A common feature of all standard theories of the laws of nature is that they are "absolutist": They take laws to be either all metaphysically necessary or all contingent. Science, however, gives us reason to think that there are laws of both kinds, suggesting that standard theories should make way for "non-absolutist" alternatives: theories which accommodate laws of both modal statuses. In this paper, we set out three explanatory challenges for any candidate non-absolutist theory and discuss the prospects of the (...) two extant candidates in light of these challenges. We then develop our own non-absolutist theory, the essentialist DTA account, which combines the nomic-necessitation or DTA account with an essentialist approach to metaphysical modality in order to meet the three explanatory challenges. Finally, we argue that the distinction between kinematical and dynamical laws found in physical theories supports both non-absolutism in general and our proposed essentialist DTA view in particular. (shrink)

Corporations are facing a growing demand for the transparency of political contributions. In the United States, this demand has largely focused on the implementation of a mandatory disclosure law. It rests on the assumption that legal enforcement can make it easier to observe the ties between corporations and political parties. In this study, I challenge this assumption. I build my case by first developing a conceptual foundation of corporate political transparency. I argue that in the absence of economic benefits, legal (...) enforcement has a limited effect on CPT. Instead of encouraging transparency, mandatory disclosure can lead to the concealment of corporate political contributions. To develop a model of concealment, I borrow the characterizations of disguise from theatrical drama. Using the context of Indian firms, I show the limitation of mandatory disclosure and the efficacy of regulatory incentive. My study highlights the need for a broader debate on CPT to understand the relative implications of regulatory policies. (shrink)

Academic integrity is a vital pedagogical responsibility that educational institutions should explicitly address. One of the best ways to uphold academic integrity is to create a culture of academic integrity throughout the school. This is especially imperative at high schools where students develop their moral identity because students who act dishonestly at high school will likely behave accordingly in post-secondary education and ultimately be dishonest in familial and professional settings. Creating a culture of academic integrity is a challenging, long and (...) multifaceted journey. In this respect, this exploratory case study set out to create a culture of academic integrity at a high school in Türkiye and explore what facilitates and impedes the process. We followed Stephens’ (2016) Multilevel Intervention Model and implemented a School-Wide Education program to guide us through the process. We conducted various activities throughout one academic year, from seminars to competitions. At the end of the term, we conducted individual and focus group interviews with the members of the school community and analyzed the interview data to identify facilitators and barriers of the process. The analysis yielded five facilitators (1) creating buy-in, (2) administrative embracement and support, (3) activities that promote student involvement, (4) external expert and school collaboration as praxis, and (5) policy as the blueprint and five barriers (1) deficiencies in responding academic misconduct, (2) prioritization of academic success over academic integrity, (3) teacher resistance against change, (4) exam-based assessment design, and (5) timing of the activities. Each theme was discussed in detail, and recommendations were made for high schools which set out on a journey of creating academic integrity culture. (shrink)

Integrating Kant's ideas on aesthetics and morality, Dr. Kemal explains how Kant's theories emphasize that art is critical to the development of culture and community goals. He clarifies Kant's often obscure efforts to justify artistic judgements and demonstrates Kant's claim that they have their own necessity. Containing explanations of many difficult terms present in Kant's Critique of Judgment, this study is a valuable guide to understanding Kant's association of beauty and morality.

19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren, Eski Yakın Doğu coğrafyasında önemli arkeolojik keşiflerin yapılması ve başta Gılgamış Destanı olmak üzere Sümer, Akad, Babil ve Asur geleneklerine ait çeşitli efsaneleri içeren tabletlerin gün yüzüne çıkarılmasıyla birlikte Mezopotamya efsanelerinin Tevrat hikayeleri ile benzerliği Batı akademisinde bilinir hale gelmiştir. Tevrat hikayeleri ile Mezopotamya efsaneleri arasındaki benzerlik konusunda Batı’da son iki asırda önemli çalışmalar ortaya konmuş ve bunların bir kısmı farklı ölçülerde Türkçe literatüre de aktarılmıştır. Zira Mezopotamya efsaneleri ile bariz benzerlik taşıyan söz konusu Tevrat (...) hikayelerinin önemli bir kısmı, özellikle yaratılış ve Nuh tufanı anlatıları, peygamber kıssaları bağlamında Kur’ân’da da az veya çok farkla yer almaktadır. 20. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Batı’da ortaya konan çalışmalardaki yaygın görüş, tıpkı Tevrat’tan ödünç alındığı kabul edilen Kur’ân kıssaları gibi Tevrat kıssalarının da orijinal anlatılar olmadığı, Mezopotamya efsanelerinden etkilenerek oluşturulduğu yönündedir. Zincirleme bir ödünç alma trafiği doğrultusunda daha önce tarih sahnesine çıkan geleneğin daima ödünç veren unsur, daha sonra tarih sahnesine çıkan geleneğin ise daima ödünç alan unsur kabul edildiği bu tek yönlü bakış açısının gerisinde, kronolojik ve kimi zaman da teolojik veya ideolojik olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz bir şartlanmanın yer aldığı görülmektedir. Bu arka plan ekseninde bu makalenin temel amacı Mezopotamya efsaneleri ile Tevrat kıssaları arasındaki bariz benzerlikle alakalı olarak mevcut çalışmalarda değinilmemiş bazı hususlara işaret etmek, aynı zamanda söz konusu metinler arasında her zaman tek yönlü değil kimi zaman karşılıklı etkinin olabileceğini belli örnekler üzerinden ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda makalede Tevrat metni, Gılgamış Destanı ve Büyük Sargon efsaneleri üzerinden, Gılgamış-Enkidu ve Yakup-Esav çiftleri ile ilgili anlatılar, sepete konup nehre bırakılan ve mucizevi biçimde ölümden kurtularak bir kahraman haline gelen bebek anlatıları ve paralel tufan anlatıları inceleme konusu yapılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda konunun Kur’ân kıssaları ile bağlantısı da önem taşımaktadır. Makalenin bir diğer amacı da, suya bırakılan bebek ve tufan anlatıları üzerinden, Tevrat için muhtemel ve hatta kimi zaman kesin görünen etkileşimin Kur’ân kıssaları için de geçerli olup olmadığına, anlatılar arasındaki benzerliğin her zaman etki üzerinden açıklanıp açıklanamayacağına dair değerlendirmelerde bulunmaktır. (shrink)

a relatively more sympathetic attitude among younger judges, many of them women, and among trainees, may reflect a historical evoluti.

İslam hukukun temel ilkelerinin yazımında ve beyanında usûlcülerin yöntemleri farklıdır. Şîrâzî, fıkıh usûlünde birçok kitap telif etmiş, şöhreti yayılmış bir usûlcüdür. Bu çalışmada Şîrâzî’nin ve onun en önemli kitaplarından olan “el-Luma’ fî usûli’l-fıkh”ın tanıtımı yapılacak ardından yönteminin en belirleyici özellikleri ve kitabının içeriğini sunma yaklaşımı açıklanacaktır. Böylece uygulamalı bir şekilde mensup olduğu fıkhî ekolün ayırt edici özelliklerinin tesbiti yapılacaktır. Araştırmanın neticesinde Şîrâzî’nin mütekellim metodunu takip ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Eserinde fıkıh usûlünün bir dizi teriminin tanıtımına ve usûl kaidelerinin beyanına yer vermesi, (...) onları farklı kanıtlarla doğrulaması ve kaleme alması metodunun belirleyici özelliklerindendir. Şîrâzî, akli, nakli ve dilin delaleti olmak üzere farklı deliller kullanır. Selefin araştırdıkları konuları nakledip kapsamlı bir incelemeyle tartışmalı konuları aktarır. Furu’u fıkıh konularına veciz bir şekilde, sadece temel kaideleri açıklaması ve örnek olması açısından değinir. Eserinde fıkıh usûlü konularına ayrıntılı bir şekilde yer verir ancak kelamî konulara yer vermez. Şîrâzî’nin görüşlerinin kesin delillerle desteklenmesi fikrî bağımsızlığına işarettir. O, araştırmasında tarafsız ve bağımsızdır. Herhangi bir mezhep taassubu düşüncesi yoktur. İhtilaflı meselelerde muhaliflerin delillerini zikretmemesinden ötürü eleştirilmiştir. Eseri bazı meseleler hariç fıkıh usûlünün bütün konularını şamildir. Alanında faydalı ve ulemanın istifade ettiği bir eserdir. (shrink)

In the year 1842, Thomas Cole (1801-1848) painted a set of four oil paintings entitled THE VOYAGE OF LIFE. As the title indicates, the artist likened life to a voyage. This voyage begins with man emerging as a child from a dark cave into the river of life in a spring setting. As this voyage through the river of life continues, man is seen passing through the stages of youth, manhood, & then finally old age. Likewise, the setting of nature (...) is seen correspondingly passing through the stages of summer, autumn, & then finally winter. Any voyage must have a starting point, destination & duration. Also any voyage is a continuation of some sort of existence, & there is a continuity of existence after the voyage is complete. What is this voyage? Why does it have to exist? What existed before this voyage? What will happen after the destination is reached? Why is it short for some, long for others? Why is it easier for some, harder for others? Daheshism deals with these issues & many others. Daheshism is a revolution in the human approach to philosophy, life & religion. It is a new garment for the body of traditional thought & belief. The aim of Daheshism is to provide a universal belief that encompasses all other beliefs. It accomplishes synthesis rather than fragmentation of religious beliefs & expansion rather than contraction of philosophical thought. To order: P.O. Box 16680-8680, Alexandria, VA 22302. Telephone: 703-845-8223, FAX 703-845-8224 or Baker & Taylor Books. (shrink)

حاولت هذه الدراسة الموسومة بـ" أحكام العمل عن بعد في الشريعة الإسلامية" بيان مفهوم العمل عن بعد وحكمه في الشريعة الإسلامية والأدلة الدالة على الحكم الشرعي، وشروط العمل عن بعد وكذا حقوق ووجبات العامل في العمل عن بعد، وبيان التحديات الفقهية التقنية والأخلاقية للعمل عن بُعد وكيفية التعامل معها من منظور شرعي، ثم ذكرت أمثلة تطبيقية من خلال ذكر نماذج ناجحة للعمل عن بُعد في الدول الإسلامية وكيفية تطبيقها، وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن المقصود من العمل عن بعد هو أن يمارس (...) العامل في بيته أو أي مكان يريده العمل عن طريق حاسوب متصلاً بمكان عمله عن طريق الإنترنت مستخدماً أجهزةً تساعده على ذلك، وأن حكم العمل عن بُعد في حد ذاته يعتبر من الأمور المباحة؛ إذ لا يوجد نص شرعي يمنعه أو يوجبه، ومع ذلك، فالأدلة العامة التي تدعو المسلم إلى العمل وكسب الأرزاق تنطبق على العمل عن بعد، إذا التزم بالضوابط الشرعية في العمل وخلصت من محاذير شرعية. ويمكن أن يتغير الحكم التكليفي للعمل عن بُعد بناءً على الظروف المحيطة به وتصحبه، ويكتسب الاستحباب أو الوجوب أو الكراهة أو الحرمة، ولكي يكون العمل عن بُعد متوافقًا مع الشريعة الإسلامية، يجب توافر عدة شروط في كل من العامل ورب العمل ويتضمن التحلي بالقيم والمبادئ الإسلامية، وقد أوجب الإسلام حقوق للعاملين عن بعد من خلال إقرار الأجر العادل له بحيث يناسب عمله، وكذا تحديد ساعات العمل، وتوفير فترات الراحة للاسترخاء واستعادة النشاط، كما أوجب عليه واجبات منها وجوب حفاظ العامل على بيئة عمل مناسبة للعمل بحيث يضمن التركيز والإنتاجية، ووجوب التزامه بمواعيد العمل المحددة وبالسياسات والإجراءات المحددة، وبوجوب الأمانة في أداء المهام والزامه بمجموعة من القيم والمبادئ الإسلامية. والتعامل مع التحديات التقنية والأخلاقية في العمل عن بُعد من منظور شرعي يتطلب مراعاة مجموعة من المبادئ والقيم الإسلامية التي تضمن النزاهة والأمانة في العمل؛ ومن هذه المبادئ والقيم الإسلامية ما هو خاص في حق العامل، ومنها ما هو خاص برب العمل، وذكرت الدراسة أمثلة ناجحة في العمل عند بعد في بعض الدول الإسلامية منها: منتدى" عن بُعد" في الإمارات العربية المتحدة، وبرنامج" العمل عن بُعد" في المملكة العربية السعودية، وشركة الطيران "Air Asia " التقنية في ماليزيا. وختمت الدراسة بذكر أهم ما توصلت إليه من نتائج وبعض التوصيات أراد الباحث أن يذكرها ليكون العمل عن بعد متطابقاً مع أحكام الشرعية الإسلامية. (shrink)

O artigo apresenta uma visão panorâmica dos documentos da Conferência dos Bispos latino-americanos, realizada em Medellín, no ano de 1968. Inicialmente, distingue o Medellín histórico do Medellín simbólico. A seguir, recorda como Assembleia foi bem preparada e se realizou de forma participativa. Então, demonstra a relação de continuidade com o Vaticano II. De outro lado, Medellín não foi uma mera aplicação do Concílio, mas sim uma recepção criativa. No núcleo do artigo, demonstra-se como o método VER-JULGAR-AGIR foi utilizado nos vários (...) documentos de Medellín, alocados em três eixos: promoção humana, evangelização e crescimento da fé, Igreja visível e suas estruturas. Por fim, ele se detém em dois documentos: Pobreza na Igreja e Liturgia. Encerra-se com algumas conclusões abertas, de caráter pastoral. (shrink)

CHAPTER 1 Knowledge What the Muslim woman needs to know Etiquette and conditions of seeking knowledge...

On Averroes, 1126-1198; papers presented at a symposium, Cairo, 1994.

Two approaches to elevating certain laws of nature over others have come to prominence recently. On the one hand, according to the meta-laws approach, there are meta-laws, laws which relate to laws as those laws relate to particular facts. On the other hand, according to the modal, or non-absolutist, approach, some laws are necessary in a stricter sense than others. Both approaches play an important role in current research, questioning the ‘orthodoxy’ represented by the leading philosophical theories of natural laws—Humeanism, (...) the DTA view, dispositional essentialism and primitivism. This paper clarifies the relations between these two emerging approaches, as well as their applicability to physical laws and the status of the challenges they pose for standard theories of laws of nature. We first argue that, despite some significant similarities between the two approaches (especially in the context of Lange’s counterfactual account of laws), they are in general distinct and largely independent of each other. Then, we argue that the support for meta-laws from physical theory and practice is more questionable than usually presented. (shrink)

In his book The Intellectual Virtues and the Life of the Mind: On the Place of the Virtues in Contemporary Epistemology, Jonathan Kvanvig argues that there is an interchangeability of personal and doxastic justification, which ‘blocks the quick route to virtue epistemology’. To prove that personal justification is reducible to doxastic justification, he utilizes λ-calculus expressions that aim to show the logical equivalence of the two notions of justification. In this paper, I argue that he has made an illegitimate move (...) in his translation of the ordinary talk of personal justification into λ-expressions because his translation involves both an elimination from and an addition to the ordinary language. Pace Kvanvig, there is no logical equivalence of personal to doxastic justification. So, his argument for the reducibility of personal to doxastic justification founders. More importantly, since he has failed to disprove that personal justification is irreducibly primitive, he hasn’t shown that the prospects for virtue epistemology are ‘hopeless’. (shrink)

The primary objective of this research is to establish the extent to which small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in the Ha’il region benefit from a significant competitive advantage brought about by an entrepreneurial mindset (innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy). To achieve these objectives, the study used a questionnaire to collect data. A total of 220 SMEs in the Ha’il region were surveyed. The participants completed an online self-administered survey and used the PLS-SEM technique. The researchers found a robust (...) link between differentiation advantage and higher levels of innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, competitive aggression, and autonomy. In addition, the outcomes of the survey reveal that a greater cost advantage is substantially associated with vastly greater innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, and competitive aggression overall. However, cost advantage is not strongly correlated with autonomy. These findings are significant because they shed new light on how competitive advantages are formed through the entrepreneurial orientation of entrepreneurs in the Ha’il region. This is a significant theoretical contribution to the literature on entrepreneurial orientation, specifically in the context of SMEs. The findings may also be valuable in supporting SMEs in being successful by enhancing their competitiveness, as SMEs are key contributors to the development and growth of the economy. (shrink)

Do causes necessitate their effects? Causal necessitarianism is the view that they do. One major objection—the “monotonicity objection”—runs roughly as follows. For many particular causal relations, we can easily find a possible “blocker”—an additional causal factor that, had it also been there, would have prevented the cause from producing its effect. However—the objection goes on—, if the cause really necessitated its effect in the first place, it would have produced it anyway—despite the blocker. Thus, CN must be false. Though different (...) from Hume’s famous attacks against CN, the monotonicity objection is no less important. In one form or another, it has actually been invoked by various opponents to CN, past and present. And indeed, its intuitive appeal is quite powerful. Yet, this paper argues that, once carefully analysed, the objection can be resisted—and should be. First, I show how its success depends on three implicit assumptions concerning, respectively, the notion of cause, the composition of causal factors, and the relation of necessitation. Second, I present general motivations for rejecting at least one of those assumptions: appropriate variants of them threaten views that even opponents to CN would want to preserve—in particular, the popular thesis of grounding necessitarianism. Finally, I argue that the assumption we should reject is the one concerning how causes should be understood: causes, I suggest, include an element of completeness that excludes blockers. In particular, I propose a way of understanding causal completeness that avoids common difficulties. (shrink)

Peace is a universal ideal, but its political life is a great paradox: "peace" is the opposite of war, but it also enables war. If peace is the elimination of war, then what does it mean to wage war for the sake of peace? What does peace mean when some say that they are committed to it but that their enemies do not value it? Why is it that associating peace with other ideals, like justice, friendship, security, and law, does (...) little to distance peace from war? Although political theory has dealt extensively with most major concepts that today define "the political" it has paid relatively scant critical attention to peace, the very concept that is often said to be the major aim and ideal of humanity. In War for Peace, Murad Idris looks at the ways that peace has been treated across the writings of ten thinkers from ancient and modern political thought, from Plato to Immanuel Kant and Sayyid Qutb, to produce an original and striking account of what peace means and how it works. Idris argues that peace is parasitical in that the addition of other ideals into peace, such as law, security, and friendship, reduces it to consensus and actually facilitates war; it is provincial in that its universalized content reflects particularistic desires and fears, constructions of difference, and hierarchies within humanity; and it is polemical, in that its idealization is not only the product of antagonisms, but also enables hostility. War for Peace uncovers the basis of peace's moralities and the political functions of its idealizations, historically and into the present. This bold and ambitious book confronts readers with the impurity of peace as an ideal, and the pressing need to think beyond universal peace. (shrink)

One of the exciting developments in political theory in the last decades is that the boundaries of the discipline gradually but vigorously expanded beyond “the West,” as evident in the rise of work that is often labeled “comparative.” Basic to this shift is the recognition that various thinkers, ideas, and contexts—usually marked as “non-Western”—have been peripheral to, and remain marginalized in, the discipline of political theory. However, the discipline’s framing of the “comparative” as the study of “non-Western political thought” tends (...) to take for granted the boundary between “West” and “non-West.” The primacy of this assumed correspondence between “comparative” and “non-Western” is most visible and problematic in the ongoing institutionalization of the “comparative turn.” I understand comparative political theory as an immanent critique of political theory: the discipline presents itself as global, but in practice it is too often confined to studying a few places, histories, and bodies of knowledge. The “comparative” calls for political theorists to more reliably study politics and power anywhere. To take “comparative” to mean the study of equivalent, coherent forms of “non-Western” otherness is to elide the historicity of “the Western” and the ways in which it has been made in relation to non-Europeans. (shrink)

In a recent paper, Tuomas Tahko has argued for a hybrid view of the laws of nature, according to which some physical laws are metaphysically necessary, while others are metaphysically contingent. In this paper, we show that his criterion for distinguishing between these two kinds of laws — which crucially relies on the essences of natural kinds — is on its own unsatisfactory. We then propose an alternative way of drawing the metaphysically necessary/contingent distinction for laws of physics based on (...) the central kinematical/dynamical distinction used in physical theorising, and argue that the criterion can be used to amend Tahko’s own account, but also that it can be combined with different metaphysical views about the source of necessity. (shrink)

On what I call absolutist essentialism about modality (AE), the metaphysical necessities are the propositions that are true in virtue of the essence (i.e. Aristotelian, absolute essence) of some entities. Other kinds of necessity can then be defined by restriction – e.g. the conceptual necessities are the propositions that are true in virtue of the essence of conceptual entities specifically. As an account of metaphysical modality and some other kinds (e.g. logical, conceptual), AE may have important virtues. However, when it (...) comes to accounting for further important kinds, like natural or normative necessity, it faces a challenge. Three main options have been defended: treat those kinds as further restricted forms of metaphysical necessity; define them as conditional forms of metaphysical necessity; treat them as primitive kinds. -/- In this paper, I propose a new option, which combines the main idea of AE (reducing necessities to essences) with an idea which has been developed largely independently: that of relative essence. On the proposed view, those kinds (e.g. natural necessity) that cannot be grounded in the essences (i.e. absolute essences) of the relevant entities (e.g. natural entities) may be grounded in their relative essences instead. Thus, I propose a generalized, or extended, version of AE, which I call relativized essentialism about modality (RE). In particular, RE offers prospects for a general framework for kinds of modality which is flexible enough to cover a large range of kinds (both absolute and relative ones) while remaining parsimonious and unified. (shrink)

Grounding necessitarianism (GN) is the view that full grounds necessitate what they ground. Although GN has been rather popular among philosophers, it faces important counterexamples: For instance, A=[Socrates died] fully grounds C=[Xanthippe became a widow]. However, A fails to necessitate C: A could have obtained together with B=[Socrates and Xanthippe were never married], without C obtaining. In many cases, the debate essentially reduces to whether A indeed fully grounds C – as the contingentist claims – or if instead C is (...) fully grounded in A+, namely A plus some supplementary fact S (e.g. [Xanthippe was married to Socrates]) – as the necessitarian claims. Both sides typically agree that A+ necessitates C, while A does not; they disagree on whether A or A+ fully grounds C. This paper offers a novel defence of the claim that, in these typical cases, unlike A+, A fails to fully ground C – thereby bringing further support to GN. First and foremost, unlike A+, A fails to fully ground C because it fails to contain just what is relevant to do so, in two distinct senses – explanatory and generative relevance. Second, going for A, rather than A+, as a full ground undermines not just grounding necessitarianism, but modally weaker views which even contingentists may want to preserve. (shrink)

Creation, collection and retention of knowledge in digital communities is an activity that currently requires being explicitly targeted as a secure method of keeping intellectual capital growing in the digital era. In particular, we consider it relevant to analyze and evaluate the empathetic cognitive personalities and behaviors that individuals now have with the change from face-to-face communication to computer-mediated communication online. This document proposes a cyber-humanistic approach to enhance the traditional SECI knowledge management model. A cognitive perception is added to (...) its cyclical process following design thinking interaction, exemplary for improvement of the method in which knowledge is continuously created, converted and shared. In building a cognitive-centered model, we specifically focus on the effective identification and response to cognitive stimulation of individuals, as they are the intellectual generators and multiplicators of knowledge in the online environment. Our target is to identify how geographically distributed—digital—organizations should align the individual’s cognitive abilities to promote iteration and improve interaction as a reliable stimulant of collective intelligence. The new model focuses on analyzing the four different stages of knowledge processing, where individuals with sympathetic cognitive personalities can significantly boost knowledge creation in a virtual social system. For organizations, this means that multidisciplinary individuals can maximize their extensive potential, by externalizing their knowledge in the correct stage of the knowledge creation process, and by collaborating with their appropriate sympathetically cognitive remote peers. (shrink)

Introduction : law, religion and the challenge of accommodation -- Muslim communities in a multicultural context -- Contextualishing Shari ̀ah : Shari ̀ah in the Common Law world -- Muslims, family relationships and the Common Law -- Muslims, crime and the Common Law -- Muslims, business transactions and the Common Law -- Conclusion.

In recent decades, the trope that classical Muslim thinkers anticipated or influenced modern European thought has provided an easy endorsement of their contemporary relevance. This article studies how Arab editors and intellectuals, from 1882 to 1947, understood the twelfth-century Andalusian philosopher Ibn Ṭufayl, and Arabo-Islamic philosophy generally. This modern generation of Arab scholars also attached significance to classical Arabic texts as precursors to modern European thought. They invited readers to retrospectively identify with Ibn Ṭufayl and his treatise, Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān. (...) Comparisons of Ibn Ṭufayl to European thinkers, and re-presentations of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān as the precedent or genesis of European thought, facilitated these editors’ global imaginaries, anti-colonial projects and political fantasies. This article tracks these projects and fantasies through the afterlife of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān from early printings and generalist surveys to later editions and studies, as Ibn Ṭufayl’s significance became sutured into his imagined importance for Europe, and for going beyond Europe. (shrink)

Recently criticism and theory have maintained that Kant's aesthetic theory is central to modernism, and have used Foucault's archaeology to interrogate that modernism. This paper suggests that archaeology ultimately cannot escape Kant's hold because it depends on Kantian theses. The first section will consider how a recent exponent of an 'archaeological' viewpoint characterizes Kant's theory and will set out the critical role Kant ascribes to art. The second section compares Kant and Foucault to argue that despite appearances their projects turn (...) out to be substantially coterminal. My interest in comparing these critics is not only to be provocative but also to show that post-modernist thinking, at least in the guise of Foucault, needs and uses standards that Kant proposes. (shrink)

Nietzsche's writings have shaped much contemporary reflection on the relation between philosophy and art. This book brings together a number of distinguished contributors to examine his aesthetic account of the origins and ends of philosophy. They discuss the transformative power which Nietzsche ascribes to aesthetic activity, including his aesthetic justification of existence and its fusion of social and personal existence, and they investigate his experiments with an 'aesthetic politics' and a politicisation of aesthetics. Together their essays set out the ground (...) for future debate about the inter-relation between art, philosophy, and value. (shrink)

In addition to their conduct, organizations can be stigmatized for conduct they did not engage in. Advancing a conceptual foundation of illusory conduct stigma, I explain how it stems from a perceptional process that is distinct from the one underlying conduct stigma. I use conspiracy theory as an illustrative source of illusory conduct stigma and explain how the former evolves in the absence of evidence, differs from an official narrative, and incorporates organizations. The study proposes that organizations are likely targets (...) when they have higher status, larger size, and recent media coverage, and the targeting is persistent when organizations are complex, diversified, and carry strong emotional appeal. Moreover, organizations are at times participants in the production, facilitation, and forbearance of illusory conduct stigma. The study contributes by explicating how organizations are affected as well as how they participate in the development and propagation of illusory conduct stigma. (shrink)

İnsan hürriyyeti mefhumunun asırdan asıra değişen bir manası vardır. Bu mesele,selef ulemanın yanında cebir ve ihtiyar konusu olarak biliniyordu. Daha sonraları bu mesele genişleyerek tesyîrve tahyîr meselesi olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Modern çağda ise âlimler bu konuyu insan hürriyeti ismi altında ele almışlardır. Her fırkanın kendine has bir görüşü vardır. Varoluşçuluk felsefecileri de hürriyet hakkında konuşmuşlardır ve hatta şunu da söylemişlerdir: “Hürriyet, insanın maddi vücudiyetinin cevheridir.” Bu araştırmada bizzat bu düşünce münakaşa edilecektir. Bunu münakaşa etmeden önce de varoluşçuluk ve varoluşçuların ne olduğunu, (...) en önemli düşüncelerini bilmek gerekir. Bu konudan sonra da Şeyh Muhammed Said Ramazan el-Bûtî’nin onlara olan cevabı ve en önemli düşüncelerine olan eleştirisi ele alınmaktadır. Ta ki sonuç kısmına ulaşana kadar: Hürriyet, insanın maddi vücudiyetinin cevheri midir yoksa değil mi? (shrink)

This article examines the socio-political context surrounding theMalayan Insurgency and how it shaped the outcome of counterinsurgency operations in the Malayan peninsular. It will put forwardthe idea that the success of British COIN in Malaya was primarily due tothe structure of Malayan society that was inhospitable towards a communistinsurrection by analysing the significance of race relations, religion, cultureand the impact of diaspora towards the changing social landscape of Malaya.

Whether a collection of scientific data can be explained only by a unique theory or whether such data can be equally explained by multiple theories is one of the more contested issues in the history and philosophy of science. This paper argues that the case for multiple explanations is strengthened by the widespread failure of models in mathematical logic to be unique, i.e., categorical. Science is taken to require replicable and explicit public knowledge; this necessitates an unambiguous language for its (...) transmission. Mathematics has been chosen as the vehicle to transmit scientific knowledge, both because of its “unreasonable effectiveness” and because of its unambiguous nature, hence the vogue of axiomatic systems. But mathematical logic tells us that axiomatic systems need not refer to uniquely defined real structures. Hence what is accepted as science may be only one of several possibilities. (shrink)

This book is an original and important study of philosophical issues in medieval Arabic poetics. Examining the commentaries on Aristotle's Poetics by Avicenna in the context of Aristotle's logical theory, the author shows how the philosophers justified the logical and moral power of poetic discourse.

An important task for metaphysicians and philosophers of science is to account for laws of nature – in particular, how they distinguish themselves from ‘mere’ regularities, and the modal force they are endowed with, ‘natural necessity’. Dispositional essentialism about laws is roughly the view that laws distinguish themselves by being grounded in the essences of natural entities. This paper does not primarily concern how essentialism compares to its main rivals – Humeanism and Armstrongeanism. Rather, it distinguishes and comparatively assesses various (...) brands of essentialism – which mainly differ as to where exactly they take laws to find their essentialist sources, and what they take to be the targets of laws, namely what they apply to. Yet, this internal comparison is not unrelated to the more general debate about laws: the main criteria with which I compare these essentialist views concern how they can deal with some of the main objections faced by essentialism in general, and how they can keep what is arguably the main intuitive advantage of essentialism over its rivals. Thus, the paper also concerns the relative position of essentialism in the larger debate about laws – ultimately bringing support to it. (shrink)

Ce double numéro de _Noesis _est issu du colloque « Europe, État, fédéralisme » que Mélanie Plouviez et Pierre-Yves Quiviger ont organisé à la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société Sud-Est (MSHS-SE), à Nice, du 3 au 5 octobre 2017, dans le cadre du programme de recherche en droit, en philosophie du droit et en philosophie politique, qui associe depuis 2010 le Laboratorio Hans Kelsen (LHK) de l’Università degli studi di Salerno ; l’équipe « Normes, Sociétés, Philosophies (...) » (NoSoPhi) de l’Institut des sciences juridique et philosophique de la Sorbonne à l’Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne (ISJPS) ; et, depuis 2012, le Centre de recherches en histoire des idées (CRHI) d’Université Côte d’Azur (UCA). Le choix du thème de l’Europe a été déterminé par le constat de l’accumulation des « crises européennes » depuis alors plus de dix ans : « constitutionnelle », « grecque », « des dettes souveraines », « de la zone euro », « ukrainienne », « des réfugié-e-s », « sécuritaire » ou e... (shrink)

The article is devoted to the nature of science. To what extent are science and mathematics affected by the society in which they are developed? Philosophy of science has accepted the social influence on science, but limits it only to the context of discovery (a "locational" approach). An opposite "attributive" approach states that any part of science may be so influenced. L. Graham is sure that even the mathematical equations at the core of fundamental physical theories may display social attributes. (...) He has used the investigations of the famous Soviet physicist V. Fock on the General Theory of Relativity which were under the influence of Marxism. The Goal of the article is to demonstrate: 1) Why Soviet science is not an appropriate subject-matter for testing the thesis of social constructivism, 2) That differnt levels of science and different stages in the development of science undergo social influences in different degrees ranging from very significant and unavoidable to absolutely trivial and easy eliminated. (shrink)