The article summarizes the theoretical and methodological knowledge about ecotourism as one of the viable types of tourism in the postmodern era, clarifies the patterns of its formation and development, a variety of approaches to its interpretation, interaction with other types of tourism, features of motivation and management in ecotourism. On the basis of the generalized data a number of perspective educational conditions is modeled: the orientation of the maintenance of pedagogical education on formation of steady positive motivation; updating the (...) content of professional training; availability of educational and methodical support; interrelation of competence, system and personal-activity approaches. Diagnostic methods relevant for postmodern education are selected: methods of diagnosing students' learning motivation; methods of diagnosis of value orientations in career; tests to determine the levels of formation of the components of professional competence. It is proved that the professional training of teachers who are able to use ecological tourism in their professional activities at a high level is one of the important conditions for increasing the interest of children and young people in physical education, tourism and sports, ensuring the necessary physical activity, developing, maintaining and strengthening their health, adaptation to the flexible postmodern society. (shrink)

This article compares the ethical attitudes of Ukrainian business professionals with those of United States business professionals. A widely used survey instrument consisting of 16 hypothetical situations involving ethical dilemmas was employed to gather information on ethical attitudes in the two countries. On 13 of 16 vignettes, Ukrainian respondents demonstrated less stringent ethical attitudes than did their United States counterparts. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed, with primary emphasis on the transition from one economic system to another that is (...) underway in Ukraine. Comments from Ukrainian respondents are presented so as to give an indication of the thought processes behind the questionnaire responses. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to clarify the meaning of the term saṁketa, which is usually translated as ‘ convention’, in the Yogasūtrabhāṣya, the first and the most authoritative commentary to the Yogasūtras. This paper is a contribution to the reconstruction of the classical Yoga view on the relation between word and its meaning, for saṁketa is a key term used by this darśana in discussing this relation. The textual analysis of the Yogasūtrabhāṣya has led me to the conclusion (...) that its author’s understanding of the linguistic convention is different from the notion of the linguistic convention of the Vaiśeṣikas and Naiyāyikas and similar to the notion of the linguistic convention of the Grammarians. These are interpretations of the term saṁketa which reflect Yogasūtrabhāṣya’s understanding of the linguistic convention: the tradition of the usage of words, established usage of words. Saṁketa of the Yogasūtrabhāṣya, unlike saṁketa/samaya of the Vaiśeṣikas and Naiyāyikas, is not an agreement established by anyone, but an agreement in the sense of tradition, established practice, or established custom. Unlike the saṁketa/samaya of these philosophers, the saṁketa of the Yogasūtrabhāṣya, having neither beginning nor end, is not re-created, but only made known at the beginning of each cycle of existence of the world. (shrink)

The article deals with the activities of of Roman Catholic Religious Orders in the territory of Kyiv-Zhytomyr Diocese, their role and place on contemporary conditions of Ukrainian state.

Integration of ontologies begins with establishing mappings between their concept entries. We map categories from the largest manually-built ontology, Cyc, onto Wikipedia articles describing corresponding concepts. Our method draws both on Wikipedia’s rich but chaotic hyperlink structure and Cyc’s carefully defined taxonomic and common-sense knowledge. On 9,333 manual alignments by one person, we achieve an F-measure of 90%; on 100 alignments by six human subjects the average agreement of the method with the subject is close to their agreement with each (...) other. We cover 62.8% of Cyc categories relating to common-sense knowledge and discuss what further information might be added to Cyc given this substantial new alignment. (shrink)

The question as to whether the Vedas have an author is the topic of vivid polemics in Indian philosophy. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the classical Sāṁkhya view on the authorship of the Vedas. The research is based chiefly on the commentaries to the Sāṁkhyakārikā definition of authoritative verbal testimony given by the classical Sāṁkhya writers, for these fragments provide the main evidence (both direct and indirect) for the reconstruction of this view. The textual analysis presented in (...) this paper leads to the following conclusion. According to most classical Sāṁkhya commentaries, the Vedas have no author. Two commentators state directly that the Vedas have no author, and four commentators allude to the authorlessness of the Vedas. Only one commentator seems to hold the opposite view, stating that all the authoritative utterances are based on perception or inference of imperceptible objects by authoritative persons, from which it follows that the Vedas too have an author or authors. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the classical Sāṁkhya view on the relationship between a word and its meaning. The study embraces all the extant texts of classical Sāṁkhya, but it is based mainly on the Yuktidīpikā, since this commentary contains most of the fragments which are directly related to the topic of our research. The textual analysis has led me to the following conclusion. It is possible to reconstruct two different and conflicting views on the relationship between (...) a word and its meaning from the classical Sāṁkhya texts. The first view, the source of which is the Yuktidīpikā, is that all words are conventional in their origin. It resembles the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika theory of the primary linguistic convention and the conventional origin of all words. The second view, which is the implication of the Sāṁkhya idea of the authorless Vedas we can reconstruct on the basis of the majority of the classical Sāṁkhya commentaries, is that the relationship between a word and its meaning is natural. This view is probably influenced by Mīmāṁsā. Both of these views are hardly compatible with the Sāṁkhya teaching. It seems like classical Sāṁkhya, not having created its own detailed theory, oscillated between different conceptions. (shrink)

The basic results of empirical research and trends of theoretical understanding of influence of emotions on weighting of decision aspects, the influence of emotional tone of events on risk-taking, the emotional significance influence on accessibility of thoughts and the influence of emotional priming on process of decision-making were considered. It was shown, that parallel emotional and cognitive information processing paths are functioning during the process of decision-making as a single mechanism. The important role of emotions in risky decision-making was substantiated.

The article highlights the issues of nature protection in Halychyna region that have been arising since ancient times till1939. Inthe 20-30s of the XXth century the solution of this problem was considered in the search of separate valuable objects of nature, their expropriation from the sphere of economic usage and complete protection. In the hard interwar period, the Polish government, scientists and some land owners were doing their best to protect nature. This intense activity had a significant public basis, as (...) the main legislative basis of Poland of that time facilitated development and distribution of nature-protective activity in Halychyna region. Poland had a significant public legislative foundation for environmental protection and isolation of valuable natural areas/objects. First of all, since 1852 Halychyna had the valid Austrian law on forest conservation, according to which all forests, regardless of ownership form, had to be supervised by the State Forest Administration. In 1900 the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture issued the Circular concerning conservation of natural tracts and old trees. Later on, in 1927 the President of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth issued the Decision on the protection of forests that were not owned by the state; in1934 anew public law about monuments of nature was adopted in Halychyna, which greatly simplified and facilitated the procedure of conserving valuable natural objects in the country. In addition, Poland had a number of other valid laws on nature usage with the elements of environmental protection. In the 1920-1930s, nature conservation and isolation of national parks in Halychyna were performed by both the government authorities of Poland and numerous Polish academic-social entities, such as the State Council for Nature Conservation of Poland, Polish Committee for Nature Protection in Lviv city, the Polish League for Nature Protection, Department of Reserves of the Research Institute of State Forests, Nature Conservation Commission of the State Geological Institute. Apart from that, Poland also had various public nature protection societies of local history and natural sciences, such as the Copernicus Society of Naturalists, Society of Tree-Lovers, Society of Planting Local Hylads, Zoological and Botanical Society, Society for Animal Protection, 'Stowarzyszenia c.k. straznikow lasowych i dozorcow skladow', 'Straz Lesna w Kosowie', "Akademickiego kola Przyrodnikow wszechnicy Lwowskiej' and others. A number of protected state reserves have been created. In addition to the public ones, there were a lot of community nature reserves, which were bought by the Polish scientific-cultural societies and organizations, as well as private reserves, created on private lands by some land owners. Thus, in Halychyna region the issue of nature conservation was developing very actively in those years, yet under the auspices of the Austrian environmental organizations. Correspondingly, the new protected objects became Austrian or Polish state property. No Ukrainian natural reserves existed, and no national societies for nature protection. Therefore, the problem of nature protection in the 1920-1930s in the society turned from the purely ecological problem into the ecological-national one. Ukrainian patriots, uniting around their spiritual leader - the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, started a broad nature protection activity in Halychyna, focusing at conserving and multiplying the natural resources. First of all, they founded the Permanent Commission for Nature Conservation at the Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society, which was carrying out an active nature conservation activity in the given region. (shrink)

In the article, referring to the method of rational reconstruction described by R. Rorty, an analysis of some works of J. Locke has been made in order to identify new prospects in John Locke's philosophy researches. As a result, it’s been demonstrated the presence of silence as an argument and a manifestation of respect J. Locke’s research of realms of cognition, political philosophy and philosophy of education. This is not covered in modern John Locke's philosophy researches. The authors emphasize that (...) J. Locke, although not directly exploring silence as an argument, however, describes the argument ad ignorantiam, the wording of which in the work «An Essay Concerning Human Understanding» and his understanding of tacit consent in the work «Two Treatises of Government» are related to silence as an argument and a manifestation of respect. The position that silence as an argument is present in all four arguments (argumentum ad verecundiam, argumentum ad ignorantiam, argumentum ad hominem, argumentum ad judicium) described by J. Locke is substantiated. Additionally, the argument ad ignorantiam can be considered both as an argument from silence (ex silentio argument) and as a kind of argument to silence. Considered arguments can serve as an argument to silence for the proponent and/or the third party, that is, anyone who is not directly involved in the dispute. Basing on J. Locke's explanation of the characteristic feature of tacit consent, that is, the absence of the expressed consent/disagreement, the possibility of distinguishing the indirect connection between tacit consent and the argument ad ignorantiam is demonstrated, since both tacit consent and the argument ad ignorantiam in J. Locke's works rely on the absence of expressed statements on the consent or disagreement of the opponent. It is established that the ideas of the education of children described by J. Locke also correlate with silence as an argument and a manifestation of respect. Applying the classification of the types of respect proposed by S. Hudson and complemented by R. Dillon to the use of the term «respect» to the various texts of J. Locke, it is substantiated that described by him respect covered almost all kinds of this classification. (shrink)

The problem of shaping a values-based attitude toward humans requires complex, universal, and multilevel solutions. Another side of the problem lies in the postmodern devaluation of classical values that has caused a crisis in the education of the younger generations. The article presents the author’s conceptual, scientific-methodical, structural-functional model and technology for shaping a values-based attitude toward humans by stages in the humanities-oriented educational environment. Given postmodern trends in the post-Soviet countries with “young democracies”, the structural components of this model (...) are as follows: the consideration of human nature in mastering disciplines, as well as out-of-classroom and out-of-school work, that seek to shape humanistic consciousness, feelings, and behavior based on basic values. In this regard, it is essential to help students learn to respect themselves, understand their personality, and resist external negative factors. Besides, it is important to consider the axiological component in a study of human nature, teach students to realize the value of others and develop their empathy skills. (shrink)

У статті аналізується поняття ризик, досліджуються соціальні небезпеки на шляху впровадження соціальних технологій у сучасному українському суспільстві та розкривається сутність соціальної праці як засобу впливу на формування соціального самопочуття населення країни. Дається тлумачення сутності «соціальних технологій» як цілеспрямованого процесу впливу на соціальний об’єкт з метою здобуття запрограмованого результату, який включає розробку методів та методик конкретного цілеспрямованого впливу. Розглядаються питання теорії та методології вивчення ризику, умови, що супроводжують стан ризику використання соціальних технологій Виявляється вплив трансформації українського суспільства на соціальний ризик. Запропоновано (...) сукупність заходів для запобігання соціальним ризикам в суспільстві. (shrink)

Предметом дослідження у статті є концептуальні підходи до формування механізмів антикризової політики держави. Доведено, що в сучасній Україні антикризова політика має ґрунтуватися на використанні податкових механізмів і важелів.

The proposed article provides an overview of European and North American states’ legislation, which regulates the procedure for pre-clinical research, clinical trials and state registration of medicinal products, as well as responsibility for its violation, analysis of the problems and prospects of adaptation of the national legislation to European legal space, particularly in the field of criminal and legal regulation of relations in the sphere of pre-clinical trials, clinical trials and state registration of medicine. The emphasis is put on the (...) matter that inclusion of Article 321-2 into the Criminal Code of Ukraine leads to a false concurrence with other provisions of the Code. The author proposes to introduce recent EU legislation (Acquis Communautaire) on legal regulation of clinical trials and circulation of medicine into the law of Ukraine, clarify terminology related to Fundamentals of Ukrainian Legislation on Health Protection and the Special Part of criminal law, introduce criminal liability for legal entities that will provide effective control over negative effects of research centers’ activity. It is suggested to develop legislative proposals to improve the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provide legal protection of relations arising in connection with pre-clinical research, clinical trials and state registration of medicinal products. (shrink)

Статтю присвячено дослідженню дискурсу як механізму контролю тілесності. Використовуючи методологічні підходи, автор пропонує прояснити основні теоретичні засади, що лежать в основі дослідження дискурсу та концепту тілесності.В статті розкриваються та описуються основні підходи до визначення дискурсу також аналізуються різні концепти тілесності. Автор виявляє зміни у соціокультурному середовищі та приходить до висновку, що вплив медійного дискурсу змінює сутнісні характеристики концепту жіночої краси. Так у сучасному суспільстві з’являються певні метаморфози щодо ставлення до жіночого тіла, змінюються нормативні тілесні канони та практики їх досягнення.У тексті (...) розглядається поняття дискурсу не лише як засобу висловлення думок, але й сукупності комунікативних дій. Дискурс артикулює соціальні уявлення та досягає комунікативного ефекту, впливаючи на тих, хто говорить і слухає. Текст аналізує роль дискурсу в формуванні ідентичності та визначенні тілесності в суспільстві.Зазначається, що дискурсивні практики створюють смисли, індивід не є вільним суб’єктом, а полем для різних дискурсів. Влада дискурсу конструює тіло людини, формуючи його під впливом соціальних, економічних та культурних процесів.У зазначених теоретиків, таких як М.Фуко, Р.Барт, і Ж. одрийяр, висвітлено вплив дискурсу на тіло в контексті влади, моди та споживання. Акцент робиться на сучасному медійному дискурсі, який конструює ідеали жіночої тілесності. В заключній частині статті автор підкреслює, що у сучасному суспільстві ідеали тілесності формуються медіа, особливо через телебачення та інтернет. Людина стає залежною від впливу масової культури, текст констатує важливість медіа-дискурсу в конструюванні «нормативної зовнішності» та його ролі в формуванні ідентичності жінок у сучасному суспільстві. (shrink)

Автор ґрунтовно аналізує проблематику сучасної (зарубіжної та української) державної освітньої політики, висвітлює її формування та характерні ознаки, визначені багатьма дослідниками, які тлумачать це поняття по-різному, що зумовлено різними факторами, розглядуваними під різними кутами зору. У зв’язку з неоднаковим економічним розвитком сучасних держав світу їхня державна освітня політика спрямована на різні елементи систем освіти та їх розвиток. У статті розглядаються об’єкт, принципи та цілі освітньої політики; законодавство, законодавчі та міжнародні правові акти про освіту, міжнародні та міждержавні договори, ратифіковані вищими законодавчими органами, (...) стратегічні документи розвитку освіти тощо. (shrink)

In the article modern views on the nature and value matrix of civil society are generalized. It is considered the role of religious organizations in forming of civil society in modern Ukraine and also the value of their activity for the self-organization of civil public.

The study of the place and role of religious education in the post-secular world is undoubtedly increasing. First of all, this is due to the loss of religion of its influence on modern society, the growth of globalization processes, and attempts to preserve national and cultural identity. At the same time, we are talking not only about the problems inherent in whole countries and peoples, but also about the right of an individual to his own worldview and moral choice - (...) freedom of conscience, and most importantly - the possibility of realizing this choice. (shrink)

Development and strengthening of private pension funds market is impossible without a thorough analysis of its current state, identify unresolved problems in operation. Given the results of the analysis of investment of a fund can be identified difficulties in development funds: - negative impact of the crisis on the financial system as a whole, so that was undermined public confidence in all financial institutions; - reduce solvency population as rising prices, utility costs, and wages almost "frozen", save for retirement is (...) becoming increasingly difficult; - coagulation participation of employers in pension programs for their employees, because in times of crisis, many companies find themselves in dire financial straits and limited amounts of pension contributions; - negative signal to the scheme as slowed down compared to the pre-crisis period of growth by pension funds; - need to improve pension schemes and improving the investment of pension funds; - data reporting of private pension funds show a decrease yields of most funds. Private pension funds should be able to use options, but only to hedge risks on stocks, as most other assets, placing the premiums of private pension funds - a fixed income. Application options would allow private pension funds to hedge against decline in the market value of the shares. Of course, the use of options will decrease the yield of pension funds, but they will be no significant damage. (shrink)

Суперництво в сучасному спорті – надзвичайно гостре питання. Іноді спортивна боротьба точиться за таку дещицю міліметрів, секунд, кілограмів, що суперники не звертають особливої уваги один на одного. В такі моменти надзвичайно актуальними виявляються моральні засади притаманної спорту змагальності. Остання, зокрема, передбачає таке суперництво, яке ґрунтується на чесності й гідності спортсменів. Засадничим принципом вирішення проблеми чесності в спортивних змаганнях вважається ідеал «Fair play». Водночас спорту притаманні різні відхилення від моральних норм, наявність подвійних стандартів. У зв’язку з вирішенням питань морального виховання та (...) виховання вольових якостей спортсменів потрібно здійснювати загальновизнані дії (самоконтроль, самопереконання, самозаспокоєння та ін.). Звертається увага на негативні соціальні впливи на молодь, на необхідність переосмислення ролі спорту в роботі з юнаками і дівчатами. З метою дотримання етичних норм поведінки в спортивній діяльності розробляються спеціальні кодекси честі, норми і вимоги яких спрямовані на формування гармонійно розвиненої особистості з глибокими морально-етичними переконаннями. (shrink)

У дослідженні бізнес-освіти з позицій філософії освіти необхідно перейти від визначення загальних філософських ціннісно-світоглядних засад та основних принципів методології філософії освіти до тих конкретних філософських методів, які сприятимуть розкриттю сутності бізнес-освіти. Підбір таких методів має відповідати двом критеріям: ціннісному та функціональному, тобто ціннісним і функціональним запитам самої бізнесосвіти. На цьому методологічному базисі слід застосовувати низку методів, які постають як допоміжні методологічні засоби, своєрідна надбудова, – теорію практик, педагогічну аксіологію, елементи філософії досвіду, філософської герменевтики, філософії діалогу, комунікативної філософії та прикладної етики. (...) Одним із ключових питань, які конкретизують предмет дослідження бізнес-освіти, має бути при цьому з’ясування ціннісно-мотиваційної, інструментально-організаційної та комунікативної основи забезпечення індивідуальної освітньої програми кожного студента, який отримує бізнес-освіту. Саме бізнес-освіта потребує індивідуального підходу до кожного студента, вираховування усієї його мотиваційної структури, яка може бути задіяна у навчальний процес, усіх тих персонально набутих функціональних компетентностей та пов’язаних з ними особистісних ціннісних настанов, які вже наявні у студента, – їх не треба формувати, варто лише максимально врахувати і задіяти в навчання. Більше того, саме у бізнес-освіті, як ні у якій іншій, максимально вирівнюються не лише вузька компетентність викладача і студента (кожного у своєму неповторному досвіді ведення бізнесу), але й відповідно – шанси набути освіту завдяки взаємно вигідній організації бізнес-освіти. (shrink)

Interdisciplinarity is one of the features of modern science, defined as blurring the boundaries of disciplines and overcoming their limitations or excessive specialization by borrowing methods from one discipline into another, integrating different theoretical assumptions, and using the same concepts and terms. Often, theoretical knowledge of one discipline and technological advances of another are combined within an interdisciplinary science, and new branches or disciplines may also emerge. Biosemiotics, a field that arose at the crossroads of biology, semiotics, linguistics, and philosophy, (...) enables scientists to borrow theoretical assumptions from semiotics and extend them to different biological theories. The latter applies especially to extended synthesis, wherein culture is viewed as one of the factors influencing evolution. In the present research, the semiotic system of Ukrainian folk ornament is analyzed through the theory of fractals, key features of which are recursion and self-similarity. As a result, an assumption is made about the fractal structure of culture and social life on a conceptual level. What follows is a discussion of how this assumption can contribute to the multilevel selection theory, one of the foundations of extended synthesis, which employs the concept of self-similarity at all levels of the biological hierarchy. (shrink)

In article the role of strategy of the enterprise in foreign trade activities has been defined and proved, practical recommendations concerning working out of strategy of an exit on the international commodity markets for the cake and by-product process are given the industry which are inherent for branch specialisation of east region.

Based on the analysis of theoretical and philosophical orientation of philosophical and educational thought at the end of XIX - beginning of the twentieth century, established mechanisms for determining the socio-cultural and specific historical features of the formation of personality in the educational space of Modernity.

The matter of enterprise labor resource management explaining the enterprise's staff potential increase or reduction is considered. That is to say the problem of efficiency of staff potential employment is researched. The author determines a general aim of the enterprise staff potential management in current terms of functioning, which refers to the purposeful performance of certain steps resulting in effective appliance. Factors of degree of staff potential and its effective appliance are determined as followed: qualified staff development; involvement of qualified (...) professionals; optimal conditions for staff operation support. The mechanism of unit staff potential management being able to adjust to changes in a structure of interrelated elements, production and the technological interaction organization, terms of working, the performance of professional competiveness and the staff rotation within the branches as well as between them is suggested. Criteria of effective realization of the mechanism of staff potential management by the working efficiency increase, the staff and manager competiveness increase, the rotations possibility, the produced goods and services quality increase. A procedure of enterprise staff rating is considered. To motivate qualified workers of organizational and functional units of an enterprise and to stimulate them for better further working, the monitoring of their activity compensation by certain bonuses is proposed. A model of premium distribution between co-workers of functional units of an enterprise, based on the Kohonen self-organized maps method implementation, is represented. Characteristics of informational and analytical systems of the enterprise staff potential management functioning in the unified informational environment are determined. The implementation of proposed mechanism provides high level of the enterprise staff potential realization as well as the permanent development of labor resources during a business activity process. (shrink)

Cosmopolitans inspire us to consider ourselves as citizens of the world and to take this allegiance to the world community as relevant in our moral deliberations. Cosmopolitanism is a western notion that epitomizes the need social agents have to conceive of a political and cultural entity, larger than their own homeland, that would encompass all human beings on a global scale. Cosmopolitanism presupposes a positive attitude towards difference, a desire to construct broad allegiances and equal and peaceful global communities of (...) citizens who should be able to communicate across cultural and social boundaries forming a Universalist solidarity. Its inclusive drive is most evident in moments of crisis of other modes of representing and ascribing membership to existing socio-political and cultural units. Cosmopolitanism slowly began to come to the fore again with the renewed study of more ancient texts, but during the humanist era cosmopolitanism still remained the exception. Despite the fact that ancient cosmopolitan sources were well-known and that many humanists emphasised the essential unity of all religions, they did not develop this idea in cosmopolitan terms. In most versions of cosmopolitanism, the universal community of world citizens functions as a positive ideal to be cultivated, but a few versions exist in which it serves primarily as a ground for denying the existence of special obligations to local forms of political organisations. Versions of cosmopolitanism also vary depending on the notion of citizenship they employ, including whether they use the notion of 'world citizenship' literally or metaphorically. The philosophical interest in cosmopolitanism lies in its challenge to commonly recognised attachments to fellow citizens, the local state, parochially shared cultures, and the like. Cosmopolitanism: Uses of the Idea compiles both historical and contemporary methodologies to cosmopolitanism, in addition to recognising its multidimensional nature to show the essence of cosmopolitanism as a theoretical idea and cultural practice. Since its inception, cosmopolitanism has been a category marked by a need to negotiate with others and has reflected tensions between local and supralocal realities, ethnocentric and relativist perspectives, and particularism and universalism. Historically, cosmopolitanism has mirrored the ideologies of different periods and modes of integration to larger, imperial or global, political entities. The Internet has brought about the possibility of a transnational imagined virtual community: a decentred cosmopolitan crowd, synchronized by cyberspace, interacting on real-time, and engaging in global commercial, cultural and political exchange. A number of works provide general overviews of cosmopolitanism, including its practices, theorising, and interpretations of issues in contemporary political and social theory. The monograph examines the idea of cosmopolitanism -- what it is and what it entails and its role in addressing global issues. (shrink)

At the present stage of political life public opinion endures the increase of its role and significance thus determining the relevance of social and philosophical analysis of the public opinion phenomenon. This article aims to represent more profoundly the process of public opinion formation, and to substantiate its regular character. Theoretical knowledge of ontological foundation of the phenomenon under consideration requires the reliance on laws of the dialectic: unity and struggle of opposites, transition from quantitative to qualitative changes, negation of (...) the negation. Due to the analysis of public opinion definitions made by well-known representatives of internationl and national science it was determined that the phenomenon of public opinion has subject-object nature, its formal trait is social activity and information and emotional interaction. It was established that public opinion is formed in accordance with the facts of human life, under conditions when human needs and interests are implemented due to the influence of the environment, public relations, and other realities of social life. However, the essential role in this process also belongs to the fundamental understanding and background assumptions, standards, ideas and values created by public conscience. So it is proved that the formation of public opinion is possible due to the interaction of two major components - a social being and social consciousness. It is the interaction of rational, emotional and conative components of social subjects and objects of public opinion. The relationship of social consciousness and social life is stable, objective, substantial, internal, necessary and repetitive, and, therefore, it appears as the main pattern of public opinion formation. (shrink)

Аналізуються мислення, почуття і власне діяльність в структурі інноваційної культури. Мислення в інноваційній культурі орієнтовано на логіко-когнітивну раціональність і відтворення істини. Добро і краса – почуття, які безпосередньо пов’язані з розумінням ціннісно-смислового універсуму інноваційної діяльності. Аналізуються раціональне мислення та мисленнєві процеси опосередкованого і активного відображення дійсності. Звертається увага на благо як зміст буття, яке є світоглядною передумовою і характеристикою моральності. Сутність добра визначається як зміст сукупних моральних вимог людства. Йому протистоїть моральне зло, різноманітне у своїх проявах. Автор доводить, що ефективною (...) інноваційна культура може бути лише за умови збалансованості всіх її структурних компонентів. Тому підвищення інноваційної культури особистості має своєю передумовою формування у останньої умінь і навичок подолання перешкод, наявних на шляху продуктивного інноваційного мислення. (shrink)

У статті розглядаються питання реалізації фіскального механізму держави, здатного забезпечити достатнє фінансове наповнення державного й місцевого бюджетів, а також сприяти досягненню стратегічних пріоритетів сталого розвитку держави та її регіонів шляхом раціонального та обґрунтованого використання матеріальних, соціальних та природних ресурсів. Особлива увага приділена ролі податкових елементів фіскального механізму в забезпеченні екологічного, економічного та соціального імперативу суспільного розвитку України.

The disagreement between _sākārajñānavādin_s, followers of the theory that cognitions are endowed with a form, and _nirākārajñānavādin_s, who advocate the theory of formless cognitions, is one of the central disagreements in Indian epistemology. This study focuses on the heretofore understudied position of classical and postclassical Sāṃkhya. The view that can be termed representational realism has been traced by me in all extant classical Sāṃkhya texts. According to these texts, the cognitive subject, be it _puruṣa_ or the intellect (_buddhi_), experiences the (...) object not directly but through the object’s form assumed by the cognitive faculties. The main evidence is found in the _Yuktidīpikā_. It explicitly states that all cognitive organs_—_the senses (_buddhīndriya_), _manas_, _ahaṃkāra_, and _buddhi—_ sequentially, one after another_—_take on the form (_ākāra_, _rūpa_) of the cognitive object; that _puruṣa_ experiences the world through the _buddhi_’s forms; and that these forms can only figuratively be ascribed to changeless _puruṣa_. Also noteworthy is that within Brahmanical _darśana_s, the _Yuktidīpikā_ is one of the earliest texts that shows familiarity with the _nirākāra_–_sākāra_ problem; that the _Yuktidīpikā_ mentions the Buddhist opponent’s view that cognitions have the form of their object without trying to refute it; and that this commentary incites the Naiyāyika Bhaṭṭa Jayanta to say that the Sāṃkhya standpoint does not differ much from the _sākārajñānavāda_ of the Buddhists. Though it is hardly possible to definitely identify the Sāṃkhyas as _sākāravādin_s or _nirākāravādin_s, their strong inclination towards the _sākāravāda_ is conspicuous. According to Sāṃkhya, the _buddhi_’s forms (_ākāra_, _rūpa_) become conscious cognitions due to the proximity of _puruṣa_, from which it follows that cognitions are endowed with a form. The postclassical _Sāṃkhyasūtra_ and _Sāṃkhyasūtravṛtti_, which aimed to revive the classical Sāṃkhya system of thought, confirm that the view that cognitions have a form is Sāṃkhyan. (shrink)

The article highlights processes that took place among Ukrainian community during pre-election campaign in the People's Republic of Poland in 1989. The events that, certainly, became a turning point in the history of the state and influenced on the set up of another approach on issues of national minorities in communist Poland are reconstructed. The importance of Ukrainian community candidate participation in parliamentary elections is determined, including the win of one of them. This success was achieved owing to the common (...) objective of different groups of society to overcome the communist regime in country. Those Ukrainians, who helped and supported their candidates, including Volodymyr Mokryy, invoked the Ukrainian community to support the opposition representatives as well. It should be noted that one of most significant challenges for them was struggle against anti-Ukrainian stereotypes. The latter were firmly engrained into Polish society consciousness. In its turn, communist propaganda throughout the period of pre-election campaign, tried to provoke a new wave of hatred to Ukrainians, reminding about the sources of conflicts in Ukrainian-Polish relationship. (shrink)

Olena Bortnikova. Religious and political organizations as subjects of national processes in Ukraine In the article the different approaches to defining the essence of religious and political organizations as subjects of national processes and their role in the functioning and development of society. Attempted to characterize the basic methodological provisions for disclosure of the nature of religious and political actors as structural elements of ethnonational system, identifying different levels of accommodation in terms of social change.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained popularity due to rapid advancements in the field. For over twenty years, AI has been expanding into various areas of human life, including science, education, medicine, and personal life. As a result of this significant progress, artificial intelligence has become the focus of multiple scientific disciplines; however, the philosophical analysis of the current state of the field remains understudied. The analysis of the development of AI in the 21st century from philosophical perspectives has been conducted. (...) Utilizing Stepin’s concept of the foundations of science, we conclude that since the end of the 20th century, there has not been a scientific revolution in the field of AI. Nevertheless, AI is at the peak of its development due to substantial technological advancements. Each area within the field is open to new practical and theoretical achievements; consequently, the study of artificial intelligence will remain a focus in the future. (shrink)

Source: Author: Olena Znanetska In the current article the problem of foreign communicative competence of higher school students has been considered. The notion, the main point and the components of higher school students` foreign competence have been analyzed. The scientific works under the problem have been investigated. ]]>.

Approaches to global ethics have drawn on a number of diverse theoretical traditions, such as Kantianism and utilitarianism. While emerging frameworks contribute to a growing awareness of and interest in ethics within a global society, the values that they prioritize are not adequate for realizing a just, equitable and fair system of global governance. This article considers the possibilities of an alternative ethic - a feminist ethic of care - and explores how it can bear on present circumstances, including global (...) inequity and injustice. This care ethic has been put forward as a viable normative approach to politics and policy. Little attention, however, has been paid to the potential of a care ethic within the globalization and ethics debate. This article illustrates how the values and corresponding principles of care, grounded in relationships and responsibilities, are essential to responding adequately to the current challenges of globalization. By examining the relevance of care in this context, the article seeks to broaden dominant ethical worldviews and contribute to the articulation of normative tools for examining globalization while at the same time avoiding the trappings of conventional universality - the abstract and a priori thinking typically associated with conceptions of global ethics. (shrink)