar to the most public. (shrink)

Since the 1990s, the terms “Lamarckism” and “Lamarckian” have seen a significant resurgence in biological publications. The discovery of new molecular mechanisms have been interpreted as evidence supporting the reality and efficiency of the inheritance of acquired characters, and thus the revival of Lamarckism. The present paper aims at giving a critical evaluation of such interpretations. I argue that two types of arguments allow to draw a clear distinction between the genuine Lamarckian concept of inheritance of acquired characters and transgenerational (...) epigenetic inheritance. The first concerns the explanandum of the processes under consideration: molecular mechanisms of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance are understood as evolved products of natural selection. This means that the kind of inheritance of acquired characters they might be responsible for is an obligatory emergent feature of evolution, whereas traditional Lamarckisms conceived the inheritance of acquired characters as a property inherent in living matter itself. The second argument concerns the explanans of the inheritance of acquired characters: in light of current knowledge, epigenetic mechanisms are not able to drive adaptive evolution by themselves. Emergent Lamarckian phenomena would be possible if and only if individual epigenetic variation allowed the inheritance of acquired characters to be a factor of unlimited change. This implies specific requirements for epigenetic variation, which I explicitly define and expand upon. I then show that given current knowledge, these requirements are not empirically grounded. (shrink)

Cette lettre de 1957 conservée dans le fonds d’archives de la Maison d’Auguste Comte fut envoyée par Heinrich Molenaar (1870-1965) au « Président » des positivistes sans autre précision, preuve, semble-t-il, que Molenaar ne connaissait pas la situation du centre parisien à cette date, ayant perdu depuis longtemps le contact avec les disciples français. Depuis 1930, le centre parisien était dirigé par l’universitaire brésilien Paulo Carneiro (1901-1982). Délégué auprès de l’UNESCO depuis 1946,...

Guillaume St-Laurent | : Le projet philosophique central de Charles Taylor se présente comme une critique de l’« image épistémologique » (epistemological picture) de la raison, critique qui se déploie au nom d’une compréhension de la rationalité humaine plus sensible à sa finitude transcendantale et historique. L’objectif du présent essai consiste à présenter une brève analyse comparative de cette image épistémologique (ou post-cartésienne) ainsi que de la perspective herméneutique que lui oppose notre auteur. En ce sens, nous comparerons tour (...) à tour six aspects déterminants de ces deux conceptions : le caractère « apodictique », « médiationnel », « désengagé », « désignatif », « dépassionné » et « procédural » de la première et le caractère « ad hominem », « immergé », « situé », « expressif », « passionné » et « substantiel » de la seconde. Nous éclairerons en outre les enjeux complexes de cette critique par quelques remarques introductives et conclusives. | : Charles Taylor’s main philosophical project presents itself as a critique of the “epistemological picture” of rationality. This critique is put forward in the name of a new understanding of reason, more sensitive to its transcendental and historical finitude. We herein propose a short comparative analysis of this epistemological (or post-cartesian) picture and Taylor’s hermeneutical perspective. To this effect, we will compare six essential aspects of these two conceptions : the “apodictic”, “mediational”, “disengaged”, “designative”, “dispassionate”, and “procedural” character of the former, and the “ad hominem”, “immerged”, “situated”, “expressive”, “passionate”, and “substantial” character of the latter. We will also try to shed light on these complex issues by some introductive and conclusive remarks. (shrink)

This article introduces a framework which aims at capturing the complexity of economic organizations. The analysis of most legitimate conventions of coordination results in a new approach to the firm as a compromising device between several modes of coordination which engage different repertoires of evaluation. This contribution to the Économie des conventions offers an analytical tool to operate comparative research on firms, intermediate regulatory committees or public policies.

La théorie de la relativité d'échelle se propose de généraliser les lois de la mécanique à un mouvement continu mais non-différentiable. Cela implique trois conséquences au moins: a) l'espace-temps et donc ses géodésiques deviennent fractals; b) il existe une infinité de géodésiques entre deux points, ce qui conduit à une description non-déterministe; c) le concept de vitesse se dédouble, ce qu'on traduit par un formalisme complexe. L'équation fondamentale de la dynamique s'intègre alors sous forme d'une équation de Schrôdinger, dont les (...) solutions définissent des densités de probabilité qui peuvent s'interpréter en termes de morphologies naturellement hiérarchisées. Cette approche théorique conduit également à proposer des généralisations aux lois invariantes d'échelle, susceptibles d'applications dans des domaines autres que la physique. (shrink)

Este artigo resulta de uma conferência realizada por Laurent Bove, na Universidade Federal do Tocantins, em Palmas/TO, no dia 24 de novembro de 2014, no quadro do Colóquio Desafios da Pesquisa na Contemporaneidade.

In the context of change to the “new modernity” described in Beck’s work, companies develop management modes and methods that focus more and more on individuals. Constitutive of the individualization process, human resources practices have become ambivalent as the process itself. This contribution examines how a managerial and organizational innovation as telework contributes to the process of individualization, and the paradoxes it addresses to management. At the interface of the social and the technical, teleworking appears as a flexible arrangement, meeting (...) employees’ and employer’s demands – which is a characteristic of the process of individualization – by simultaneously fragmenting collectivity, exposing individuals to social risk, and producing exclusion. The authors focus on two consecutive paradoxes of such individualized managerial practices: the individual–collective dilemma and the autonomy–control paradox. Finally, the paper reveals HRM as a new institution of individualization in a world where regulation functions are more and more transferred to individuals themselves. (shrink)