Recent work by philosophers of mind and psychology on nonconceptual content.

Any satisfactory model of the emotions must at once recognize their place within intentional psychology and acknowledge their uniqueness as mental causes. In the first half of the century, the James-Lange model had considerable influence on reinforcing the idea that emotions are non-intentional (see Lange 1885 and James 1890). The uniqueness of emotions was therefore acknowledged at the price of denying them a place within intentional psychology proper. More recently, cognitive reductionists (including identity theorists) like Robert Solomon and Joel Marks (...) recognize that emotions are intentional but, by reducing them to judgments, beliefs, desires, etc., fail to capture their distinctiveness as mental causes (see Solomon 1976 and Marks 1982). In other words, their place within intentional psychology is acknowledged at the price of denying them their uniqueness. (shrink)

When two or more people coordinate their actions in space and time to produce a joint outcome, they perform a joint action. The perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes that enable individuals to coordinate their actions with others have been receiving increasing attention during the last decade, complementing earlier work on shared intentionality and discourse. This chapter reviews current theoretical concepts and empirical findings in order to provide a structured overview of the state of the art in joint action research. We (...) distinguish between planned and emergent coordination. In planned coordination, agents' behavior is driven by representations that specify the desired outcomes of joint action and the agent's own part in achieving these outcomes. In emergent coordination, coordinated behavior occurs due to perception action couplings that make multiple individuals act in similar ways, independently of joint plans. We review evidence for the two types of coordination and discuss potential synergies between them. (shrink)

In this paper, we put forth an analysis of sensitivity which aims to discern individual from merely statistical evidence. We argue that sensitivity is not to be understood as a factive concept, but as a purely epistemic one. Our resulting analysis of epistemic sensitivity gives rise to an account of legal proof on which a defendant is only found liable based on epistemically sensitive evidence.

‘Language and End Time’ is a translation of Sections I, IV and V of ‘Sprache und Endzeit’, a substantial essay by Günther Anders that was published in eight instalments in the Austrian journal FORVM from 1989 to 1991 (the full essay consists of 38 sections). The original essay was planned for inclusion in the third (unrealised) volume of The Obsolescence of Human Beings. ‘Language and End Time’ builds on the diagnosis of ‘our blindness toward the apocalypse’ that was advanced in (...) the first volume of The Obsolescence in 1956. The essay asks if there is a language that is capable of making us fully comprehend the looming ‘man-made apocalypse’. In response to this, it offers a critique of philosophical jargon and of the putatively ‘objective’ language of (nuclear) science, which are both dismissed as unsuitable. Sections I, IV and V introduce this core problematic. The selection of this text for inclusion in this special journal issue responds to present-day realities that inscribe Anders’s reflections on nuclear science and the nuclear situation into new contexts. The critique that ‘Language and End Time’ advances resonates with the way in which the (undemocratic) decisions of a few companies and individuals are shaping the future of life on earth. At the same time, the wider stakes of Anders’s turn against the language employed by (weapons) scientists are newly laid bare by the realities and politics of climate change and fake news. In this new context, the language of science is all too readily dismissed as if it were a mere idiom that can be ignored without consequence. It is against the backdrop of a future that is, if anything, more uncertain than at the time of Anders’s writing, that the essay’s reflections on popularisation, the limits of language and the nature of truth gain added significance. (shrink)

Routinen, Regeln, Rituale, Institutionen, Sprache, organisatorisches Räsonnieren, Begründen, Entscheiden und Kommunizieren, Vertrauen, Loyalität, Informationsaustausch und Wissenstransfer in Organisationen - sie alle sind auf Fiktionen angewiesen, auf ein vielfältiges Als Ob, auf Vorgriffe, die von ihrer nachträglichen Einlösung zehren, die sie selbst bewirken - jedenfalls bewirken sollen. Das öffnet Fälschungen, Manipulationen, bloßer Signalproduktion, bloß symbolischer Politik und organisierter Scheinheiligkeit Tür und Tor, zumal in einer Hypermoderne, in der die Jagd nach positionalen Gütern, nach ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Positionen mit immer größerer Hebelwirkung, (...) in immer neue Überbietungen treibt. Das Gegenteil zu berechnendem Schein, unter dem wir einander begegnen, ist die nicht auf Berechnung schielende Gabe. Die Logik und Ethik der Gabe ist für die Organisationstheorie von größtem Belang, weil sogar in Organisationen und gerade in Unternehmen Loyalität, Vertrauen, Fairness, Hilfe und Wissen immer auch nach Art einer solchen Gabe gewährt werden müssen - jenseits ökonomischer Kalkulation. (shrink)

Composer, conductor, educator, jazz critic, and horn virtuoso, Gunther Schuller here brings together his writings on music. There are numerous articles about jazz, dealing with his favourite figures like Duke Ellington and Ornette Coleman, and also Schuller's concept of the 'Third Stream', the area where jazz and concert music intersect. Other sections deal with the composition and performance of contemporary music, musical education, and musical aesthetics.

Should decision-making algorithms be held to higher standards of transparency than human beings? The way we answer this question directly impacts what we demand from explainable algorithms, how we govern them via regulatory proposals, and how explainable algorithms may help resolve the social problems associated with decision making supported by artificial intelligence. Some argue that algorithms and humans should be held to the same standards of transparency and that a double standard of transparency is hardly justified. We give two arguments (...) to the contrary and specify two kinds of situations for which higher standards of transparency are required from algorithmic decisions as compared to humans. Our arguments have direct implications on the demands from explainable algorithms in decision-making contexts such as automated transportation. (shrink)

The article investigates one of the key contributions to modern structural mathematics, namely Hilbert’sFoundations of Geometry(1899) and its mathematical roots in nineteenth-century projective geometry. A central innovation of Hilbert’s book was to provide semantically minded independence proofs for various fragments of Euclidean geometry, thereby contributing to the development of the model-theoretic point of view in logical theory. Though it is generally acknowledged that the development of model theory is intimately bound up with innovations in 19th century geometry (in particular, the (...) development of non-Euclidean geometries), so far, little has been said about how exactly model-theoretic concepts grew out of methodological investigations within projective geometry. This article is supposed to fill this lacuna and investigates this geometrical prehistory of modern model theory, eventually leading up to Hilbert’sFoundations. (shrink)

"Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die Frage nach dem Wesen und dem Begriff der menschlichen Freiheit als ein philosophisches Grundproblem vor den phänomenologischen Blick zu bringen und nicht nur im Rahmen einer bereits vorausgesetzten philosophischen Teildisziplin - wie etwa in der Ethik oder als Gegenstand einer praktischen Philosophie - abzuhandeln. Diese Aufgabe führt uns in das Zentrum von Heideggers Philosophie. Heidegger gewinnt seinen eigenen Freiheitsbegriff jedoch in der grundlegenden Auseinandersetzung mit den großen Denkern des Abendlandes. Auch und gerade bei (...) Leibniz wird der Freiheitsbegriff in einer weit ausgreifenden Auseinandersetzung mit der philosophischen und theologischen Überlieferung eingeführt und auf dem Boden seines eigenen Denkens, der Monadenlehre, neu positioniert. Durch die Entgegensetzung der beiden Denker kann der jeweilige Standpunkt zum Freiheitsproblem noch schärfer in den Blick gebracht und im Rahmen der abendländisch-europäischen Geistesgeschichte erörtert werden. Zudem ermöglicht es gerade die Auseinandersetzung mit Leibniz, die Frage nach dem Wesen und dem Begriff der menschlichen Freiheit und andere wesentliche Fragen, die sich daraus ergeben, auf unsere Gegenwartsprobleme, insbesondere die Deutung oder gar Leugnung der Freiheit durch die Neurowissenschaften, zu beziehen und anzuwenden."--. (shrink)

The paper is concerned with Quine's substitutional account of logical truth. The critique of Quine's definition tends to focus on miscellaneous odds and ends, such as problems with identity. However, in an appendix to his influential article On Second Order Logic, George Boolos offered an ingenious argument that seems to diminish Quine's account of logical truth on a deeper level. In the article he shows that Quine's substitutional account of logical truth cannot be generalized properly to the general concept of (...) logical consequence. The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to introduce the reader to the metamathematics of Quine's substitutional definition of logical truth; second, to make Boolos' result accessible to a broader audience by giving a detailed and self-contained presentation of his proof; and, finally, to discuss some of the possible implications and how a defender of the Quinean concepts might react to the challenge posed by Boolos' result. (shrink)

We propose a method of learning indicative conditional information. An agent learns conditional information by Jeffrey imaging on the minimally informative proposition expressed by a Stalnaker conditional. We show that the predictions of the proposed method align with the intuitions in Douven, 239–263 2012)’s benchmark examples. Jeffrey imaging on Stalnaker conditionals can also capture the learning of uncertain conditional information, which we illustrate by generating predictions for the Judy Benjamin Problem.

Following decades of neglect, the work of the German Jewish philosopher, literary author, cultural critic, and poet Günther Anders (1902–1992) is gaining increasing recognition in the English-speaking world. This translation of “Résistance heute” (Resistance Today) makes one of Anders’s most programmatic and polemical short texts available. Published at the height of his anti-nuclear activism, “Resistance Today” is the written version of a speech Anders delivered in November 1962 upon acceptance of the northwest Italian city of Omegna’s Resistance Prize (other notable (...) recipients included Jean-Paul Sartre and Frantz Fanon). It first appeared in print in the West German left-wing journal Das Argument in November 1963. Clearly written for the occasion, the text condenses (and often further radicalizes) key premises about the end of history, the amoral character of work, and the continuity between Nazi totalitarianism, the nuclear age and the world of consumerism that are developed in great nuance across a range of books that Anders had recently published. Key co-ordinates include: Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen 1 (The Obsolescence of Human Beings 1, 1956), his groundbreaking critique of technology; Der Mann auf der Brücke (The Man on the Bridge, 1959), a philosophical travel diary occasioned by Anders’s 1958 visit to Japan and his participation at the World Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs in Tokyo; Burning Conscience (1961), a correspondence with the American reconnaissance pilot Claude Eatherly, who scouted the target area before the Enola Gay went on to drop the atom bomb on Hiroshima. It seems likely that Burning Conscience, which turned into an international bestseller, occasioned the award of the prize. (shrink)

The present debate in legal theory is dominated by an unfruitful schism. On the one hand, analytical theories are concerned with the positivity of law, running the risk of missing the law's relation to society. On the other hand, sociological approaches analyze all sorts of social interactions of law, but have developed no conceptual tools to do justice to the autonomy of law. The theory of autopoiesis offers law a chance of getting round the falsely posed alternative between an autonomous (...) rule system or a socially conditioned decision-making process. It is a theory of law that sees the law's autonomy in the self-reproduction of a communication network and understands its relation to society as interference with other autonomous communication networks. Building on the ideas of Humberto Maturana, Heinz von Foerster and Niklas Luhmann, Gunther Teubner uses the concepts of self-organization and autopoiesis to develop a concept of law as a hypercyclically closed social system. This book will stand as a landmark in legal theory and become a standard point of departure in the sociology of law. (shrink)

“DNA-RNA-Protein-everything else” (Arthur Kornberg) on its detail, satisfactory answers to central questions – What is life? head and who try to understand protein bodies as context- How did it originate and how do we view ourselves as living dependent interpreters of the genetic text, (3.) a philosophy that beings? – have been lost in a universe of analytical units.

Günther Buck legt in dieser Studie eine phänomenologisch-hermeneutische Theorie des Lernens, des Beispiels und der Analogie vor, die für Pädagogik sowie für Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften von grundlegender Bedeutung ist. Der Prozess der Erfahrung im Lernen wird in drei Momenten entfaltet: der epagogischen Gangstruktur, der antizipatorischen Horizonthaftigkeit und der dialektischen, „negativen“ Umwendung auf sich selbst. Lernen wird als Lernen aus Erfahrung und als Erfahrung kenntlich. Im zweiten und dritten Teil gelingt Buck eine Neubestimmung des Beispiels in seinen hermeneutischen, bildenden und didaktischen (...) Funktionen. Unterschiedliche Typen der Analogie werden identifiziert und deren Funktionsweisen differenziert. Mit dieser Neuausgabe kann nach 30 Jahren das bekannteste und wirkungsmächtigste Buch von Günther Buck wieder zugänglich gemacht werden. (shrink)

We put forth an account for when to believe causal and evidential conditionals. The basic idea is to embed a causal model in an agent’s belief state. For the evaluation of conditionals seems to be relative to beliefs about both particular facts and causal relations. Unlike other attempts using causal models, we show that ours can account rather well not only for various causal but also evidential conditionals.

In diesem Buch geht es um die Bedeutung der Gabe im Gegensatz zum Tausch, mit dem sie gleichwohl verflochten ist. In der einen, der Welt der überreichen ethnologischen, anthropologischen, kulturwissenschaftlichen und -soziologischen Literatur wimmelt es von Gaben, die in der anderen, der Welt der ökonomischen und Rational-Choice-theoretischen Literatur, nicht gesehen, bestritten, unsichtbar gemacht und vielmehr mit Tausch gleichgesetzt werden. In beiden kommen Gaben in Organisationen kaum vor, in der einen, weil man dort Gaben inmitten der Wirtschaft, der Unternehmen, der Organisationen (...) kaum Aufmerksamkeit widmet (obwohl gerade das im Sinne Marcel Mauss' gewesen wäre), in der anderen, weil sie da ein Geben jenseits eines do ut des überhaupt nicht wahrhaben können und wollen. Sonstige Ingredienzien unter anderem: Eine scharfe Kritik der Gabentheorie Bourdieus, eine Erörterung der Missachtung der Gabe bei Luhmann, Konsequenzen für die Organisations- und die Unternehmungstheorie und ein paar launige kleine Stücke zu Weihnachts- und zu Festschriftgaben. Der Autor Dr. Dr. h.c. Günther Ortmann ist ehem. Professor für Allgemeine Betriebswirtschaftslehre an der Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Hamburg, zuletzt Professor für Führung an der Universität Witten Herdecke. (shrink)

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and sociologist Norbert Elias are both famous for their influential interpretations of modern European culture as a whole. Nietzsche s On the Genealogy of Morals and Elias The Civilizing Process crossed disciplinary boundaries with respect to both content and method, and both books are still of great contemporary interest. This volume brings international specialists together for the first time to explore the connections between these two works. ".

Mit seinem epochalen Werk »Idee und Grundriß einer nicht-Aristotelischen Logik« (1959) legte Gotthard Günther (1900–1984) den Grundstein für eine radikal neue Form der philosophischen Betrachtung der ontologischen Einheit des Universums, deren Richtigkeit heute (auch unabhängig von Günther und in der Regel auf ungleich niedrigerem Niveau) von den Wissenschaften bestätigt wird (so z.B. in der Chaos-Forschung). Gegen die klassische (aristotelische) Logik, die nur zweiwertige Entscheidungen für verbindlich hält (eine Behauptung ist entweder wahr oder falsch), zeigt Günther auf, daß die – mathematisch (...) widerspruchsfrei formulierbare – mehrwertige Logik auch auf dem Gebiet der Ontologie, d.i. der Erfassung der Grundstrukturen des natürlichen Universums und des gesellschaftlichen Dialogs zwischen dem Ich und dem Du, Erkenntnismöglichkeiten eröffnet, die das Limit des klassischen Denkens rational überwinden. (shrink)

The author introduces a normative conception of coherence, derived from a pragmatic interpretation of the application of norms to concrete cases. A distinction is made between the justification of a norm and its application. In the case of moral norms, justification and application can be analysed as two different discursive procedures which give rise to different aspects of the principle of impartiality. Impartial justification requires a procedure by which all interests concerned are taken into account whereas impartial application requires a (...) procedure where all features of a situation are considered. The complete description of a concrete case makes necessary a coherent interpretation of all the valid norms which are prima facie applicable. This requirement of an ideal coherent system of norms is restricted to interpretive “paradigms” in the case of legal norms, because it is necessary to produce singular judgments under the restrictive conditions of scarce time and incomplete knowledge. (shrink)

Philosophers of mind have recently sought to establish a theoret- ical use for nonconceptual content. Although there is disagreement about what nonconceptual content is supposed to be, this much is clear. A state with nonconceptual content is mental. Hence, while one may deny that refrigerators and messy rooms have conceptual capacities, their states, as physical and not mental, do not have nonconceptual content. A state with nonconceptual content is also intentional, which is to say that it represents a feature of (...) the world for a subject. It may be tempting to think of qualitative states as having nonconceptual content since they can be experienced by indi- viduals independently of their possession of the requisite concepts, e.g. someone could experience pains, itches or tingles without possessing the concept pain, itch or tingle. But on such a view, one would have to assume that qualitative states are representational since mental states cannot be candidates for nonconceptuality unless they have intentional properties.2. (shrink)

Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Beobachtung, daß es wissenschaftliche Disziplinen gibt, in denen nicht nur empirische Feststellungen sondern auch Argumente anderer Art zur Entscheidung zwischen rivalisierenden Hypothesen herangezogen werden. Untersucht wird die Frage, ob und wie sich feststellen läßt, ob es in solchen Wissenschaften für Situationen argumentativer "Inkommensurabilität" von Argumentetypen Argumentationsregeln bzgl. der Rangfolge von Argumentetypen gibt. Eine Explikation des Begriffs einer implizit geltenden Regel liefert die Grundlage für die Formulierung einer Reihe von Kriterien, nach denen sich am Argumentationsverhalten (...) von Diskutanten eine potentielle Rangfolge unter Argumentetypen ausmachen ließe. (shrink)

No detailed description available for "Philosophical Writings / Philosophische Schriften".

Pannenberg war nach eigenem Bekunden kein Hegelianer. Doch gibt es bemerkenswerte strukturelle und inhaltliche Parallelen zwischen seiner 'Anthropologie in theologischer Perspektive' und Hegels 'Philosophie des sujektiven Geistes', deren Wahrnehmung für eine aktuelle Lehre vom Menschen in hohem Masse bedeutsam sein kann.

In the twenty-second series of The Logic of Sense, Gilles Deleuze references a remarkable essay by Günther (Stern) Anders. Anders’ essay, translated here as ‘The Pathology of Freedom’, addresses the sickness and health of our negotiation with the negative anthropological condition of ‘not being cut out for the world’.