This article presents an impact assessment framework that allows for the evaluation of positive and negative local-level impacts that have resulted from "responsible trade" interventions such as fair trade and ethical trade. The framework investigates impact relating to (1) livelihood impacts on primary stakeholders; (2) socio-economic impacts on communities; (3) organizational impacts; (4) environmental impacts; (5) policies and institutional impacts; and (6) future prospects. It identifies relevant local-level stakeholders and facilitates the analysis of conflicting interests. The framework was developed in (...) the context of, and is applied in this article to, the fair trade coffee industry in northern Nicaragua. It was designed, however, so that it can be applied across commodity sectors and responsible trade initiatives. It is able to do this by accommodating for differences in the social, environmental, political and institutional contexts of different areas, and by taking into account the distinct nature of an initiative's overall objectives, different levels of intervention, and the full range of stakeholders involved. (shrink)

Dieses Lehrbuch vermittelt einen systematischen Überblick über die grundlegenden Funktionen der auf Finanzmärkten agierenden Anbieter sowie die von ihnen angebotenen Finanzdienstleistungen. Sein Spektrum reicht von der Finanzierung und Vermögensanlage bei Banken und Versicherungen über die verschiedenen Formen von Wertpapier- und Wertpapiertermingeschäften bis hin zum Abschluss von Versicherungsverträgen und ähnlichen Maßnahmen zur Risikoverlagerung. In der Neuauflage werden wiederum zahlreiche Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre wie etwa Mittelstandsanleihen, Exchange-Traded Funds oder Derivatgeschäfte von Kommunen in die Betrachtung einbezogen. Das Kapitel über Wertpapiertermingeschäfte wurde grundlegend (...) neu gestaltet. Für Studierende wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Studiengänge, Praktiker in der Finanzdienstleistungsbranche, Mitarbeiter in Kämmereien oder Finanzabteilungen privater und öffentlicher Unternehmen sowie Angehörige der Steuer- und rechtsberatenden Berufe, die im Zuge ihrer Beratungstätigkeit mit Finanzdienstleistungen konfrontiert werden. (shrink)

This article focuses on emergency medical care in black urban populations, suggesting that the classification of a “community” within clinical trial language is problematic. The article references a cultural history of black Americans with pre-hospital emergency medical treatment as relevant to contemporary emergency medicine paradigms. Part I explores a relationship between “autonomy” and “community.” The idea of community emerges as a displacement for the ethical principle of autonomy precisely at the moment that institutionalized medicine focuses on diversity. Part II examines (...) a clinical trial for the blood substitute PolyHeme® (Northfield Laboratories, Inc., Evanston, IL). It illustrates the ways in which bias in research paradigms and Institutional Review Board decisions attach to the notion and utility of the language of “community.” The conclusion's contemporary anecdote makes apparent the vitality of the issues of prehospital emergency medical care and the ways in which decisions and practices fall too easily into a narrative of culturally biased treatment. (shrink)

Augustine and the Disciplines takes its cue from Augustine's theory of the liberal arts to explore the larger question of how the Bible became the focus of medieval culture in the West. Augustine himself became increasingly aware that an ambivalent attitude towards knowledge and learning was inherent in Christianity. By facing the intellectual challenge posed by this tension he arrived at a new theory of how to interpret the Bible correctly. The topics investigated here include: Augustine's changing relationship with the (...) 'disciplines', as he moved from an attempt at their Christianization to a radical reshaping of them within a Christian world-view ; the factors that prompted and facilitated his change of perspective; and the ways in which Augustine's evolving theory reflected contemporary trends in Christian pedagogy. (shrink)

Este artículo intenta explicar la emergencia de algunos ensamblajes educativos situados en el contexto de la pandemia del Covid 19. Para ello analiza y expone las principales características de la teoría de los ensamblajes desarrollada por el filósofo Manuel De Landa. Enseguida procuramos desarrollar una aproximación metodológica de lo escalar ascendiendo de lo micro a lo macro, en el caso de estudiantes, docentes, organizaciones, gobiernos, universidades, casas, en el contexto de la educación superior ante la educación remota y a distancia.

This article focuses on emergency medical care in black urban populations, suggesting that the classification of a "community" within clinical trial language is problematic. The article references a cultural history of black Americans with pre-hospital emergency medical treatment as relevant to contemporary emergency medicine paradigms. Part I explores a relationship between "autonomy" and "community." The idea of community emerges as a displacement for the ethical principle of autonomy precisely at the moment that institutionalized medicine focuses on diversity. Part II examines (...) a clinical trial for the blood substitute PolyHeme® (Northfield Laboratories, Inc., Evanston, IL). It illustrates the ways in which bias in research paradigms and Institutional Review Board decisions attach to the notion and utility of the language of "community." The conclusion's contemporary anecdote makes apparent the vitality of the issues of prehospital emergency medical care and the ways in which decisions and practices fall too easily into a narrative of culturally biased treatment. (shrink)

O presente artigo trata da concepção evolucionista da moral, considerando, primeiramente, duas análises que diferem quanto à maior ou menor importância atribuída à evolução. Discutimos, também, dois problemas filosóficos relacionados com a atribuição da origem evolutiva para moral: o determinismo e objetivismo moral. Defendemos que a vinculação entre evolução e moral não implica necessariamente o determinismo nem a exclusão de justificação e crítica. A perspectiva evolucionista pode, a nosso ver, cooperar para a ultrapassagem da oposição racionalismo e empirismo frente à (...) moralidade, ao levar em conta a influência dos sentimentos, mas sem desconsiderar a especificidade das normas morais. This article discusses the evolutionist conception of moral, considering two approaches, which differ in relation to the importance of evolution in understanding moral behavior. Moreover, it discusses two philosophical problems related to the association between moral and evolution: the determinism, and the problem of objectivity of morality. Evolutionist perspective does not always implicate in determinism. Indeed, it can overcome the opposition between rationalism and empiricism, because it considers the nature of the feelings, without denying the specificity of moral norms. (shrink)

The experience of peer rejection in the classroom, an environment in which students spend a large part of their time, is accompanied by a sense of social pain which can have a profound effect on self-perception and attitude toward the overall school environment. These attitudes can be subsequently reflected in the student’s behavior at school and in his/her school success. The research aims to identify differences in the perception of school life (interpersonal and intrapersonal) among rejected and popular upper-primary school (...) students. For this purpose, the sociometric nomination method and a questionnaire measuring the student’s perception of the school environment were used. From a total of 1,625 students (aged 11–15) from 20 schools, 312 students with the status of popular (liked) and rejected (disliked) were included in the research. The multivariate analysis of covariance (with age and gender as covariates) results revealed no significant differences between the two contrasting groups (popular and rejected) in terms of the perception of school life (interpersonal and intrapersonal). The results of the research indicated a different perception of the school environmentwithinthe groups of rejected and popular students rather than differencesbetweenthe groups. Both the rejected and popular students report contradictory attitudes toward school life. Half of the students indicated that they feel lonely at school and have no confidence in teachers, considering the school a place where they do not like to learn, where they are troubled and where they do not like to talk to their classmates. Perhaps counterintuitively, a larger number of popular students stated that they feel lonely than did the rejected students from the class. Although the results do not paint a very positive picture of perceptions of the school environment, this should be seen as an opportunity to develop active class work with a greater emphasis on strengthening collective trust in the school. (shrink)

Peter Wollen _Signs and Meaning in the Cinema_ Expanded and revised edition London: British Film Institute, 1998 ISBN 0-85170-646-0 hbk; 0-85170-647-9 pbk 188 pages.

Este artículo plantea la posibilidad de efectuar una renovación teórica en las ciencias sociales de corte constructivista a partir del giro realista surgido recientemente en el marco de la filosofía continental contemporánea. Para ello revisamos algunos aspectos básicos de la ontología orientada a objetos de G. Harman, de la teoría del ensamblaje de Manuel De Landa, y del materialismo especulativo de Q. Meillassoux. Nuestra hipótesis de partida sostiene que estas tres teorías poseen un amplio potencial teórico para reactivar el debate (...) en torno al tema de la realidad en el campo de la investigación social, al margen de cualquier subjetivismo, ya sea mediado por el lenguaje o la conciencia. Por último, pensamos y problematizamos los posibles cambios teóricos y metodológicos que podrían presentarse en este ámbito de investigación una vez asumido el giro ontológico realista de los filósofos aquí revisados. (shrink)

Slightly modified excerpt from the section 13.4 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick (translated into englisch): This chapter is based on an analysis of ethical debates on epigenetics and genome editing, debates, in which ethical arguments relating to future generations and justice play a central role. The analysis aims to contextualize new developments in genetic engineering, such as genome and epigenome editing, ethically. At the beginning, the assumptions of "genetic determinism," on which "genetic essentialism" is based, of "epigenetic determinism" as well as "genetic" (...) and "epigenetic exceptionalism" are analyzed and critically discussed. The remarks on the ethical discourse on epigenetics show that the notion of "epigenetic determinism" can sometimes be discerned not only in popular scientific discourse but also in ethical discourse. Ethical debates on epigenetics, however, have distanced themselves from this deterministic understanding. As a result, the focus in the ethical discourse on epigenetics shifts from responsibility for one's own health and that of subsequent generations to justice. What is meant here is justice, for example, in terms of access to healthy environmental conditions, regardless of whether these contribute to health with or without epigenetic agency. An analysis of the discourse on genome editing reveals that it is primarily germline interventions that are being ethically examined, with a concentration on the aspect of inheritance. The question is whether this is accompanied by an implicit "genetic determinism" or even a "genetic essentialism": the determinism could lie in the centrality of the aspect of heritability, since only genetic information is inherited. Does the aspect of heritability and genome modification play a more decisive role in debates on genome editing than the safety issue? Is the problem of embryos and their potential offspring not being able to consent to germline intervention given such a high priority because it is a genetic intervention? Under such a premise of "strong genetic determinism" supplemented by "epigenetic determinism," not only genome editing but also epigenome editing would be ethically relevant precisely because it too would have an influence on the genome. How this influence of genome editing and epigenome editing is ethically evaluated in each case therefore depends initially on whether the assumptions of "genetic" and "epigenetic determinism" are advocated. These assumptions are increasingly viewed critically in ethical discourse because they cannot be confirmed from a scientific perspective. In popular scientific debates in particular, however, they seem to persist, which ultimately also influences the public discussion. Since a broad public discussion is required especially on genome editing, a reflective approach to the various "-isms" analyzed in this chapter is central. DOI: 10.5771/9783748927242. (shrink)

Dupras and Bunnik’s strong statement against the normative approach of genetic exceptionalism, which can no longer be justified in the midst of multi-omic research, is of great importance fo...

On pp. 47-51, "Fifth Scenario: The Nazi and His Jew", discusses Adorno's theory of mimesis applied to the phenomenon of Nazi antisemitism. Influenced by Freud's theory, Adorno discussed in "Dialektik der Aufklärung" (1947) the Nazi phobic and distorted image of the Jew. In Adorno's interpretation, the imaginary portrait of the Jew created by the Nazis is in fact their self-portrait, expressing their longing for unlimited power and identification with an imaginary aggressor in order to be themselves the real aggressor.

The Life of Aesop the Philosopher, an anonymous Greek literary work, presents one version of the novelistic biography of Aesop, which dates to the fourth to fifth century CE. In this volume, Grammatiki A. Karla offers an extended introduction to the Life of Aesop in general, the history of the textual tradition, and the MORN manuscript family and its relationship to other versions and papyrus fragments. She then presents a new edition of the late antique version (MORN) alongside David (...) Konstan's English translation. A commentary addresses editorial choices and focuses on words and phrases that are of interest for the history of the Greek language. (shrink)

Until recently, economics conceived of poverty solely as a lack of material resources. This view likely captures the reality of poverty experienced by many people around the globe. However, two waves of behavioral economics demonstrate that the narrowing of people’s external environments may change people themselves: poverty lowers the quality of decision-making and poverty and oppression may depress the capacity to aspire. Poverty and a history of oppression also change how individuals are perceived. To overcome these effects may require helping (...) people acquire new mental models. This essay discusses key findings from behavioral economics, the implications for agency, and some interventions with promising outcomes. We hope to inspire scholars and policymakers to think more deeply about the nature of poverty and oppression and to consider policies that target the psychological and sociological factors that create cycles of poverty. (shrink)

Matters of Feminist Practice is a print anthology that brings together scholars, writers, and artists of different age groups, identities, and languages from around the world to expand our imaginations and conversations surrounding feminist theories and practices. In the twenty-five scholarly and creative-critical pieces included in this volume, each contributor brings unique visions, insights, approaches, voices, and forms to our collective subject. They also share suggested texts, inviting in a lineage of thinkers with whom they've been in conversation, expanding this (...) community, and guiding us toward further future explorations. After the inaugural print volume, Matters of Feminist Practice will continue as an online journal at www.mfpjournal.com. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se pretende dar cuenta de cómo opera el hábito en el cuerpo de las mujeres, particularmente con respecto a la relación amorosa heterosexual-patriarcal. Para ello, se recurrirá a Simone de Beauvoir y a Jean Paul Sartre, desde ahí explicar a qué nos referimos con cuerpo. También se tomará la noción de hábito de Pierre Bourdieu para señalar el orden simbólico patriarcal en las relaciones amorosas sexo-afectivas. En cuanto al abordaje de la idea del amor, se realizará (...) un recorrido histórico a partir del desarrollo de Marcela Lagarde, así como de su concepto de cautiverio, y, finalmente, apuntaremos algunas consideraciones de la ética del placer de Graciela Hierro a modo de conclusión. Palabras clave: hábito, cuerpo, relación amorosa, orden simbólico patriarcal, violencia simbólica. (shrink)

Targeted modifications of the human epigenome, epigenome editing (EE), are around the corner. For EE, techniques similar to genome editing (GE) techniques are used. While in GE the genetic information is changed by directly modifying DNA, intervening in the epigenome requires modifying the configuration of DNA, for example, how it is folded. This does not come with alterations in the base sequence (‘genetic code’). To date, there is almost no ethical debate about EE, whereas the discussions about GE are voluminous. (...) Our article introduces EE into bioethics by translating knowledge from science to ethics and by comparing the risks of EE with those of GE. We, first (I), make the case that a broader ethical debate on EE is due, provide scientific background on EE, compile potential use-cases and recap previous debates. We then (II) compare EE and GE and suggest that the severity of risks of novel gene technologies depends on three factors: (i) the choice of an ex vivo versus an in vivo editing approach, (ii) the time of intervention and intervention windows and (iii) the targeted diseases. Moreover, we show why germline EE is not effective and reject the position of strong epigenetic determinism. We conclude that EE is not always ethically preferable to GE in terms of risks, and end with suggestions for next steps in the current ethical debate on EE by briefly introducing ethical challenges of new areas of preventive applications of EE (III). (shrink)

Abstract: This working paper focuses on the question whether there is a therapeutic imperative that, in specific situations, would oblige us to perform genome editing at the germline level in the context of assisted reproduction. The answer to this central question is discussed primarily with reference to specific scenarios where preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) does not represent an acceptable alternative to germline genome editing based on either medical, or ethical, or – from the perspective of the potential parents – moral (...) or religious grounds. This article deals with four different types of case constellations that result from these possible reasons against PGD as well as from the necessity or dispensability of a subsequent “control PGD.” These cases are discussed based on hypotheses concerning contextual factors and theoretical assumptions. In conclusion, we point out that if our assumptions are correct, there is probably no therapeutic imperative for genome editing at the germline level. We draw this rationale from the fact that germline interventions are likely not person-affecting. However, we caution the reader that our result is preliminary and needs to be more carefully examined in future work in light of the bioethical debate and potential objections. -/- // Abstract: Im Zentrum dieses Working Papers steht die Frage, ob es einen therapeutischen Imperativ geben kann, der uns, in bestimmten Situationen, verpflichten würde, eine Genomeditierung (genome editing) auf Keimbahnebene im Rahmen der assistierten Befruchtung vorzunehmen. Die Antwort auf diese zentrale Frage wird insbesondere mit Bezug auf Fälle diskutiert, in denen das Verfahren der Präimplantationsdiagnostik (PID) keine aus entweder medizinischen oder ethischen oder – aus Sicht der potentiellen Eltern – moralischen bzw. religiösen Gründen akzeptable Alternative zu einem Keimbahneingriff darstellt. Die möglichen Gründe gegen die PID sowie die Erforderlichkeit oder Verzichtbarkeit einer nachfolgenden «Kontroll-PID» ergeben vier verschiedene Fallkonstellationen, denen sich der Beitrag zuwendet. Auf Grundlage von Hypothesen zu kontextuellen Faktoren und theoretischen Annahmen diskutieren wir diese Fälle. Im Ergebnis verweisen wir darauf, dass es, wenn unsere Annahmen zutreffen, vermutlich keinen therapeutischen Imperativ zum genome editing auf Keimbahnebene gibt. Dies begründet sich daraus, dass der Keimbahneingriff vermutlich nicht als personenbezogen (person-affecting) zu bezeichnen ist. Wir weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass unser Ergebnis vorläufig ist und unter Berücksichtigung der bioethischen Debatte und möglicher Einwände genauer geprüft werden muss. -/- // Résumé: Ce Working Paper se concentre sur la question de l’existence d’un impératif thérapeutique qui, dans des situations spécifiques, nous obligerait à réaliser une édition du génome au niveau de la lignée germinale dans le cadre de la procréation assistée. Afin de répondre à cette question centrale nous développons quatre scénarios spécifiques dans lesquels le diagnostic préimplantatoire (DPI) ne représente pas une alternative acceptable à l’édition du génome germinal pour des raisons médicales, éthiques ou – du point de vue des futurs parents – morales ou religieuses. Cet article traite de quatre constellations différentes de cas résultant des raisons mises en avant pour s'opposer au DPI ainsi que de la nécessité ou de l’inutilité d’un ultérieur « DPI de contrôle » Ces cas sont discutés sur la base d’hypothèses portant sur les facteurs contextuels et sur les présupposés théoriques. En conclusion, nous soulignons que si nos hypothèses sont correctes, il n’y a probablement aucun impératif thérapeutique justifiant l’édition du génome au niveau de la lignée germinale. Nous arrivons à cette conclusion parce qu’une intervention au niveau de la lignée germinale n’est probablement pas susceptible d’affecter la personne. Cependant, nous mettons en garde le lecteur sur le fait que notre conclusion est préliminaire et qu’elle doit être examinée avec soin dans des futurs travaux instruits par le débat bioéthique et par les éventuelles objections. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en abordar algunos argumentos de la filosofía de J. Rancière relacionados con la necesidad de repensar el comunismo. La hipótesis de trabajo insiste en señalar que Rancière no defiende ningún proyecto comunista. Esto al menos por tres razones: no hay igualdad de las inteligencias, el comunista funge como profesor explicador en aras de concientizar a los embrutecidos, el comunismo pertenece a una temporalidad histórica teleológica, lo que a su vez supone un aplazamiento de la (...) emancipación. Finalmente, cerramos este diálogo con las posibilidades presentes de esta otra forma de concebir la igualdad y la emancipación. (shrink)

We welcome Blumenthal-Barby’s et al. (2022) plaidoyer for the integration of philosophy in bioethics because of a perceived mutual benefit. Drawing on experience from a collaborative project, funde...

Neste estudo abordaremos algumas etapas da concepção holística que caracteriza as relações entre o homem, o cosmo e a sociedade na época das Antiguidades Arcaica e Clássica; a transformação da visão holística como consequência da alteração da concepção antropológica ao longo da época moderna; para terminar com uma reflexão que destaque a necessidade de voltar à humanização. Na introdução, nossa atenção estará direcionada, especificamente, para a perspectiva holística com a qual a filosofia e a medicina inauguraram o estudo propriamente antropológico. (...) Em seguida, será examinado o momento de passagem da visão holística para uma concepção mecanicista do homem e das práticas sociais que o veem como objeto de estudo e de cuidado. Por fim, gostaríamos de destacar os esforços que estão sendo efetuados para voltar a uma visão global na qual o homem, a sociedade e a natureza fazem parte de um único e mesmo sistema orgânico. (shrink)

La ira interior, la tristeza, el disgusto, el nerviosismo, la impotencia, más que conceptos, son en realidad sentimientos que por carne propia podemos experimentar, además de ser constantes dentro de nuestra vida anímica, incluso más que el sentido de gozo y placer, que tanto buscamos dentro de nuestras actividades ordinarias. Sin embargo, al experimentar estas emociones en sí mismas parecen no generar algún problema mayor. El problema mismo viene en la acción para poder colmar estas intensas emociones que muchas veces (...) se presentan dentro de nosotros mismos “como criterio el dolor es inmutable, variable es, en cambio, el modo y manera como el ser humano se enfrenta a él”. (shrink)

Este artigo é uma pesquisa bibliográfica centrada na análise de cinco textos do marxista húngaro György Lukács cujo objetivo era compreender melhor como esse autor caracteriza o complexo da educação em sua teoria. As obras selecionadas para o estudo foram o capítulo A reprodução do livro Para uma ontologia do ser social 2, além de quatro ensaios dispersos em outras obras: O Poema pedagógico de Makarenko, Os anos de aprendizado de Wilhelm Meister, Lenin e os problemas de transição e Gottfried (...) Keller. Expõe-se que Lukács não compreende a educação em sentido estrito como limitada à sociedade capitalista, mas como universal, por se caracterizar como uma práxis intencional que pode ocorrer em diversos âmbitos da sociedade. Tal resultado aponta para uma interpretação da educação em Lukács menos limitada à crítica de função reprodutora e, portanto, abrindo maiores possibilidades de conexão entre a teoria lukacsiana e a luta revolucionária. (shrink)

O marketing esportivo, que movimenta bilhões de dólares em todo o mundo, assumiu um novo perfil com a entrada em campo das mídias sociais. A gestão das marcas nestes espaços virtuais exige agilidade, pró-atividade e sobretudo disposição para interagir com os consumidores. Este estudo analisa as estratégias da Nike e da Adidas no Facebook e no Twitter durante a realização da Copa do Mundo de 2014 no Brasil e conclui que, apesar da tradicional agressividade das marcas no mercado, a apropriação (...) deste espaço ainda se faz de modo tímido e nem sempre adequado pela ausência de uma cultura digital de comunicação. (shrink)

Bei der Vita Aesopi handelt es sich um eine Erzählung der Abenteuer Äsops bis zu seinem Tod in Delphi. Das Original, das vermutlich zu Beginn unserer Zeitrechnung ver faßt wurde, ist verloren, wurde aber in mehreren griechischen Fassungen überliefert.

Name der Zeitschrift: Byzantinische Zeitschrift Jahrgang: 111 Heft: 3 Seiten: 829-834.

Das Leben des Fabeldichters Äsop (6.Jh. v. Chr.) wird in einem griechischen Roman der römischen Kaiserzeit erzählt. Die vollständige Fassung des anonymen Originals ist uns nicht mehr erhalten, überliefert ist er aber in Papyrusfragmenten und in Handschriften, die verschiedene Fassungen und Versionen erkennen lassen.