Phagocytosis is an uptake of large particles governed by the actin-based cytoskeleton. Binding of particles to specific cell surface receptors is the first step of phagocytosis. In higher Eucaryota, the receptors able to mediate phagocytosis are expressed almost exclusively in macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes, conferring immunodefence properties to these cells. Receptor clustering is thought to occur upon particle binding, that in turn generates a phagocytic signal. Several pathways of phagocytic signal transduction have been identified, including the activation of tyrosine kinases (...) and (or) serine/threonine kinase C in pivotal roles. Kinase activation leads to phosphorylation of the receptors and other proteins, recruited at the sites of phagocytosis. Monomeric GTPases of the Rho and ARF families are likely to be engaged downstream of activated receptors. The GTPases, in cooperation with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase lipid modifying enzymes, can modulate locally the assembly of the submembranous actin filament system leading to particle internalization. BioEssays 21:422–431, 1999. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

The author analyses the relation between the literary character and the place in Gustaw Herling-Grudziński’s Most. Z kroniki naszego miasta. The author attempts to prove that places shown by Herling-Grudziński play a significant role in the writer’s biography and also influence the way of acting and decisions of literary characters created by the writer. Using geopoetics as its starting point, this perspective puts emphasis on the category of place considered in both geographic and literary dimension. In her interpretation of the (...) short story by Herling-Grudziński, the author attempts to show that the bridge affects the life of the main character, his behaviour and attitude to the world. The article also offers a summary of critical approaches to the presentation of space motifs in the literary works of Herling-Grudziński. The context for the analysis is provided by the writer’s biography which highlights his personal experience connected with private places. The analytical key to unlock their senses is taken from geopoetics as the perspective which may enable us to find new content in the unique literary output of Herling-Grudziński. (shrink)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis which has infected one third of the mankind and causes 2–3 million deaths worldwide each year. The persistence of the infection ensues from the ability of M. tuberculosis to subvert host immune responses in favor of survival and growth of mycobacteria in macrophages. The mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis manipulates the host immune system have only recently come to light. These activities are attributed to lipoarabinomannans (LAM) and their precursors lipomannans (LM), (...) two predominant glycolipids of M. tuberculosis cell wall. LM are able to skew anti‐mycobacterial immune responses into un‐protective ones, while LAM evoke immunosupression upon binding to macrophage and dendritic cell receptors specialized in binding to “self” host components. A newly emerging idea implicates plasma membrane rafts in LM and LAM signaling. Depending on acylation patterns, the glycolipids may either directly incorporate into the raft membrane via mannosylphosphatidylinositol anchors or interact with raft‐associated proteins to affect the assembly of receptor signaling complexes. BioEssays 30:943–954, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Author: Sobota Daniel Title: HEIDEGGER’S PHILOSOPHY OF THE WAY (Heideggerowska filozofia drogi) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2010, vol:.10, number: 2010/1, pages: 37-72 Keywords: PHILOSOPHY OF THE WAY, HEIDEGGER, BEING Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The purpose of this paper is to present Heidegger’s philosophy of the way. The term of way is common in the history of philosophy. Heidegger does not use this term as a useful “metaphor”, but treats it (...) as a fundamental figure of his thoughts. The term of way can be understood twofold: 1. way as a place used for traveling, 2. way as being-on-the-way. Heidegger joints these two meanings to create his own way of thinking. From these two meanings there come to being fundamental oppositions: hiddenness and unhiddenness, falling and raising, openness and closeness, distance and closeness, vanity and fullness. Since the shape of Heidegger’s way is a circle, we get further categories: circle of understanding, reminder, coming back, turning. Characteristics of Heidegger’s way is described by such terms like dialectics, trichotomy and being-between. All the presented categories make the questioness of being itself. (shrink)

Using the categories of the epistemic and epistemological field of theory the author is trying to show on the basis of Bled presentations of Mihailo Markovic and Milan Kangrga that their conceptions belong to two separated theoretical fields, which are incompatible with each other. Therefore even in that period we could not speak about a common praxis-philosophy nor a common vision of Marxism. Koristeci kategorije epistemickog i epistemoloskog polja teorije autorica na osnovu bledskih referata Mihaila Markovica i Milana Kangrgi pokusava (...) pokazati da njihove koncepcije pripadaju dvema razlicitim filozofskim poljima koje se ne mogu sloziti, tako da ni u to vreme se nije moglo govoriti o nikakvoj zajednickoj praxis-filozofiji ni zajednickoj viziji marksizma. (shrink)

Author: Sobota Daniel Title: GENESIS, STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF SEINSFRAGE (Geneza, struktura i dynamika Seinsfrage) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2010, vol:.11, number: 2010/2, pages: 41-71 Keywords: HEIDEGGER, QUESTION OF BEING, ONTOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE, ONTOLOGY, DASEIN Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The main purpose of this article is to present the genesis, structure and dynamics of the most important thought of Martin Heidegger’s philosophy (the question of Being). Since the very beginning of (...) Heidegger’s logical research he was interested in these forms of utterance, which previously had been acknowledged as of marginal significance in discovering the truth and the structure of science. The question of Being is phenomenological unity which has replaced traditional assigning of being and proposition. From this perspective all of the traditional logical and ontological problematic changes itself radically. By considering the question Heidegger revealed the ontological difference and the place of revelation which is a common people’s being (the everyday life). (shrink)

Literatura fantastycznonaukowa od dziesięcioleci kreśli wizje życia rozumnego na innych planetach. Rodzą się oczywiste pytania: czy możliwe jest porozumienie z intelektem rozwiniętym w skrajnie różnym od ludzkiego środowisku, wyposażonym być może w odmienną percepcję, odmienne sposoby odbioru rzeczywistości. Najciekawszą realizacją tematu wydaje się powieść Stanisława Lema „Solaris”, w której ludzkość próbuje komunikować się z gigantycznym oceanem plazmy, a więc istotą skrajnie od ludzkości różną. Inny problem sygnalizują bracia Strugaccy w książce „Piknik na skraju drogi” – tytuł jest metaforą opisującą różnicę (...) potencjałów kulturowych między obcą cywilizacją a homo sapiens. Inne intrygujące pytanie – jakie konsekwencje metafizyczno-teologiczne niesie ze sobą kontakt z obcymi cywilizacjami; pojawia się problem „protezowania metafizyki” w literaturze fantastycznej. (shrink)

Illocutionary structure in real language use is intricate and complex, and nowhere more so than in argument and debate. Identifying this structure without any theoretical scaffolding is extremely challenging even for humans. New work in Inference Anchoring Theory has provided significant advances in such scaffolding which are helping to allow the analytical challenges of argumentation structure to be tackled. This paper demonstrates how these advances can also pave the way to automated and semi-automated research in understanding the structure of natural (...) debate. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to explore the interrelation between persuasion tactics and properties of speech acts. We investigate two types of arguments ad: ad hominem and ad baculum. We show that with both of these tactics, the structures that play a key role are not inferential, but rather ethotic, i.e., related to the speaker’s character and trust. We use the concepts of illocutionary force and constitutive conditions related to the character or status of the speaker in order to (...) explain the dynamics of these two techniques. In keeping with the research focus of the Polish School of Argumentation, we examine how the pragmatic and rhetorical aspects of the force of ad hominem and ad baculum arguments exploit trust in the speaker’s status to influence the audience’s cognition. (shrink)

Our analysis of microbiota-gut-brain research took MGB to task for some of its methods, concepts, and interpretations. Commentators then raised numerous issues about the neuroscientific and microbiome aspects of MGB and how it can be understood as a field. We respond by addressing the dimensionality and causal focus of MGB.

This book is about meaning - not the meaning of certain concepts such as the meaning of life or the meaning of freedom but about what it means for linguistic expressions to mean something. It is also a book about meaning for humans. The qualification 'human meaning' is not yet common in linguistics book titles but it is increasingly important to add it. We are already experiencing fundamental differences in how, and what kind of, meaning is approached in computational linguistics (...) and computer science in general on the one hand, and in philosophy of language or sociopragmatics on the other. (shrink)

This paper aims to discuss selected issues related to the effect exerted by the financial aspects of psychotherapy on a psychotherapeutic relationship. At the beginning, I consider the effect that remuneration received by the therapist directly from the customer can have on their therapeutic relationship. Then I discuss the issues related to the compensation for psychotherapy services and show the consequences which the criteria of compensating for specific therapeutic methods have for the quality of psychotherapeutic relationships, as well as the (...) influence which the requirement to study the effectiveness of psychotherapy in the natural science paradigm has on psychotherapeutic services. The arguments I put forward lead to the conclusion that the criteria of the compensation for psychotherapeutic services can change the psychotherapeutic relationship into a business relationship and, as a result, the therapist can start to treat the customer instrumentally. (shrink)

Objectives Study participants are 46 women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Occurrence of the M-R-K-H syndrome is one in 4000-5000 female children. It was investigated whether coping styles mediate the effect of neuroticism on positive and negative affect, and whether this mediation is moderated by the level of N as well as whether this moderated mediation is moderated by length of awareness of illness. Methods: Neuroticism, coping style as well as positive and negative emotions were assessed using the Polish version of NOE-FFI, (...) CISS and Scale of Emotional State. Results: Emotion coping style fully or partly mediated the relationship between neuroticism and emotions and these mediations were moderated by the level of N. Additionally, direct effect of neuroticism on NA was moderated by the time for which a patient has been aware of the disease. Conclusions: The level of neuroticism and the length of illness are important factors for the psychological functioning of women with M-R-K-H Syndrome. In women with medium and high neuroticism, effect of N on NA was indirect and also direct - but only in those who have been aware of the diagnosis for 6 years or more. Relations with positive emotions were different: the indirect effect was observed only in women with a moderate and low neuroticism. (shrink)

In this paper the authors address the issue of investments made by family businesses. Their study attempted to verify the level of investments made by Polish family businesses in comparison with the level of investments made by Polish non-family businesses. The study focused on the analysis of investment flows of Polish listed companies included in the WIG index for the years 2006-2018. A total of 233 companies were analyzed, including 177 non-family businesses and 56 family businesses. The results corroborated the (...) argument that Polish listed non-family businesses invest much more money than family businesses. It was also observed that only a small percentage of companies in both groups invest their finances in research and development. (shrink)

RELIGIOUSNESS WITHOUT GOD AND FAITH. INSPIRED BY JERZY GROTOWSKI The purpose of this article is to present a certain idea of religiousness. It could be called religiousness without God and without faith. I found its premises in the work of the Polish theatre reformer Jerzy Grotowski. He was neither a prophet nor the founder of the religion; primarily, he was a man of theatre. But for him, in the age of “God’s death” the theatre was a substitute of religion and (...) religious experience. He understood his “poor theatre” as a search for sense of life, an authentic life and the world’s salvation. At various stages of his artistic way, which I present in the first unit of this article, he tried to reach to deeper dimensions of reality. In the end, he went far beyond the theatre. In the second unit, I show the features of religiousness without God and faith. In this religiousness, God exists and does not exists, he is a question, or doubtfulness. The Faith is a physical action, instead of seriousness, we have irony, grotesque, buffo. Keywords: GOD, FAITH, RELIGIOUSNESS, JERZY GROTOWSKI. (shrink)

Niniejszy artykuł składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza ma charakter wprowadzający i prowadzi do spostrzeżenia, że powstająca etyka hermeneutyczna winna uczynić zadość wezwaniu Nietzschego do „pozostawania wiernym ziemi”. Chodzi o ugruntowanie etyki w działaniu fizycznym. Pewne elementy takiej etyki znajdują się nie tylko w myśli Nietzschego, ale również Diltheya i Heideggera. Zwłaszcza myśl tego ostatniego, mimo jej zgoła „duchowego” charakteru, może stanowić dobry punkt wyjścia dla budowy etyki hermeneutycznej zanurzonej w ludzkiej fizyczności. Wskazując na ograniczenia „etyki hermeneutycznej” Heideggera i przekraczając (...) je, część druga artykułu próbuje ukazać związek hermeneutyki i etyki na poziomie działania fizycznego, odwołując się w tej kwestii do „antropologii teatru” J. Grotowskiego. Wypracowane w jej obrębie zasady dają możliwość działania autentycznego, rozpoczynającego się na poziomie „fizjologii” i kończącego się „duchowym” oświeceniem. (shrink)

The paper investigates the various factors from a socio-cultural perspective that have a bearing on the intercultural couple’s marital satisfaction in Westerner and non-Westerner relationships, and how cultural differences may potentially amplify the difficulties, which non-intercultural couples themselves are already likely to face. These factors include acculturation, language and communication, attitudes toward marriage, individual traits and behaviours, support of the family, societal views, gender roles, managing of the household finances and child rearing. Certain theories are also highlighted in an attempt (...) to explain why these cultural differences have such a profound effect on the marital satisfaction of intercultural couples. (shrink)

Although developmental dyslexia is frequently diagnosed in Poland, little knowledge of effective treatment for this disorder is available in Polish society. Remedial teachers for many years have applied traditional methods aimed at correction and compensation for affected cognitive functions and academic skills. Otherwise, although western therapies are regularly advertised in the media, their effectiveness has rarely been subject to scientific investigation. Since the assumptions underlying some approaches are not consistent with current understanding of cognitive function, they may attract negative expert (...) appraisal. Unfortunately, it seems that fashion in dyslexia therapy is resistant to rare expressions of criticism from the scientific community. The purpose of this article is to promote awareness about effective treatment for specific reading disorders. Teachers’ greater understanding in this area should help Polish dyslexic children and their parents, who may be confused by offers of misguided therapy and sharp business practise. It is hoped that this article will clarify the situation. In this review of modern English journal articles, focus is on remedial teaching of reading, and more specifically, support for dyslexic students experiencing difficulties in decoding. Here we are concerned only with therapy in alphabetic languages in which individual speech sounds correspond to letters. Analysis of articles from the last six years leads to the conclusion that the most effective therapy for the reading disorder is training in phonological awareness and consolidation of letter-sound knowledge. However, these skills should be practised in the context of reading. (shrink)

Dans toutes les dimensions de la communication verbale, le virtuel s'efface devant l'actuel, mais le sens "absent" ne cesse d'escorter le sens « present ». Il le sous-tend, l'informe et, quelquefois, pointe le bout de son nez. En s'inscrivant dans la perspective de la sémantique microstructurale, ce livre se propose de revisiter le virtuel linguistique pour saisir ses rapports avec le domaine de l'actuel, en envisageant la virtualité dans l'optique interprétative qui mobilise tout un éventail de mécanismes sémantico-discursifs de la (...) production du sens en contexte. (shrink)

For a free filter F on $$\omega $$ ω, endow the space $$N_F=\omega \cup \{p_F\}$$ N F = ω ∪ { p F }, where $$p_F\not \in \omega $$ p F ∉ ω, with the topology in which every element of $$\omega $$ ω is isolated whereas all open neighborhoods of $$p_F$$ p F are of the form $$A\cup \{p_F\}$$ A ∪ { p F } for $$A\in F$$ A ∈ F. Spaces of the form $$N_F$$ N F constitute the (...) class of the simplest non-discrete Tychonoff spaces. The aim of this paper is to study them in the context of the celebrated Josefson–Nissenzweig theorem from Banach space theory. We prove, e.g., that, for a filter F, the space $$N_F$$ N F carries a sequence $$\langle \mu _n:n\in \omega \rangle $$ ⟨ μ n : n ∈ ω ⟩ of normalized finitely supported signed measures such that $$\mu _n(f)\rightarrow 0$$ μ n ( f ) → 0 for every bounded continuous real-valued function f on $$N_F$$ N F if and only if $$F^*\le _K{\mathcal {Z}}$$ F ∗ ≤ K Z, that is, the dual ideal $$F^*$$ F ∗ is Katětov below the asymptotic density ideal $${\mathcal {Z}}$$ Z. Consequently, we get that if $$F^*\le _K{\mathcal {Z}}$$ F ∗ ≤ K Z, then: (1) if X is a Tychonoff space and $$N_F$$ N F is homeomorphic to a subspace of X, then the space $$C_p^*(X)$$ C p ∗ ( X ) of bounded continuous real-valued functions on X contains a complemented copy of the space $$c_0$$ c 0 endowed with the pointwise topology, (2) if K is a compact Hausdorff space and $$N_F$$ N F is homeomorphic to a subspace of K, then the Banach space C(K) of continuous real-valued functions on K is not a Grothendieck space. The latter result generalizes the well-known fact stating that if a compact Hausdorff space K contains a non-trivial convergent sequence, then the space C(K) is not Grothendieck. (shrink)

The article discusses Avishai Margalit’s philosophical reflection on humiliation developed in his book The Decent Society. It aims to show that while Margalit’s book focuses on the idea of a decent society as non-humiliating, and on “testing” selected institutions for humiliation, it also unfolds a complex reflection on humiliation as such. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct Margalit’s concept of humiliation and problematise selected aspects of it. I focus in particular on the relationships between humiliation and cruelty, humiliation (...) and self-respect, respect and humiliation, institutional and private humiliation, as well as the theme of the humiliating perception of the other as less human and treating them as if they were not human. The argument is developed through reference to the texts of thinkers commenting on The Decent Society, among them Martin Krygier, Frederic Schick, and Dianne Taylor; those developing similar projects, like Judith Shklar, Richard Rorty, and Ute Frevent; and those bearing witness to humiliation, especially Audre Lorde and Frantz Fanon. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to present selected ethical issues in psychotherapy based on the most important Polish and foreign contributions to the area. In the article, the following issues will be taken into consideration: manipulation during psychotherapy, confidentiality and professional secrecy, the principle of the ideological neutrality of the therapist, ethical aspects of psychotherapy for children and adolescents, clinical supervision, and the relation between psychotherapy and law.

In The Sound and the Fury William Faulkner writes: “Time is dead as long as it is being clicked off by little wheels; only when the clock stops, does time come to life.” The following words relate to the role of memory frames in human life. They also begin the analysis of the ideas of twentieth and twenty-first century philosophers such as Henri Bergson, Martin Heidegger, Paul Ricoeur and David Farrell Krell. Even though there is a strict reference to the (...) Modernist thinkers, the author goes slightly deeper, reminding earlier concepts of Plato, Socrates, Aristotle and Protagoras. The second part of the article has been devoted to the notions connected with time frames and memory such as experiencing of the passage of time, reminding, forgetting, forgiving as well as postmemory. (shrink)

Denise Meyerson has recently argued that the adaptational account of false consciousness must appeal to a psychological element, contrary to explicit declarations of its proponents. In order to explain why the rulers genuinely hold ideological beliefs, one must take them to desire to think well of themselves. She concludes that the desire to think well of oneself causes the ideological beliefs. The article defends the adaptational account from Meyerson's attempt to ground it in the psychology of the rulers. Meyerson is (...) wrong both in thinking that the desire in question is explanatorily necessary and in thinking that its explanatory role would consist in its causing ideological beliefs. (shrink)

The recognition of the close relation between the concept of action and the concept of responsibility goes at least as far back as Aristotle. His account of voluntary action could be seen as being the source of two general strategies for understanding the concept of action.1 One such approach is to determine when something is not an action first by studying a variety of interfering conditions. (e) The agent’s ϕing was a mere happening (non-action) iff external forces caused him to (...) ϕ. But Aristotle described those cases as ones where the principle of action is not in the agent,2 generating what might be thought of as a corresponding picture of what it means for a performance to be an action. (shrink)