This paper focuses on the concept of the flâneur, deriving largely from the works of Baudelaire and Walter Benjamin, and attempts to reveal its contemporary relevance for sociological practice. The flâneur is treated as an instructive metaphor for the sociologist's relationship with modernity and urban life, and therefore as providing insight into the social, historical and theoretical contexts for the analysis of the world today. More than this, the idea of the flâneur is treated as highly instructive of research strategies (...) confronting urban life, namely ethnography. The paper seeks to expose a critical space between ‘realist’ and ‘textual’ ethnographies and provide a locus for the discussion of associated methodological problems. A burgeoning literature and tradition of work in this area is examined which will also be of interest to the sociological theorist. (shrink)

The rite of the Mass has undergone changes that have transformed the way the faithful participated in the celebrations. On the occasion of the Second Vatican Council, there were changes which were intended to bring about a more active participation of the assembly in the liturgical act. The distance between the canticle and the liturgical rite calls for an investigation, for it is necessary that we know the reason for this happening even today. There is evidence that many chants sung (...) in celebrations are discordant with the liturgical time, and the lack of a correct understanding of the teachings of the Church may be the reason for this, since there are several ecclesial documents on the subject. The present work intends to demonstrate, through the analysis of Church documents and the ideas of renowned authors, specialists in liturgy, the importance of music having a liturgical objective. This article is a bibliographical research, which through the analysis of Church documents mainly, seeks to highlight the importance of liturgy linked to music. Since the Motu Proprio Tra le Sollecitudini, the Church has been regulating how to perform the song to achieve a true liturgical action in the Eucharistic celebration. It should not be forgotten, however, that the participation of the assembly in the Latin Mass was restricted, and there was no possibility of innovation in singing. With the Constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium, the lay participation was expanded, as well as the introduction of the vernacular in the celebrations. Subsequent Church documents have ratified the expansion of secular participation and the local language has made it possible to include new chants in celebrations, including popular ones, which were previously banned. In the Latin mass, the liturgy was more restricted to the clergy; With the council reform, the laity gained more space. Today, the Church's challenge is to preserve the liturgical meaning of singing, respecting popular cultures, but further deepening the lay liturgical-musical formation. (shrink)

No presente artigo, pretendo analisar uma das interpretações da distinção transcendental entre fenômenos e coisas em si mesmas, a tese dos dois aspectos [the two-aspect view]. Meu objetivo é indicar e esclarecer alguns pressupostos fundamentais dessa interpretação, nem sempre explicitados pelos seus defensores. Um dos maiores desafios dessa interpretação é explicar como é possível conciliá-la com a tese kantiana da não espacialidade das coisas em si mesmas. Pretendo mostrar que a conciliação pressupõe a satisfação das três seguintes condições: em primeiro (...) lugar, é necessário admitir que, para Kant, a relação cognitiva entre objeto e sujeito cognoscente é _constitutiva_ do objeto; em segundo lugar, é preciso conceber a identidade entre fenômeno e coisa em si mesma como uma _identidade relativa_, não absoluta; em terceiro lugar, é preciso admitir que certos enunciados sobre o objeto da cognição possuem uma estrutura lógica peculiar, a estrutura de um _juízo reduplicativo_. A análise desses pressupostos visa contribuir para a elucidação dos compromissos teóricos da tese kantiana do idealismo transcendental. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to investigate the first reception of Nietzsche’s philosophy in Brazil, which happened at Escola de Recife (Recife’s School). For this purpose, at first, by using a historical-philosophical approach, the article analyzes the formation of the intellectual movement within the Pernambuco faculty, whose goals included to build a national identity which could detach itself from the European predominance. Then, the article analyzes the first explicit quotation by Tobias Barreto in 1876, which came amid this moment (...) of sociocultural effervescence and would become the motto for the future students, conceiving a more creative and combative philosophy. Finally, the article investigates Germanist scholar members who, besides bringing German studies to the Pernambuco faculty, also believed that these could provide Brazil with cultural enhancement through the Germanism. (shrink)

In this article, we argue that contemporary biomedicine is shaped by two, seemingly incommensurable, organizational logics, the ‘regime of truth’ and the ‘regime of hope’. We articulate their features by drawing on debates sparked by the recent clinical trial of a new approach to the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. We also argue that the ‘self’ is configured in the very same process whereby these two organizational logics interlock and become mutually dependent, so that the ‘self’ might be said to be (...) the effect of a ‘parasitic’ relationship between the regimes of ‘truth’ and ‘hope’. We then bring these two arguments to bear on the contrasting views of the relationship between embodiment and political subjectivity articulated by Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben, on the one hand, and Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose, on the other hand. (shrink)

This article is a methodological discussion of formal approaches to the question of identity of proofs from a philosophical standpoint. First, an introduction to the question of identity of proofs itself is given, followed by a brief reconstruction of the so-called normalisation thesis, proposed by Dag Prawitz in 1971, in which some of its core mathematical and conceptual traits are presented. After that, a comparison between the normalisation thesis and the more well-known Church-Turing thesis on computability is carried out in (...) three main parts: the first dedicated to highlighting some of the analogies between them; the second, their most remarkable differences; and the third, to the possible relations of dependence between the two. Based on these considerations, some concluding remarks concerning the potential of the normalisation thesis and similar approaches to the question of identity of proofs are made in the last section. (shrink)

This article aims to study the coordination of the defenders’ tactical and technical behaviour of successful teams to recover the ball according to contextual variables. A total of 15,369 events and 49 to 12,398 different patterns in 32 games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup’s play-offs were detected and analysed. Results evidenced a T-pattern of the first defender pressuring the ball carrier and his teammates concentrating at the same zone to cover him or space, leading to ball recovery. Field zones, (...) first defender tactical and technical behaviours, and ball carrier first touch constituted opportunities for defenders to coordinate themselves. Moreover, the third defender had a predominant role in his teammates’ temporisation and covering zone behaviours. In the draw, first half, second-tier quality of opponent and play-offs excluding third place and final matches, the ball regularly shifted from upper to lower field zones in short periods, resulting in ball recovery or shot on goal conceded. Defenders performed behaviours farther from the ball carrier, and player-marking were most recurrent to an effective defence. This study’s findings could help coaches give specific tips to players regarding interpersonal coordination in defence and set strategies to make tactical behaviour emerge globally. (shrink)

Increased use of scales in data-driven consumer digital platforms and the management of organisations has led to greater interest in understanding social and psychological measurement expertise and techniques as historically constituted ‘technologies of power’ in the making of what Stark has labelled the ‘scalable subject’. Taking a genealogical approach, and drawing on published and archival data, this article focuses on self-rated health, a scale widely used in population censuses, national health surveys, patient-reported outcome measurement tools, and a variety of digital (...) apps. The article suggests that the first methodological articulation of self-rated health by the investigators of the Cornell Study of Occupational Retirement (1951–58) provides a window into the key epistemic, institutional, and cultural uncertainties about psychological and social measurement, processes of adjustment to ‘old age’, and the capacity of individuals to value their own health. I propose that these uncertainties have become incorporated into extant and operational measurements of health. (shrink)

The Baby Care Scale was designed to assess the involvement of father in infant care during pregnancy and the postpartum period. This study aimed to examine the psychometric characteristics of the BCS – antenatal and BCS – postnatal versions. A sample of 100 primiparous fathers completed the BCS-AN and/or the BCS-PN and self-reported the measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms and of father–infant emotional involvement during pregnancy and the postpartum period, respectively. Good internal consistency was found for both the BCS-AN (...) and the BCS-PN. A two-factor model was found for both versions of the instrument: household tasks and infant care tasks. The BCS-AN and BCS-PN subscales revealed good internal consistency. Higher scores on the BCS-AN predicted higher scores on the BCS-PN. Significant associations were found among the BCS, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and father–infant emotional involvement, revealing good criterion validity. This study suggested that both the BCS-AN and the BCS-PN are reliable multidimensional self-report measures that assess the involvement of father in infant care during pregnancy and the postpartum period. (shrink)

O problema envolvendo o estatuto ontológico das entidades inobserváveis postuladas pelas teorias científicas é um dos mais centrais em filosofia da ciência. O objetivo deste pequeno artigo é o de oferecer um mapa dos posicionamentos mais recentes, sem a ambição de aprofundá-los. O enfoque será nos principais argumentos a favor e contra a capacidade de a ciência descrever corretamente a realidade natural inobservável. Mais especificamente, exporei o argumento do sucesso para o realismo e uma variação do mesmo, bem como as (...) críticas ao referido argumento, tais como a metaindução pessimista, a subdeterminação das teorias pela evidência e uma abordagem darwinista, que evita a ideia de sucesso. Concluirei apresentando como tais argumentos exigiram uma seletividade na abordagem realista, hoje concentrada em três ramos cujos nomes estão de acordo com os elementos sobre os quais cada filosofia recomenda ser realista: realismo explanacionista, realismo de entidades e realismo estrutural. Por uma questão de enfoque, darei apenas uma descrição resumida de cada ramo de realismo citado. (shrink)

Over the past decade, many findings in cognitive about the contents of consciousness: we will not address neuroscience have resulted in the view that selective what might be called the ‘enabling factors’ for conscious- attention, working memory and cognitive control ness (e.g. appropriate neuromodulation from the brain- stem, etc.). involve competition between widely distributed rep-.

The present paper aims to give an account of pessimistic meta-induction and reply to some representative realist authors who want to consider PMI a fallacy. Most of that accounts are misinterpretations of Laudant’s ideas and fails the target. This work intend that PMI is neither a induction nor a reductio, but a skeptic challenge. If this is right then PMI could not be a fallacy and the realism cannot escape from the task of explain why the success is a good (...) indication for the truthlikeness of the current theories. (shrink)

This paper argues that a central explanatory role for the concept of _Umwelt_ in theoretical biology is to be found in developmental biology, in particular in the effort to understand development as a goal-directed and adaptive process that is controlled by the organism itself. I will reach this conclusion in two (interrelated) ways. The first is purely theoretical and relates to the current scenario in the philosophy of biology. Challenging neo-Darwinism requires a new understanding of the various components involved in (...) natural selection processes. An important prerequisite is to understand developmental change in a teleological way. Here, the concept of _Umwelt_ plays a crucial role: if organisms are responsible for generating adaptive variation in specific environments, we need a theory that explains the context-dependent nature of adaptively oriented processes. The _Umwelt_ is thus a central element in determining the goal that an adaptive process pursues. The second path in my analysis also has a historical dimension. I will present Karl Ernst von Baer’s reflections on teleological development and his influence on Jacob von Uexküll’s thinking. I will present various ideas developed by Baer, such as the distinction between _Ziel_ and _Zweck_ and the use of musical metaphors, which can help to understand development teleologically and give Uexküll’s theory a central place in this framework. (shrink)

This article intends to show that the defense of “understanding” as one of the major goals of science education can be grounded on an anti-reductionist perspective on testimony as a source of knowledge. To do so, we critically revisit the discussion between Harvey Siegel and Alvin Goldman about the goals of science education, especially where it involves arguments based on the epistemology of testimony. Subsequently, we come back to a discussion between Charbel N. El-Hani and Eduardo Mortimer, on the one (...) hand, and Michael Hoffmann, on the other, striving to strengthen the claim that rather than students’ belief change, understanding should have epistemic priority as a goal of science education. Based on these two lines of discussion, we conclude that the reliance on testimony as a source of knowledge is necessary to the development of a more large and comprehensive scientific understanding by science students. (shrink)

RESUMO Neste artigo pretendo expor sinteticamente os problemas levantados contra uma das formas de realismo científico conhecida como realismo experimental, além de propor uma formulação mais aceitável do mesmo, resistente a tais críticas. Os problemas alegados pelos oponentes do realismo experimental variam desde a acusação de inadequação em relação à prática da comunidade científica, até a inconsistência ao admitir entidades e propriedades postuladas teoricamente recusando, entretanto, as teorias em que tais entidades e propriedades aparecem. Some-se a essas críticas a de (...) que o próprio critério do realismo de entidades seria implausível, seja porque falha na produção de crenças verdadeiras ou porque não fornece garantias melhores do que outras formas de realismo científico. Argumentarei que, adotando o realismo experimental exclusivamente como um critério epistêmico e aplicando tal critério às propriedades é possível contornar as críticas, reabilitando uma proposta realista que muitos consideravam já descartada. ABSTRACT In this paper, I will expose briefly the problems raised against one kind of scientific realism known by experimental realism and also will propose an acceptable formulation of that realism, resistant to those criticisms. The problems claimed by the experimental realism’s opponents range from the accusation of inadequacy with the scientific community’s practice to the claim that the admission of entities and proprieties without accepting the theories in which those proprieties and entities are supposed is incoherent. Besides, there is another criticism which states that the entities realism’s criterion is implausible, either because it fails to produce true beliefs or because there is no better warranty in adopting it than other kinds of scientific realism. I will argue that adopting experimental realism exclusively as an epistemic criterion and applying that criterion to proprieties it is possible to escape the criticisms, rehabilitating a realist propose that many people though already discarded. (shrink)

Jean-Paul Sartre e Michel Foucault travaram acirrado debate em torno de suas concepções acerca do que é a História. No presente artigo examinaremos o debate entre esses dois autores privilegiando as contribuições que fizeram a partir de suas obras principais nos anos 60. Na Crítica da Razão Dialética Sartre explicita uma noção de História que tem como perspectiva geral a superação e a transformação de estruturas pela práxis humana, determinando assim um lugar fundamental para a atividade do sujeito e de (...) sua consciência na história entendida como processo de totalização dialética. Por outro lado, em As Palavras e as Coisas e em A Arqueologia do Saber, Foucault inscreve sua arqueologia no contexto mais geral de uma mutação epistemológica da história. Seu objetivo é defender uma prática metodológica nova, desfazendo as sujeições antropológicas que, nas suas palavras, permeiam uma concepção obsoleta de história. A partir daí compreende-se sua preocupação em desconstruir uma determinada relação entre dialética-humanismo-história como forjadora de uma “grande evolução contínua e homogênea” para onde tudo converge. Investigando em que medida esta arqueologia esteve voltada para uma contraposição com a noção de história que tem o homem como garantia, isto é, um sujeito que faz a história e garante sua continuidade, veremos que o projeto sartreano de desalienação do homem encontra seu limite, em Foucault, na forma de um projeto de historicização que visa reduzir o lugar desse sujeito transcendental. Finalmente, esses deslocamentos tornam patentes novas possibilidades para se pensar a relação entre história e filosofia. (shrink)

O presente texto, partindo das ideias de Derrida, pretende levantar um questionamento a respeito da repressão filosófica logocêntrica que quer classificar tudo como voz ativa e voz passiva. A différance derridiana, como diferenciação aberta e imprevisível, não se enquadra nos moldes gramatológicos ortodoxos, denotando uma voz intermediária, prenhe de potência, de possibilidades e de uma anarquia improvisadora. Derrida questiona o status do conhecimento pela desconstrução da escritura, interpelando a própria ordem conceitual, porém, não impondo limites à interpretação textual, mas utilizando-se (...) de conceitos indecidíveis, com o intuito de não colocar uma camisa de força aniquiladora da potência linguística e filosófica. (shrink)

O texto está dividido em três momentos distintos, porém, inter-relacionados. Inicialmente, busca-se sintetizar alguns argumentos que ajudem a compreender a emergência do pensamento pós-moderno a partir do final do século XX, notadamente a partir dos anos de 1970. Posteriormente, busca-se historicizar a gênese e o desenvolvimento das teorizações pós-modernas. Por fim, tem-se como ponto de chegada a análise das implicações do ceticismo epistemológico da agenda pós-moderna no trabalho educativo.

The text analyses rituals as endeavours to preserve the identity of a people or a portion of a people. Rituals present or re-present the supposed common history of all the migrants. Social memory and history then tend to merge and to forget... forgetfulness is the driving force behind the writing of history. Particularly critical is the moment when the migration starts, because the need to adapt to new conditions as well as to maintain what is represented as their social identity (...) makes dual – and at times contradictory – demands on the migrants’ imagination. Examples taken from Portuguese migrations are offered as expressions of the conceptual issues raised. (shrink)

Brito proposes a naturalistic analysis of morality, disagreeing with some authors who postulate an insurmountable is-ought gap. Here, we present his main arguments and advance some criticisms to them. Brito’s strategy consists in grounding the normative notion of ought on volitive notions, like “will” and “want”. In his perspective, to reach the moral level, a will has to be directed to itself and to all other wills. We try to show that this strategy fails, since moral normativity cannot be grounded (...) on subjective phenomena, regardless of the contents of these phenomena. We also show some incoherence in Brito’s ideias about the possibility of is-ought reduction, as he seems to advocate that it is not possible to reduce “ought” to “is” while he also proposes the reduction of oughts to facts about volition. (shrink)

(2013). Science-mart: privatizing American science. Journal of Economic Methodology: Vol. 20, Methodology, Systemic Risk, and the Economics Profession, pp. 75-81. doi: 10.1080/1350178X.2013.774858.

Interest among historians, philosophers and sociologists of science in population-based biomedical research has focused on the randomised controlled trial to the detriment of the longitudinal study, the temporally extended, serial observation of individuals residing in the same community. This is perhaps because the longitudinal study is regarded as having played a secondary role in the debates about the validity of populations-based approaches that helped to establish epidemiology as one of the constitutive disciplines of contemporary biomedicine. Drawing on archival data and (...) publications relating to the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we argue however that the historical development of the longitudinal study is richer and more significant than has been appreciated. We argue that this history is shaped by the tension between two sets of epistemic practices, devices and norms. On the one side there were those who emphasised randomisation and sampling to evidence claims about, and justify policies with respect to, the aetiology of disease. On the other side there were those who evoked the technical repertoire of physiological research, especially the notion of the ‘model organism’, to argue for a different integration of the individual in modern society. (shrink)

Although there is broad support in the current Brazilian legislation and many curricular documents published in the last three decades, we still face the challenge of the inclusive education in our classrooms. This is a qualitative research in which we investigate the perception of three school pedagogical coordinators about the inclusion of disabled children in regular classes of Elementary and High School of the schools that self-declared favorable to the Inclusive Education. The results suggest perceptions of Inclusive Education with specific (...) goal to comply with current legislation, which aims exclusively at the socialization of the disabled as a target of charity, without great teaching learning goals that allow equal access to school knowledge and continuity of study in the educational system. (shrink)

The theme of consent is, without question, associated with the origins of bioethics and is one of its most significant paradigms that has remained controversial to the present, as is confirmed by the proposal for its debate during the last World Congress of Bioethics. Seen broadly as a compulsory minimum procedure in the field of biomedical ethics, even today it keeps open the issues that it has raised from the start: whether it is really necessary and whether it can be (...) proven to be effective. My goal will be to attempt to determine the most genuine and relevant meaning of consent, going back from its present dominant normative meaning and, from there, identifying or simply sketching other possible forms of its expression in the world we live in, so as to justify its pertinence and validity. This objective will involve three stages: (1) ‘Consent’ as a privileged paradigm of bioethics (the ethical-juridical sense), (2) The symbolic value of ‘consent’ (the social-cultural sense), and (3) ‘Consent’ as promotion of the human (the humanistic-personal sense) .It is concluded that the common notion of normative consent is not the only one, nor does it hold universal validity; that, from a historical-cultural perspective, new expressions of consent appear, adapted to different social contexts and to possibly be implemented in developing countries; and, finally, that consent is strictly indispensable in situations of extreme dependence, in its symbolic relational character, in as much as it promotes ethical relationships among strangers and ensures that they remain so. (shrink)

This article is part of an initial exploration of concepts as part of my plan for post-doctoral research. Aims to contribute to a better understanding of phenomena of the technologies of communication and perception, focusing particularly on the screens in situations of social-networking. More precisely, to know these new processes that have the support the new media in their additive effects related to perception. A work that relies on the collaboration of an informal network of researchers around the concept of (...) screen-image, which includes members of the Center for Research of Communication and Society from University of Minho and the University of Lusophone (Lisbon). (shrink)

Nietzsche colocou-se como um antípoda a Platão. Mas em questões cosmológicas, o eterno retorno nietzschiano tem também alguns pontos em comum à cosmologia platônica descrita no Timeu. A finitude espacial, a ciclicidade cósmica e a ética cosmológica dizem respeito às semelhanças, já a infinitude temporal, a teleologia e a necessidade afastam os filósofos. Então, neste trabalho, aponto proximidades e afastamentos entre os dois filósofos em questões cosmológicas, além de sugerir alguma atualidade de suas concepções em relação à nossa ciência. Como (...) veremos, a relação entre ética e cosmologia ainda se mostra atual. (shrink)

E todavia um diferente objectivo se pode acrescentar - o de insistir opportune, importune em temas e problemas que vão na reiterada procura do que importa pensar, já que a inércia reflexiva, com obstinado fechamento a coisas novas, não é, além do mais, legítimo cânone intelectual. E as coisas novas a pensar são as que aqui se enunciam? Não o presumimos, mas as que aqui se enunciam pretendem estimular que outros pensem as realmente novas e no-las ofereçam, pois sabemos - (...) isso sabemos! - que o novo está a caminho. É que não só com a Escritura, também no direito e para o pensamento jurídico 'as coisa antigas passaram'. (shrink)

Por que a experiência visionária perturba a filosofia (crítica)? Experimentando uma anarqueologia como procedimento de leitura, argumento que a relação entre filosofia e magia no curso da história ocidental pode ser encenada como uma peça paradoxal. Da mesma maneira que a filosofia racionalista conjura a magia, simultaneamente, tais saberes estiveram presentes de modo polifônico nos bastidores da encenação ilustrada. Para conjurar o demônio é necessário antes evocá-lo. Evoco, assim, o itinerário das viagens aos infernos ao qual certa visão xamanística de (...) alma grega fecunda possibilidades para ensaiarmos um tipo de filosofia pré e pós crítica, onde a experiência visionária aparece posteriormente como pedra no sapato ao pensamento ilustrado, científico e humano. Exemplifico tal questão recorrendo à visão paradoxal de Immanuel Kant quando analisa as experiências visionárias de Emmanuel Swedenborg. Ao reconhecer contemporaneamente a nossa herança legítima como filhos da razão, será preciso reencarnar o lugar bastardo dos sonhos e da mediunidade exorcizada. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Paragrana Jahrgang: 23 Heft: 2 Seiten: 204-215.

The article develops the hypothesis that Covid-19 is one of the most significant results of the Anthropocene era. Indifferent to nature’s veiled, but not inactive conditions, the human era advances over woods and forests, intensifying the increase of emerging infectious diseases, especially those caused by pathogens that generate zoonoses. In addition to health matters, this circumstance implies the urgent revision of the cultural tradition that conceives the energies of nature as availability. Based on these findings, the text criticizes the cultural (...) determination of anthropocentrism, suggesting that the crisis caused by the coronavirus also represents the possibility of new mediations with nature. The thesis defends that, despite the anguish caused by the proximity to death, the pandemic is an opportunity to open our ears anew to listen to the Earth’s thinking. (shrink)

Fazemos uma digressão a respeito dos números transreais, a transmatemática, o infinito nos transreais e o nullity. Uma discussão sobre as novidades que os transreais trazem à matemática e sobre o desafio de serem aceitos pelo meio acadêmico. Propomos uma interpretação contextual para as operações aritméticas entre números transreais, discutimos o fato desses números terem nascido na computação e não na matemática e divagamos sobre a introdução dos novos números: infinito e nullity.

Friedrich Nietzsche, who sought to understand very deeply an inner tension of human feeling, brought up the "superman" as a proposal for the overcoming of man through a force derived from the individual himself, in order to transvalue the dichotomies, errors and prejudices that denied existence, for the sake of its own affirmation. The proposal of overcoming man, announced by Nietzsche in the second half of the nineteenth century, returns later, but no longer through the idea of a force derived (...) from the individual himself, but through his improvement by means of technological devices, promising to make man into a "superhuman". The following work intends to present two proposals for the overcoming of man, it is through Nietzsche and transhumanism philosophy. It is going to be shown that one of the two proposals comes by the idea that man must be overcome due to its decadence, seen by its denial of the world and its instincts, the other proposal is that man is not the final stage of evolution, therefore it must be overcome with tecnological enhacements. (shrink)

This Dictionary presents a broad range of topics relevant in present-day global bioethics. With more than 500 entries, this dictionary covers organizations working in the field of global bioethics, international documents concerning bioethics, personalities that have played a role in the development of global bioethics, as well as specific topics in the field.The book is not only useful for students and professionals in global health activities, but can also serve as a basic tool that explains relevant ethical notions and terms. (...) The dictionary furthers the ideals of cosmopolitanism: solidarity, equality, respect for difference and concern with what human beings- and specifically patients - have in common, regardless of their backgrounds, hometowns, religions, gender, etc. Global problems such as pandemic diseases, disasters, lack of care and medication, homelessness and displacement call for global responses.This book demonstrates that a moral vision of global health is necessary and it helps to quickly understand the basic ideas of global bioethics. (shrink)

In spite of successful tests, the standard cosmological model, the $$\varLambda$$ CDM model, possesses the most problematic concept: the initial singularity, also known as the big bang. In this paper—by adopting the Kantian difference between to think of an object and to cognize an object—it is proposed a degree of scientificity using fuzzy sets. Thus, the notion of initial singularity will not be conceived of as a scientific issue because it does not belong to the fuzzy set of what is (...) known. Indeed, the problematic concept of singularity is some sort of what Kant called the noumenon, but science, on the other hand, is constructed in the phenomenon. By applying the fuzzy degree of scientificity in cosmological models, one concludes that cosmologies with a contraction phase before the current expansion phase are potentially more scientific than the standard model. At the end of this article, it is shown that Kant’s first antinomy of pure reason indicates a limit to our cosmological models. (shrink)

ArgumentIn the late 1960s, in the midst of campus unrest, a group of young economists calling themselves “radicals” challenged the boundaries of economics. In the radicals' cultural cartography, economic science and politics were represented as overlapping. These claims were scandalous because they were voiced from Harvard University, drawing on its authority. With radicals' claims the subject of increasing media attention, the economics mainstream sought to re-assert the longstanding cultural map of economic science, where objectivity and advocacy were distinguishable. The resolution (...) of the contest of credibility came with a string of cases of dismissals and denial of tenure for radicals. The American Economic Association's investigations of these cases, imposing the conventional cultural map, concluded that personnel decisions had not been politically motivated. Radicals were forced to migrate from the elite institutions from which they had emerged to less prestigious ones. “Place” became a marker of their marginalization within the profession. (shrink)

This study investigates whether employees attribute different motives to their organization's corporate social responsibility efforts and if these motives influence employee performance. Specifically, we investigate whether employees could distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic CSR motives by surveying 229 employee–supervisor dyads from various industries , and the impact of these perceptions on in-role and extra-role performance of subordinates. We found that employee task performance increases when employees attribute both intrinsic and extrinsic motives for CSR. Moreover, when employees perceive that their organization (...) invests in a CSR practice that is both intrinsic and extrinsic, they also tend to exert extra effort in their work. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed alongside future research directions. (shrink)

L’un des philosophes les plus importants de l’histoire, Friedrich Nietzsche, est presque ignoré par les physiciens. L’auteur qui a déclaré la mort de Dieu au xixe siècle était enthousiasmé par la science, principalement durant la deuxième partie de son œuvre. À l’aide de la notion physique de force, Nietzsche a créé son concept de volonté de puissance. En pensant à la conservation de l’énergie, le philosophe allemand a eu une certaine inspiration pour créer son concept de l’éternel retour. Dans cet (...) article, on souligne certaines influences de la physique sur Nietzsche et on discute de l’actualité de sa position épistémologique—le perspectivisme. À partir du concept de volonté de puissance, je propose que le perspectivisme conduise à l’interprétation où la physique et la science en général sont considérées comme un jeu. (shrink)

texto explora uma contribuição pragmatista à teoria e às ciências sociais. Seu tema é a relação entre procedimentos pragmatistas de pensamento e as maneiras com que manipulamos e lidamos com as instituições. O objetivo é organizar alguns pontos de vista pragmatistas sobre elas. O primeiro sugere uma adesão às instituições convencionais reconhecidas como o repertório exemplar de dispositivos de organização em uma sociedade livre e justa. Por trás disso, repousam as teses epistemológicas quanto ao caráter conservador de nossas crenças. A (...) segunda abordagem pragmatista sugere uma ênfase na transgressão aos arranjos institucionais vigentes. De acordo com ela, qualquer apologia às instituições petrificadas é uma traição ao espírito humano, caracterizado pelos atributos como atividade, vitalidade e divindade. A terceira abordagem indica uma espécie de equilíbrio entre a mobilização individual e coletiva e o modo como as instituições funcionam. Seu foco é posto sobre a força política das sociedades para mudar conteúdos específicos das instituições existentes através de uma agenda de reconstrução de relações e fazeres. (shrink)

It is shown that a notion of natural place is possible within modern physics. For Aristotle, the elements—the primary components of the world—follow to their natural places in the absence of forces. On the other hand, in general relativity, the so-called Carter–Penrose diagrams offer a notion of end for objects along the geodesics. Then, the notion of natural place in Aristotelian physics has an analog in the notion of conformal infinities in general relativity.