It is still hard to ascertain when the landlord economy (in the exploitation form of a tenancy system) in China got started. At least, however, it was during the middle of the Warring States period, that is, the time of Mencius, that the earliest land issue in China was brought up. Raising the issue was a reflection of how the phenomenon of uneven distribution of wealth surfaced and developed in ancient times. The landlord economy based on the exploitation form of (...) a tenancy system came into existence in the wake of the widening of the uneven distribution of wealth in society. Therefore, we can presume that the landlord economy began to emerge during the middle of the Warring States period at the latest. It seems certain that the landlord economy was already an established fact toward the end of that period. For example, Han Fei noted in his representative writing "On Outstanding Schools": "When discussing the problem how to rule, most of the contemporary scholars propose: ‘Divide the land among the poor to provide resources for the have-nots.’" This shows the problem of uneven distribution of wealth, and the issue of land grew quite serious by that time. This was the first instance that the ruling class advanced the policy of "even distribution of land" in order to mitigate class contradiction. (In the time of Mencius, it seemed the system of "granting land" had not been totally abolished in the eastern states. Therefore Mencius proposed the land policy, aside from maintaining the system of "nine squares," of "restricting the people's property." From this phenomenon we can presume that the landlord economy had, it seemed, already begun to gain ground.) In consequence, out of the Confucians representing the reformists among the patriarchal nobilities emerged such intellectuals as Xun Zi who basically represented the interests of the landlord class. From that time onward, the Confucians gradually integrated themselves with the landlord class. Following the emergence and growth of the landlord economy, it became increasingly evident for China to move toward a unified country. There was the necessity for the small-sized centralized feudal states which arose during the early years of the Warring States period to merge toward the end of the period into a centralized feudal monarchy which stood for the landlords' interest. Han Fei's doctrine was precisely a set of ideas that fitted in with the situation toward the end of the Warring States period and served the autocratic feudal country. (shrink)

本书收录了童庆炳先生专门谈审美心理的论文16篇,着重研究人在审美过程中的心理机制,为审美心理的研究开辟了一个小小的新面。.

Name der Zeitschrift: Semiotica Jahrgang: 2014 Heft: 202 Seiten: 345-364.

Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts in Chinese Judge's Attached Discourse After 2002, courts in China have increasingly been introducing certain judicial reforms, one of them being the improvement of trial language. In these courts, the judges append their comments to the case at the end of their verdicts in writing. The Chinese judge's attached discourses resemble the obiter dicta of judges in Western courts, but there are differences. Since the new element was introduced in some courts in 1998, some doubts have (...) been voiced in strong opposition to the new practice, giving rise to a heated academic debate on the issue. This paper investigates and analyses Chinese judge's attached discourse in terms of discourse analysis categories, such as their usage of illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. (shrink)

本书对构成现代西方哲学思潮的人本主义进行研究,以神话故事蕴涵的深刻意义为缘起论述西方人本主义思想的历史发展,并对中国传统文化人本主义思想进行探析等。.

In this survey of feminist theory, Rosemarie Tong provides coverage of the psychoanalytic, existential and postmodern schools of feminism. The author guides the reader through the complexities of even the most notoriously difficult thinkers. Students will meet and become familiar with many of the essential figures in the feminist tradition, from Wollstonecraft and Engel, on through de Beauvoir, Dinnerstein, and Daly, and up to Mitchell and Cixous. The text treats all views with respect and encourages students to think critically (...) and sympathetically about a wide range of views that have a direct relevance to their own lives. (shrink)

本书内容包括:文学观念的嬗变、文学是人类的一种文化形态、文学是审美意识形态、文学是语言的艺术等。.

In this paper I seek to distinguish a feminist virtue ethics of care from (1) justice ethics, (2) narrative ethics, (3) care ethics and (4) virtue ethics. I also connect this contemporary discussion of what makes a virtue ethics of care feminist to eighteenth and nineteenth century debates about male, female, and human virtue. I conclude that by focusing on issues related to gender - primarily those related to the systems, structures, and ideologies that create and sustain patterns of male (...) domination and female subordination - we can begin to appreciate that true care and bona-fide virtue can flourish only in societies that treat all persons with equal respect and consideration. (shrink)

No other cluster of medical issues affects the genders as differently as those related to procreationcontraception, sterilization, abortion, artificial insemination, in-vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, and genetic screening. Rosemarie Tong s approach to feminist bioethics serves as a catalyst to bring together different feminist voices in hope of actually doing something to make gender equity a present reality rather than a mere future possibility.".

This article unravels the complex set of financial dealings that are at the heart of the Enron story and follows the story through the highs and lows of Enron share prices. The key players are identified and their roles described. Apart from the financial and accounting issues, the Enron story also raises a wide range of ethical issues including corporate governance, organisational culture and ethical leadership and scrutiny. These are discussed in the article. It might be argued that Enron could (...) never have got away with some of its practices if it had been operating in Europe. The article concludes that this view may be naïve, particularly in the light of recent media disclosures of the UK Labour government's continuing flirtation with business donations. The Enron story raises serious considerations in a whole host of financial, economic, political and ethical areas. As the Enron story continues to unfold, an article of this type can only begin to scratch the surface of some of these issues and to lay them out for further investigation. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that a global bioethicsis possible. Specifically, I present the viewthat there are within feminist approaches tobioethics some conceptual and methodologicaltools necessary to forge a bioethics thatembraces the health-related concerns of bothdeveloping and developed nations equally. Tosupport my argument I discuss some of thechallenges that have historically confrontedfeminists. If feminists accept the idea thatwomen are entirely the same, then feministspresent as fact the fiction of the essential``Woman.'' Not only does ``Woman'' not exist,``she'' obscures important racial, ethnic,cultural, (...) and class differences among women. However, if feminists stress women'sdifferences too much, feminists lose the powerto speak coherently and cogently about genderjustice, women's rights, and sexual equality ingeneral. Analyzing the ways in which the ideaof difference as well as the idea of samenesshave led feminists astray, I ask whether it ispossible to avoid the Scylla of absolutism(imperialism, colonialism, hegemony) on the onehand and the Charybdis of relativism(postmodernism, fragmentation, Balkanization)on the other. Finally, after reflecting uponthe work of Uma Narayan, Susan Muller Okin, andMartha Nussbaum, I conclude that there is a wayout of this ethical bind. By focusing onwomen's, children's, and men's common humanneeds, it is possible to lay thefoundation for a just and caring globalbioethics. (shrink)

This response to Asger S?rensen?s paper From Ontology to Epistemology: Tong, Mao and Hegel is made on the basis of a reflection on the author?s intellectual development with special reference to the idea of?dialectics?. This development is mainly composed of three periods, in which the author formed his strong antipathy toward dialectics as a mere tool of power, learnt to understand the importance of?dialogical logic? in providing conceptual tools for human knowledge of a type of reality which is both (...) objective and subjective - human practices - and attempted to understand the?dialectics of rationalization? by integrating?dialectics? in the Western tradition of Critical Theory with the Chinese tradition of?dialectics? systematically interpreted by Feng Qi since the 1990s. (shrink)

This study investigated the psychometric properties of an adapted Chinese version of Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor...

Critical realism, championed by its proponents as the most promising post-positivist social science paradigm, has gained significant influence in the last few decades. This paper provides a critical evaluation of the critical realism movement in the hope of facilitating more fruitful dialogues between its proponents and rivalling schools of sociologists. Two concerns are raised about contemporary critical realism. First, critical realism is not the only philosophical school against positivism and not necessarily the best. Second, critical realists exaggerate the importance of (...) critical realism to social science and conflate philosophy of science with sociological theories. (shrink)