BackgroundScientific literature on posttraumatic growth after terrorist attacks has primarily focused on persons who had not been directly exposed to terrorist attacks or persons who had been directly exposed to them, but who were assessed few months or years after the attacks.MethodsWe examined long-term PTG in 210 adults directly exposed to terrorist attacks in Spain a mean of 29.6 years after the attacks. The participants had been injured by a terrorist attack or were first-degree relatives of people who had been (...) killed or injured by a terrorist attack. They completed diagnostic measures of emotional disorders and measures of PTSD and depression symptomatology, optimism, and PTG.ResultsMultiple regression analyses revealed gender differences and a positive linear relationship between PTG and cumulative trauma after the terrorist attack. Some PTG dimensions were significantly associated with PTSD symptomatology, these associations being linear, not curvilinear. However, PTG was not associated with depression symptomatology, diagnosis of emotional disorders, age, elapsed time since the attack, or optimism. In comparison with survivors assessed 18 years after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, Spanish victims of terrorism showed higher levels of appreciation of life, but lower levels of relating to others and spiritual change.ConclusionThe findings underscore the influence of gender on PTG and provide support to the hypothesis that some emotional distress may be a necessary condition of PTG. Future studies on PTG after terrorist attacks should take into consideration the characteristics of the terrorist attack itself and the contexts of violence and threat in which it occurred. The political, social, and cultural characteristics of the community affected by it and the profile and characteristics of other traumatic events suffered after the attack should also be taken into account in further research. (shrink)

Este artículo indaga como se vinculan Feminismo, Ética y Educación, para entregar pautas de acción adecuadas para nuestra época. Se comienza analizando la deconstrucción de los estereotipos de género del proyecto patriarcal de la modernidad. Luego se pone en diálogo los pensamientos de variadas feministas posmodernas. Por último, se propone una educación con perspectiva tanto ética como de género que entregue una normatividad orientadora para la construcción de los nuevos sujetos, preservando el llamado ético a la igualdad y la posibilidad (...) de elegir. (shrink)

In “Violence and Metaphysics” Jacques Derrida suggests that “the only effective position to take in order not to be enveloped by Hegel would seem to be…to consider false-infinity…irreducible.” Inversely, refuting the charge of logocentrism associated with Hegelian true infinity ( wahrhafte Unendlichkeit ) would involve showing that Hegel’s speculative logic does not establish the infinity of being exempt from the negativity of the finite. This paper takes up Derrida’s challenge, and argues that true infinity is crucial to Hegel’s understanding of (...) ideality as a question of normative authority, which does not fall prey to logocentrism. Through an exposition of the dialectic of the finite and the infinite in Hegel’s Science of Logic , I argue that true infinity is not an ontological category that eliminates division, but rather refers to the metalogical standpoint involved in a philosophical account of determinacy. Although fully achieved at the end of the Logic , the metalogical standpoint that Hegel elaborates in the Seinslogik under the banner of the true infinite already clarifies that determinacy is a product of normative authority that is itself precarious. (shrink)

Aún no hay unicidad de criterio para poder definir cuál es la principal función de Internet, ¿es un medio de comunicación, un canal de venta o un nuevo soporte publicitario?, ¿tal vez una herramienta de gestión? Para muchos Internet es solamente una tecnología más. Pero la verdad es que ha modificado radicalmente la forma de hacer negocios; los productos digitales sin necesidad de entrega física, los formatos publicitarios únicos de la red, la comunicación instantánea o las formas de asociación on-line (...) hacen que Internet trascienda a la tecnología que la sustenta para convertirse en una realidad que merece una especial atención por parte de la empresa. (shrink)

El duelo de una persona adulta por la muerte de un animal no humano suele ser percibido por quienes la rodean como ridículo, frívolo o patológico. A estas actitudes reprobatorias típicamente subyacen creencias relativas a las limitadas facultades de los animales no humanos y/o los supuestos requerimientos de una vida humana plena. Consideraré varios argumentos en contra de tales creencias y espero que eso desactive algunas de las objeciones que podrían plantearse a la siguiente tesis que quiero defender: El duelo (...) por un animal no humano puede entenderse adecuadamente en términos de la frustración de los deseos categóricos que pierden sentido tras su muerte. Para sostener esta tesis argumentaré que las nociones de vida plena y de identidad práctica son constitutivas de las concepciones tanto de deseo categórico como de duelo. (shrink)

Sick and Blamed: Criminal Law in the Chilean Response to COVID-19 The Chilean government called upon ideas of social solidarity to fight the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 and it relied heavily on the criminal law in order to secure compliance with sanitary restrictions. However, because restrictions and prosecutorial policy did not take into account social background and people’s ability to comply with the law, prosecutions soon created groups of people who were being both over-exposed to disease and death, and over-exposed to (...) control, blame and punishment. The configuration of this overpoliced and underprotected group became so visibly unjust that appealing to social solidarity to justify the criminal enforcement of sanitary restrictions became almost insulting. This forced the Fiscal Nacional to develop a ‘socially sensitive’ prosecutorial strategy, something that we have not often seen despite Chile’s inequalities. The changes in policy by the Fiscal Nacional suggest that perhaps, at times, penal institutions can be made accountable for acting in ways that create estrangement rather than cohesion. (shrink)

The aim of this research is to analyse the socio-pedagogical actions carried out in Spanish prisons. To do so, we begin by analysing the main regulations covering educational policy in prisons, share as an essential axis the orientation of the custodial sentence towards the re-education and social reintegration of the prisoners, serving as a basis for justifying social intervention. Secondly, we analysed the prison population, where we observed a prevalence of men over women, a greater presence of crimes related to (...) material offences and an average age of the population between 35 and 45 years old. Thirdly, based on the legislative and contextualized review, we analysed the programmes that are carried out in prison, the socio-educational potentials that may arise, through their principal objectives and the target groups they are aimed at, with the purpose of detecting good socio-educational practices. We underline the social and pedagogical function of these activities, as opposed to the therapeutic vision from which they emanate, highlighting the emancipatory potential of such an approach. Finally, we conclude with the professionalizing principles that can guide good practices in socio-educational intervention in prison, both in the Spanish context and in other countries with similar characteristics. (shrink)

Al recorrer nuestro espacio nos encontramos diariamente con múltiples marcas territoriales que hemos naturalizado, las mismas se han convertido en parte de nuestro paisaje hasta el punto que pocas veces nos preguntamos cuáles son sus orígenes. En esta entrevista, hablamos con la Dra. Natalia Cabanillas, quien busca recuperar la importancia de la desmonumentalización, pensada desde la relación intrínseca entre las marcas simbólicas y las prácticas concretas que evidencian las relaciones de poder. Para ello, analiza dos casos: Rhodes Must Fall en (...) Ciudad del Cabo (Sudáfrica) y los monumentos en Redenção (Brasil), las resistencias ante la crítica y las problemáticas que allí se ponen en juego. (shrink)

The sequencing of the human genome has opened the way for using bioinformatics to identify sets of genes controlled by specific regulatory signals. Here, we review the unexpected diversity of DNA response elements mediating transcriptional regulation by estrogen receptors (ERs), which control the broad physiological effects of estrogens. Consensus palindromic estrogen response elements are found in only a few known estrogen target genes, whereas most responsive genes contain only low‐affinity half palindromes, which may also control regulation by other nuclear receptors. (...) ERs can also regulate gene expression in the absence of direct interaction with DNA, via protein–protein interactions with other transcription factors or by modulating the activity of upstream signaling components, thereby significantly expanding the repertoire of estrogen‐responsive genes. These diverse mechanisms of action must be taken into account in screening for potential estrogen‐responsive sequences in the genome or in regulatory regions of target genes identified by expression profiling. BioEssays 24:244–254, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/bies.10066. (shrink)

The current study analyzed how trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) mediates the relationship between self-esteem and state anxiety (STAI-S) and trait anxiety (STAI-T). The sample was composed of 153 undergraduate students from the University of Cádiz, Spain (71.9% women and 28.1% men). Students completed measures of self-esteem, STAI-S, STAI-T, and trait EI. Mediation analyses were completed with three trait EI dimensions (emotional attention -EA-, emotional clarity -EC-, and mood repair -MR) as mediating variables, self-esteem as the independent variable, and STAI-S (...) and STAI-T as the dependent ones. Our results confirmed that self-esteem scores explained and predicted both, STAI-S and STAI-T values (13% for STAI-S and 21% for STAI-T). This explanatory capacity is increased by 8% when accounting for all trait EI dimensions. Considering STAI-S, the results of the direct effects showed that a decrease in their levels is predicted through the increases in the levels of both, self-esteem and MR. Regarding STAI-T, the results of the direct effects showed that a decrease in their levels is predicted, in addition to an increment of self-esteem and MR values, by an increase of EC and a decrease of EA. Conversely, indirect effects revealed that higher levels of self-esteem were associated with worse scores in EA and worse MR, which in turn would enhance both STAI-S and STAI-T levels. Moreover, regarding STAI-T higher levels of self-esteem were associated with worse scores in EA and worse EC, therefore increasing STAI-T levels. As shown, the negative association found between self-esteem and EA becomes a key element. The effect of self-esteem on EA and the influence that the latter had on EC and MR exerts an indirect mediated effect with the power to invert the influence that self-esteem wields on both types of anxiety. In this sense, the apparent protective role of self-esteem changed, turning into a risk factor that promotes higher anxiety values. (shrink)

How should we understand the method of the critique of political economy in Capital? Returning to the epistemic problem endemic to the notion of critique in Marx is essential today. The method organizes the relation between the economic analysis of exploitation and the historical analysis of expropriation central to current debates concerning Marx’s corpus. In this article, I seek to establish the significance of the epistemic problem, pointing out the gaps generated when the dialectical character of Marx’s method is suppressed. (...) To this end, I consider two interpretations of Capital, one normative, exemplified by the work of Karen Ng, the other dialectical, exemplified by the work of Stephanie Smallwood. (shrink)

Grounding refers to expressions that establish a connection between the ground and the content evoked by a nominal or finite clause. In this paper we report on two grammatical implementations of nominal grounding in Argentine Sign Language: pointing and placing. For pointing constructions, we also examine distal-proximal pointing and directive force. We introduce the concept of placing, in which a sign is produced at a specific meaningful location in space. Two types of placing are discussed: Placing-for-Creating, in which a new (...) meaningful location is created, and Placing-by-Recruiting, which recruits an existing meaningful location. We suggest that our analysis of pointing and placing provides an account of nominal grounding unified by general cognitive principles as described within the theory of Cognitive Grammar. Pointing is known to occur in all signed languages studied to date. Although previously undocumented, we suggest that placing is also common to many, perhaps all, signed languages. (shrink)

Reivindicación de Maquiavelo en la obra de Hannah Arendt -- Acercamientos a Max Weber desde una crítica a la modernidad -- La violencia como disolución de lo político.

Cet article analyse quatre photographies qui révèlent différents modes de vie et de résistance combattante des femmes indigènes au Chiapas. On les voit ainsi s’organiser et transformer leur propre image. En même temps, elles construisent leur autonomie à la lumière du genre et à travers la conscience de leur statut social et de leur appartenance au peuple indigène de Mexico. « Personne ne peut nous prendre ce que nous sommes » (Commandante Esther, EZLN).

La trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual es un delito que se encuentra vinculado a las desigualdades de género y sociales, a la alta demanda de prostitución, a la inmigración irregular y al crimen organizado internacional. Es una vulneración de los derechos de las personas víctimas, especialmente la dignidad y la libertad. Aunque se han realizado importantes avances normativos y políticos tanto en el ámbito internacional como nacional, en los países donde las mujeres son explotadas, suelen ser detenidas, (...) tratadas como delincuentes y deportadas, sin que hubiesen sido identificadas, protegidas y atendidas, tal como lo establecen la normativas internacionales. En este sentido, el artículo presenta la experiencia de APRAMP como organización especializada en la lucha contra la trata, que ofrece un modelo de atención integral desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos y género para garantizar los derechos de las mujeres y menores de edad víctimas de este delito. (shrink)

En este escrito me propongo examinar el papel ambiguo que pueden desempeñar las que solemos llamar "emociones morales" en la reflexión moral y, en especial, en lo que atañe al concepto de responsabilidad. En la primera parte muestro cómo dichas emociones "morales", la culpa y la vergüenza, pueden ap..

Este artículo se centra en el análisis hermenéutico focaultiano de cuatro nociones del pensamiento griego clásico: La Parrhesía o discurso veraz, la Paideia o educación, la Psicagogia o conducción de las almas, y por último la Epimeleia Heautou o el cuidado del sí mismo. Se esboza que mediante el discurso verdadero un mentor conduce el alma de su discípulo en su propia construcción o transformación, emergiendo un sujeto político que será apto para gobernar las almas de los otros hombres, mediante (...) la verdad, la ética y la política. (shrink)

Answering the challenge of G. W. F. Hegel's idealism and its perceived logocentrism has arguably been a defining feature of nineteenth- and twentieth-century continental philosophy. Today, in the midst of a Hegel renaissance, Hegel's legacy within continental philosophy is far more ambivalent. In this essay, I cut across debates about the status of Hegel's idealism in order to offer a reflection on the legacy of Hegel by reconstructing a Hegelian notion of legacy. I develop this notion in response to Jacques (...) Derrida's discussion of inheritance in Specters of Marx (1993). Both Hegel and Derrida articulate the structure of legacy, inheritance, and history on the basis of the strictures of gathering. For both, gathering is an act of memory that determines a legacy as a legacy, a history as a history. Gathering determines an event, norm, idea, or institution as something to be passed on for a future to come. While Derrida concludes that inheritance implies decision, Hegel's recollection provides the basis for what I will call a critical history, which contributes to any such decision in crucial ways. (shrink)

El duelo anticipado es un tema al que la filosofía ha prestado muy poca atención, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con el duelo que sigue a la muerte. Una peculiaridad obvia del primero es que sucede mientras todavía existe una relación interpersonal entre el doliente y aquel por quien se duele. En este artículo examino el impacto que el duelo anticipado puede tener en dicha relación, particularmente con respecto a las actitudes reactivas de sanción, propias del conflicto interpersonal.

In response to recent work on the nature of human aggression, and to shed light on the proximate, as opposed to ultimate, causes of tribal warfare, we present a record of events leading to a fatal Waorani raid on a family from another tribe, followed by a detailed first-person observation of the behavior of the raiders as they prepared themselves for war, and upon their return. We contrast this attack with other Waorani aggressions and speculate on evidence regarding their hormonal (...) underpinnings. On-the-ground ethnographic observations are examined in light of the neuroendocrinological literature. The evidence suggests a chain of causality in launching lethal violence, beginning with a perceived injury, culminating in a massacre, and terminating in rejoicing. Although no blood or saliva samples were taken at the time of this raid, the behaviors were consistent with a deliberate initiation of the hormonal cascade characterizing the “fight-or-flight” response, along with other hormonal changes. We conclude with observations on the stratified interrelationships of the cognitive, social, emotional, and neuroendocrinological causes of aggression leading to coalitional male homicide. (shrink)

Some mutual funds not only apply the usual asset management and custodial fees, but also front loads and redemption fees as a kind of ‘toll charge’ payable on entering and/or leaving the fund. The aim of this work is to examine the implications of the different loads and fees applied to mutual fund investors in the Spanish market. The results show that there is a relationship between the various charges and fees. The fact that load fund companies charge higher management (...) and custody fees proves the potential of the fund companies to impose higher fees on a segment of the clientele. The investors in load funds, which tend to be large in number of shareholders and belonging to banks and savings banks, are small investors who show a low cost sensitivity. A lower level of financial sophistication may be the reason for the apparent lower price awareness. The problem is that the investors in load funds are not financially compensated for the extra cost represented by the front‐load and redemption fees. The only beneficiary seems to be the financial institution itself. On this view, the survival of load funds seems to depend on the lack of financial sophistication of their clientele, combined with market inefficiencies. It is worth asking about the ethics of a situation of market segmentation that allows managing institutions to benefit from the segment of the least sophisticated investors. (shrink)

El presente artículo aborda el análisis curricular de la Lic. en Psicología de la UAQ. Valora elementos que se consideran por parte de los organismos evaluadores y acreditadores, y se recuperan los principales que deben ser atendidos en la evaluación curricular y el rediseño de las áreas de la licenciatura. Palabras clave: Análisis curricular, psicología, organismos evaluadores, organismos acreditadores, evaluación curricular.

Este trabajo se centra en el papel que juega la afectividad en la conocida como transformación hermenéutica de la fenomenología llevada a cabo por el joven Martin Heidegger. Tras establecer en la introducción la estrecha vinculación que existe entre la afectividad y la facticidad, tomo como hilo conductor la noción de movilidad de la vida fáctica. En un primer momento explico la peculiar significación que adquiere este término en la filosofía del joven Heidegger. En segundo lugar me detengo a analizar (...) la doble “movilidad fundamental” del amor y el odio como la matriz intencional del curare en la interpretación heideggeriana de las Confesiones de San Agustín durante las lecciones del semestre de verano de 1921. En un tercer momento considero la doble movilidad del pathos y de la disposición afectiva en las lecciones de 1924,_ Conceptos fundamentales de la filosofía aristotélica_. Y, _finalmente_, explicito la “lógica del corazón” que subyace a la hermenéutica de la facticidad desde la confluencia de la tradición neotestamentaria del _affectus _ y la tradición griega del _pathos_. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar si el problema de la adopción supone un obstáculo real para la revisión de la lógica. En este marco, defendemos una posición antiexcepcionalista de la lógica y examinamos la posibilidad de modificar las prácticas inferenciales a raíz de una modificación en la teoría lógica. Aun cediendo el punto central del problema, argumentamos que no solo puede salvaguardarse la posibilidad de modificar racionalmente nuestra teoría lógica, sino también la de razonar deductivamente siguiendo nuevos patrones (...) inferenciales. Es decir, consideramos que el dilema kripkeano alcanza únicamente para rechazar la posibilidad de adoptar ciertos principios lógicos, así como de razonar de acuerdo a ellos según una noción específica de “adopción”, pero no anula la posibilidad de adquirirlos mediante otros mecanismos a los que llamamos “adquisición por inmersión” y “adquisición por decodificación”. (shrink)

Hegel famously argued that Kantian Moralität is an empty formalism. This article offers a defense of Kant’s formalism and suggests that it is crucial to Hegel’s own idealism. My defense, however, depends on reading Kantian morality non-morally, as a theory of normative authority. Through a reading of the Grundlegung and Religion, the article delineates Kant’s hyperbolic formalism—the insistence on giving an account of the form of rational agency by isolating willing from all content. The article accordingly assesses Kant’s understanding of (...) autonomy as a matter of institution-subjection. It also critically engages Henry Allison’s groundbreaking work on Kant. Hegel follows Kant in arguing that determinacy is a matter of institution-subjection, and in the Logic provides a radically formalist justification of the role of normative authority in determinacy. Unlike Kant, who articulates institution-subjection as a matter of an isolated subject, Hegel shows that institution-subjection is a matter of social practices. (shrink)

Our conversations about punishment have been constrained by the presumption that crimes ought to be punished. This presumption does not entail that crimes must be punished, but rather that punishment occurs as a natural response to wrongdoing instead of as a conventional creation. As a consequence, the challenges for punishment’s justification have been reduced to the problems of purpose, opportunity and form, leaving unaddressed the question of the authority of a certain polity to impose this form of treatment on a (...) given individual. In order to present and criticize this presumption, the article traces its origins by revisiting the debate about the nature of punishment that took place during the emergence of liberal political philosophy. After evaluating the main arguments of this debate the article concludes by arguing that liberal theories of punishment should give up this presumption. (shrink)

En Chile se ha otorgado importancia al aprendizaje del inglés en la enseñanza superior, y en la mayoría de las universidades se ha incorporado, en los perfiles de egreso, una competencia relacionada con el idioma inglés. Las mediciones actuales según, la escala del Marco Común Europeo indican un logro de nivel A1 o A2 de este idioma. La motivación es reconocida como una variable psicológica multifacética que impacta, entre otros aspectos, en el proceso de aprendizaje de una segunda lengua. En (...) este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la variable motivación y rendimiento académico de estudiantes universitarios en una asignatura de inglés. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-correlacional, con un diseño no experimental de carácter transversal. Se aplicó el instrumento Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) de Sandoval Pineda (2011) a una muestra de 53 estudiantes pertenecientes a la carrera de Pedagogía Media en Inglés de una universidad regional en Chile. Los resultados demostraron que la subdimensión de la variable motivación que obtuvo el promedio más alto fue la _Orientación Integrada_ (OINT) (M = 6.712; _DE_ = 0.456). El promedio obtenido por la variable rendimiento académico es M= 5.117 y la desviación estándar DE= 0.917. De acuerdo con la rúbrica de evaluación, el nivel de desempeño de los estudiantes es _Good_, que se describe como: _Student utilizes topic-related vocabulary in an accurate manner for the situation given__,_ aunque los resultados muestran una alta dispersión. En relación con el análisis de la correlación entre las subdimensiones de la variable motivación y rendimiento académico, no se observó una relación significativa (r = 0.072 y un p-valor de 0.610). Algunos de los hallazgos muestran que, los estudiantes reflejaron altos niveles de motivación hacia el aprendizaje del inglés, aunque no se demostró una relación significativa entre la motivación y las calificaciones. (shrink)

Aquiles, al elegir una vida corta y gloriosa bajo los muros de Ilión, renuncia a la existencia oscura pero agradable y duradera que para él quería su divina madre. Esta opción de Aquiles por la mortalidad es el punto de partida del último ensayo de Javier Gomá —Aquiles en el gineceo, o aprender a ser mortal— donde aborda la necesidad moral a la que todos los individuos debemos enfrentarnos de aceptar nuestra propia finitud. Esta cuestión forma parte de un asunto (...) más general al que está consagrando una tetralogía del que este libro constituye la segunda entrega: la experiencia de la vida. En esta nota se hace una presentación general de la obra y se propone una posibilidad alternativa (o más bien complementaria) al planteamiento general. (shrink)

En la antigua Grecia la tragedia constituía no sólo una fuente de entretenimiento sino también, y sobre todo, un poderoso instrumento de reflexión práctica. De ese modo, aquí se propone una relectura de la tragedia de Antígona y un análisis del acto de desobediencia que ocupa el núcleo de la obra, para mostrar por qué medios el poeta induce a su público a una revisión profunda de sus creencias sobre lo el valor y sobre lo que significa actuar mal. La (...) herramienta hermenéutica principal para valorar el alcance de esa reflexión en el seno de la sociedad ateniense será el examen de las reacciones que cabía esperar en el público que asistía a la representación. (shrink)

https://revistes.uab.cat/enrahonar/article/view/v38-orsi.

Critical theory must add to its agenda “disrupt[ing] the easy passage from critique [to] its neoliberal double”, Nancy Fraser recently argued. Emancipatory movements have not only been transformed by neoliberalism. They have, “unwittingly”, provided powerful “ingredients” for the transition to neoliberalism. This essay examines Axel Honneth and Nancy Fraser’s assessment of and normative proposal for addressing the paradoxes of neoliberalism. The constraints of neoliberalism, I argue, bring into focus the structural challenge of immanent critique as understood within second and third (...) generation Critical Theory. Normative ambivalence within neoliberalism, I maintain, calls for a shift in the way that critical and justificatory practices are understood within the Frankfurt School. (shrink)

October fourteenth of this year marks the centenary of Hannah Arendt’s birth. This provides occasion to reflect on the political and philosophical thought of one who, due to her concerted effort to understand the political terrain of her time “without banisters”, can be characterized as one of the most original and insightful political theorists of the twentieth century. The unorthodox and even elusive character of her claims has often made them seem contradictory, as if incapable of forming a coherent political (...) theory. This has made for a burgeoning literature and lively debates on, for instance, how to understand some of her central categories such as action, freedom, power, and authority; how to read her work, that is, whether through the lens of her political theory as laid out in The Human Condition or through the lens of her examination of the elements that crystallized into totalitarianism in The Origins of Totalitarianism; and whether her existential politics contains elements of decisionism, or, rather, her insistence on plurality and speech offers a version of participatory politics. (shrink)

This essay develops a loosely understood Marxist notion of material conditions in light of the Caribbean plantation complex. The racial order endemic to the plantation and its continuation in post-emancipation contexts undermines any spurious base/superstructure distinction at work in an understanding of material conditions even in some accounts of racial capitalism. Material conditions are as ideological as they are “infrastructural” (Sylvia Wynter) in being ongoingly articulated by anti-black coordinates of sense. The ongoing actualization of the racial order of slavery is (...) understood not as required by altered material conditions, but rather as altering material conditions. The essay considers the continuity of the racial order of the plantation through the contract in a specific site, namely, post-emancipation Puerto Rico. (shrink)