C'est une question classique de la théologie que celle de la vertu des païens. Sur ce sujet aussi se manifeste au XVIIe siècle l' antagonisme des molinistes et des augustiniens. Le camp de Pascal ne fait aucun doute, mais on n'a pas mesuré les inflexions que sa stratégie argumentative imprime à la thématique païenne des Provinciales aux Pensées. Dans les Provinciales, non seulement la morale jésuite est exclue de la sphère éthique chrétienne, mais elle est présentée comme inférieure à la (...) morale des païens. Or, dans les Pensées, le statut des païens semble beaucoup moins enviable : de possible référence morale aux yeux du polémiste, ils sont transformés en repoussoirs par l'apologiste, qui les exhibe en preuves historiques de la misère de l'homme sans Dieu. On ne peut cependant en demeurer à cette vision réductrice : les Pensées reconnaissent une valeur aux sentiments, aux lois, et même à la religion, des païens, et cette appréciation est lourde de conséquences métaphysiques en ce qu'elle signifie la validité de l'instance naturelle - outre qu'elle contribue à établir entre Provinciales et Pensées une continuité qui met à mal la thèse de la prétendue « rupture idéologique ». The question of the virtues of pagans is a classical one in theology. This subject was also a focus of the antagonism between Molinists and A ugustinians in the seventeenth century. There is no doubt as to which side Pascal supported, but as yet the different inflections of his argumentative strategy with respect to the theme of paganism in the Provinciales and the Pensées have not been accurately assessed. In the Provinciales, Jesuit morals are not only excluded from the sphere of Christian ethics, but also presented as lower than the ethics of the pagans. In the Pensées, on the other hand, the status of pagans seems much less enviable ; no longer a possible moral reference for the polemist, they are transformed into wholly negative models by the apologist, who exhibits them as historic evidence of man's wretchedness without God. Yet this reductive vision is not the whole truth : the Pensées also acknowledge that there is a certain value in the feelings, the laws, and even the religion, of pagans. This estimate has many metaphysical consequences, as it implies the validity of natural standards, in addition to contributing to the establishment of a continuity between the Provinciales and the Pensees, contrary to the claim that there is an « ideological break » between the two works. (shrink)

[Note: Picture of Peirce available] Charles S. Peirce’s Philosophy of Signs Essays in Comparative Semiotics Gérard Deledalle Peirce’s semiotics and metaphysics compared to the thought of other leading philosophers. "This is essential reading for anyone who wants to find common ground between the best of American semiotics and better-known European theories. Deledalle has done more than anyone else to introduce Peirce to European audiences, and now he sends Peirce home with some new flare."—Nathan Houser, Director, Peirce Edition Project Charles S. (...) Peirce’s Philosophy of Signs examines Peirce’s philosophy and semiotic thought from a European perspective, comparing the American’s unique views with a wide variety of work by thinkers from the ancients to moderns. Parts I and II deal with the philosophical paradigms which are at the root of Peirce’s new theory of signs, pragmatic and social. The main concepts analyzed are those of "sign" and "semiosis" and their respective trichotomies; formally in the case of "sign," in time in the case of semiosis. Part III is devoted to comparing Peirce’s theory of semiotics as a form of logic to the work of other philosophers, including Bertrand Russell, Wittgenstein, Frege, Philodemus, Lady Welby, Saussure, Morris, Jakobson, and Marshall McLuhan. Part IV compares Peirce’s "scientific metaphysics" with European metaphysics. Gérard Deledalle holds the Doctorate in Philosophy from the Sorbonne. A research scholar at Columbia University and Attaché at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, he has also been Professor of Philosophy and Head of the Philosophy Department of the universities of Tunis, Perpignan, and Libreville. In 1990 he received the Herbert W. Schneider Award "for distinguished contributions to the understanding and development of American philosophy. In 2001, he was appointed vice-president of the Charles S. Peirce Society. Contents Introduction—Peirce Compared: Directions for Use Part I—Semeiotic as Philosophy Peirce’s New Philosophical Paradigms Peirce’s Philosophy of Semeiotic Peirce’s First Pragmatic Papers The Postscriptum of 1893 Part II—Semeiotic as Semiotics Sign: Semiosis and Representamen—Semiosis and Time Sign: The Concept and Its Use—Reading as Translation Part III—Comparative Semiotics Semiotics and Logic: A Reply to Jerzy Pelc Semeiotic and Greek Logic: Peirce and Philodemus Semeiotic and Significs: Peirce and Lady Welby Semeiotic and Semiology: Peirce and Saussure Semeiotic and Semiotics: Peirce and Morris Semeiotic and Linguistics: Peirce and Jakobson Semeiotic and Communication: Peirce and McLuhan Semeiotic and Epistemology: Peirce, Frege, and Wittgenstein Part IV—Comparative Metaphysics Gnoseology—Perceiving and Knowing: Peirce, Wittgenstein, and Gestalttheorie Ontology—Transcendentals "of" or "without" Being: Peirce versus Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas Cosmology—Chaos and Chance within Order and Continuity: Peirce between Plato and Darwin Theology—The Reality of God: Peirce’s Triune God and the Church’s Trinity Conclusion—Peirce: A Lateral View. (shrink)

This article offers a new theory about how using lotteries to distribute scarce benefits satisfies beneficiaries' claims. In the first section of the article I criticize John Broome's view and on the basis of these criticisms set out four desiderata for a philosophically adequate account of claim satisfaction by lottery. In section II I propose and defend a new view called the dual structure view, so called because it posits that claimants have two types of claims in the relevant scarce (...) benefit distribution cases under discussion. This view meets all the desiderata set out in section I. Section III draws out the practical implications of my view for a variety of temporally extended cases, including the distribution of corneas to patients who have suffered corneal degeneration. (shrink)

Essays dealing with the question of how "sense of place" is constructed, in a variety of locations and media.

“This book will certainly prove to be a useful resource and reference point … a good addition to anyone’s bookshelf.” Network "This is a superb collection, expertly presented. The overall conception seems splendid, giving an excellent sense of the issues... The selection and length of the readings is admirably judged, with both the classic texts and the few unpublished pieces making just the right points." William Outhwaite, Professor of Sociology, University of Sussex "... an indispensable book for all of us (...) in philosophy and the social sciences who teach and care about the shape of social knowledge in the future." Steven Seidman, Professor of Sociology, State University of New York Albany "For a comprehensive account of the ways in which world transformations affect claims to social scientific knowledge, one need look no further than Gerard Delanty and Piet Strydom's Philosophies of Social Science . ...this collection captures nicely the increasingly engaged political nature of the philosophy of social science. Debates about pragmatism, feminism and postmodernism are particularly well represented" The Australian What is social science? How does it differ from the other sciences? What is the meaning of method in social science? What is the nature and limits of scientific knowledge? This collection of over sixty extracts from classic works on the philosophy of social science provides an essential textbook and a landmark reference in the field. It highlights the work of some of the most influential authors who have shaped social science. The texts explore the question of truth, the meaning of scientific knowledge, the nature of methodology and the relation of science to society, including edited extracts from both classic and contemporary works by authors such as Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, Max Weber, Alfred Schutz, Max Horkheimer, Jurgen Habermas, Alvin Gouldner, Karl-Otto Apel, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, Anthony Giddens, Dorothy Smith, Donna Haraway, Sigmund Freud, Jacques Derrida and Claude Levi-Strauss. The readings are representative of the major schools of thought, including European and American trends in particular as well as approaches that are often excluded from mainstream traditions. From a teaching and learning perspective the volume is strengthened by extensive introductions to each of the six sections, as well as a general introduction to the reader as a whole. These introductions contextualise the readings and offer succinct summaries of them. This volume is the definitive companion to the study of the philosophy of social science, taught within undergraduate or postgraduate courses in sociology and the social sciences. (shrink)

The Interpolation Theorem, first formulated and proved by W. Craig fifty years ago for predicate logic, has been extended to many other logical frameworks and is being applied in several areas of computer science. We give a short overview, and focus on the theory of software systems and modules. An algebra of theories TA is presented, with a nonstandard interpretation of the existential quantifier ∃. In TA, the interpolation property of the underlying logic corresponds with the quantifier combination property ∃Σ (...) ∃П S ≡ ∃(Σ ∪ П) S. It is shown how the Modularization Theorem, the Factorization Lemma and the Normal Form Theorem for module expressions can be proved in TA. (shrink)

Le mérite le plus patent de Zur Kritik der Gewalt de Benjamin consiste à défaire toute représentation innocente de la violence et de ses usages, toute compréhension de la violence qui n’y verrait que l’innocuité d’un moyen neutre légitimé, ou pas, par les fins qu’il vise, les intérêts qu’il sert ou les classes qui le mobilisent. « Dans cette perspective, la violence est un produit naturel, en quelque sorte un matériau brut dont l’utilisation ne pose aucun problème ». S’interroger sur (...) la viole... (shrink)

In the first comprehensive and full-length study of the English historical economists, Gerard Koot traces their revolt against the theory, policy recommendations and academic dominance of classical and neoclassical economics in Britain between 1870 and 1926. English Historical Economics, 1870–1926 shows how these historical critics challenged the deductive method and mechanistic assumptions of the economic orthodoxy, developing an historical and inductive method for economic studies and laying the foundation for the professional study of economic history. The author examines the effect (...) of this new methodology upon English politics, discussing the intellectual framework that the historical economists provided for the conservative attack on laissez-faire philosophy in links between such larger social, economic, political and intellectual controversies and the origin and growth of English historical economics. (shrink)

Dans son article de 1915 sur l'inconscient, Freud pose la question suivante: « Nous disions qu'il y avait des représentations conscientes et des représentations inconscientes; mais y a-t-il aussi des motions pulsion-nelles, des sentiments, des sensations inconscients, ou bien, dans leur cas, de telles alliances de mots sont-elles dénuées de sens?».

Dans son article de 1913, «L’intérêt de la psychanalyse», Freud déclarait que la philosophie pouvait profiter des lumières de la psychanalyse parce que celle-ci peut dévoiler la motivation subjective et individuelle de doctrines philosophiques prétendument issues d’un travail logique et impartial, et ainsi désigner à la critique les points faibles du système d’un philosophe. Mon texte présente quelques exemples de l’utilisation de la psychanalyse pour identifier l’impact de l’inconscient sur la pensée de certains philosophes tels que Parménide, Berkeley, Kant, Sartre. (...) À la lumière de ces exemples, j’examine brièvement quelques questions à propos du conseil de Freud : Est-il praticable ? Quand peut-on l’appliquer ? Comment en rendre l’application moralement acceptable ? Selon quels critères juger de la valeur de vérité d’interprétations psychanalytiques de ce genre ? Quels sont les bénéfices, et en valent-ils la peine ?In his article of 1913, " The Claims of Psycho-Analysis to Scientific Interest", Freud stated that philosophy could profit from psychoanalysis because it can indicate the subjective and individual motives of philosophical theories which are ostensibly based on impartial logical work, and in this way it can draw critical attention to the weak spots in a philosopher’s system. This paper presents a few examples of the use of psychoanalysis to identify the impact of the unconscious on the theories of certain philosophers, e.g., Parmenides, Berkeley, Kant, Sartre. In the light of these examples, I examine briefly a number of questions concerning Freud’s recommendation : Can it be put into practice ? In what circumstances ? How can it be applied in a way that is morally defensible ? By what criteria can one evaluate the truth value of such psychoanalytic interpretations ? What are the advantages, and are they worth the effort required ? (shrink)

There is hardly any university, college, or even high school left where they do not teach Darwinism—and rightly so. Yet, most of these places do more preaching than teaching. They teach more than they should, and at the same time, they teach less than they should. This book wants to evaluate Darwin’s legacy from a philosophical viewpoint by trying to analyze the strong points as well as the weak points of what came to be known as neo-Darwinism.

Journal Name: Philologus Issue: Ahead of print.

Shoah, Evil and Philosophy. To speak of the philosophy of the Shoah presupposes a philosophy of philosophy -that would stand in the pre- or post-position of a meaning and the subsumption of an object under a concept. But there is no concept of the Shoah because there is no intelligibility that could justify it. Of this «incomprehensible incontestable» as Victor Hugo said of God, literature can only approach the massive enigma. The «banality of Evil» prevents one from thinking that Evil (...) thinks, and with such a radicality that it demands of the existence itself, and a fortiori of that of the Shoah, irrefutable proofs. By blurring the hypothesis of a flawless equivalence of intelligibility and existence, the Shoah questions the question of meaning. RÉSUMÉ. Parler de philosophie de la Shoah présuppose une philosophie de la philosophie qui se tiendrait dans la pré- ou post-position d’un sens et la subsomption d’un objet sous un concept. Or il n’y a pas de concept de la Shoah parce qu’il n’y a nulle intelligibilité qui pourrait en rendre raison. De cet « incompréhensible incontestable » comme disait de Dieu Victor Hugo, la littérature peut seule approcher l’énigme massive. La « banalité du Mal » empêche quant à elle de penser que le Mal pense, et avec une telle radicalité qu’il exige de l’existence elle-même, et à fortiori de celle de la Shoah, des preuves irréfutables. En brouillant l’hypothèse d’une équivalence sans faille de l’intelligibilité et de l’existence, la Shoah met en question la question du sens. Mots-clés: Evil, Meaning, Philosophy, Shoah, Thought. (shrink)

The Belgian scientific literature dealing with political parties has four main characteristics. First it pays great attention to party doctrines and to parliamentary struggle. Indeed, in the nineteenth century political parties do not strike by their organization, which is still undeveloped, nor by their functions, which are still limited, but by the public debate they are stimulating in Parliament and in the press. Only from the end of the century, when the suffrage is extended, the organization of the parties wilt (...) get more articulated and their functions more complicated. Secondly the literature pays great attention to the legitimation of the political parties, which are still controversial particularly because they should threaten the national union. The authors exert oneselves to prove that parliamentary government is by definition a party government. They distinguish parties from factions in order to make the first acceptable. Thirdly the literature deals with the party system.The Belgian authors take the two party system which exists in Great Britain as example and try to prove that the alternation of two parties, the party of conservation and the party of progress, is necessary for the good working of the institutions. Fourthly, the literature, particularly the historica!, is rather descriptive and is characterized by a lack of comparisons, generalizations and hypothesis.Two periods can be distinguished in the literature. In the first period, 1830-1894, the suffrage is limited and the political scene is dominated by two parties.This period is marked by the publications of Emile de Laveleye, one of the most prolific writers of the second half of the nineteenth century. In the second period, 1894-1914, the advent of the socialist party disturbs the working of the classical party government. Maurice Vauthier is the main author of this period. He tries to establish the characteristics of the party government and its chances in the future. (shrink)

SEXUALITY IN THE ANALYTICAL CURE TALK LOVE TO ME Given the freedom of tone that is the rule, we might well imagine that the analytical session moves on to talk about sexuality. In fact, it is not so much sexuality that is addressed as sex, and sex in the sense of identity, to describe what assigns the subject within a gender or in the other. The article shows that sex, indeed, is not just a partial object, of the phallic type, (...) or a genital organ, but also an object of the ideal type embodying the potentialities specific to each of the two sexes. This explains why, in analysis, the ideal sexuality, based on that idealisation of sex, prevails outright over the two other forms. In “transfer love”, the analyst or the analysis firstly embody the ideals in question and it becomes problematic if the analysand does not manage to detach them from their person or from the situation, so as to invest them in full knowledge – a necessary evolution too in married life. (shrink)

How can a just peace be built in sites of genocide, massive civil war, dictatorship, terrorism, and poverty? In Strategies of Peace, the first volume in the Studies in Strategic Peacebuilding series, fifteen leading scholars propose an imaginative and provocative approach to peacebuilding. Today the dominant thinking is the "liberal peace," which stresses cease fires, elections, and short run peace operations carried out by international institutions, western states, and local political elites. But the liberal peace is not enough, the authors (...) argue. A just and sustainable peace requires a far more holistic vision that links together activities, actors, and institutions at all levels. By exploring innovative models for building lasting peace-a United Nations counter-terrorism policy that also promotes good governance; coordination of the international prosecution of war criminals with local efforts to settle civil wars; increasing the involvement of religious leaders, who have a unique ability to elicit peace settlements; and many others--the authors advance a bold new vision for peacebuilding. (shrink)

Danielle Cohen-Levinas (DCL) : Qu’est-ce qui se trouve pour Rosenzweig définitivement achevé après la guerre? C’est par cette question à bien des égards brutale, que j’aimerais entrer avec vous dans l’œuvre de Franz Rosenzweig, une œuvre complexe, qui déplace les interprétations hégéliennes de l’histoire, mais qui toutefois reste encore confidentielle, confinée à quelques cercles de savants, érudits, ou intellectuels qui ont trouvé chez ce philosophe un « agir » de la philosophie. Que ma pre...

Dans la quasi-définition hyperbolique qu’en donne Derrida, la circoncision s’effectue toujours sans (mémoire, événement, moi, sujet). Là où, pour Hegel, la négation se nie et l’aliénation s’aliène, le sans vient inciser chirurgicalement la texture même de la langue spéculative, laquelle assure continûment la « reprise dans le concept ». La différance consigne ainsi l’impossibilité de la guérison dialectique et de l’accomplissement salutaire où s’annuleraient le différemment, l’attente, la non-venue. La circoncision nomme donc une coupure, une séparation, un disjointement, dont elle (...) fournit dans l’œuvre de Derrida le philosophème le plus propre. (shrink)

Ce texte analyse l’opération heideggérienne telle qu’elle se déploie en particulier dans les quatre volumes publiés des Cahiers noirs comme une introduction de la philosophie dans le nazisme. Pour en comprendre les contenus effectifs, l’auteur repère et décrit deux facteurs intensifs qui forment ensemble l’armature théorique de l’antisémitisme heideggérien et la condition de son énonciation comme relevant de la Seynsgeschichte : la traduction métapolitique d’une part, par où la fin de la métaphysique s’accomplit destinalement dans le peuple historial porteur de (...) l’estre, les Allemands ; le « même quant à l’essence » d’autre part qui discerne, à travers ce qui se présente dans la multiplicité ontique des étants intramondains, cela qui est le même et qui est assigné au peuple historique porteur du triomphe de l’étant sur l’être, les Juifs. Quelle est alors l’essence du judaïsme mondial? C’est « le principe de destruction dans l’espace-temps de l’Occident chrétien, c’est-à-dire de la métaphysique », retourné en son « essence » contre lui-même. L’autodestruction du judaïsme serait ainsi l’aboutissement du déploiement d’un principe métaphysique qui finit dans l’anéantissement des anéantisseurs. (shrink)

Nos rencontres, les publiques et les autres, obéissaient à une pudique proximité où s’abritait le différend – que l’amitié, sans mot dire, tenait en bride. Entre nous, le discord s’emportait sur fond d’entente préalable et tacite. Pour dire autrement la même chose : un accord foncier, nourri de références et de lectures communes, partagées par lui et par moi, mais tout autant par une ou deux cohortes générationnelles – cet accord ne parvenait à se dire qu’à revenir sur des différences, (...) selon... (shrink)

Le socialisme est une vieille idée en Europe.Et le bonheur socialiste a bien besoin de retrouver sa nouveauté et son lustre ancien, si c’est seulement encore possible et si l’on présuppose que le bonheur est à gauche ou que la gauche rend heureux , ce qui n’est guère..

C’est un lieu commun de voir en Calliclès ou parfois en Thrasymaque les grands ancêtres de Nietzsche : refus du droit institué, apologie de la force, légitimité de son exercice naturel, soit de la persévérance dans son être et de la conservation de soi. La lecture de Nietzsche fragilise considérablement ce point de vue. Si la justice comme revendication propre à la doctrine de l’égalité ou encore comme injonction contenue dans les commandements divins ou moraux est refusée sans appel, la (...) « vraie devise de la justice » est promue comme l’éminente qualité du philosophe à venir. Que signifie ce paradoxe? Une justice justifiée par le sentiment de la puissance, voire par la perspective du bonheur, est une justice s’extériorisant dans la gratuité du don, la dépense, la prodigalité, ce qui fait apparaître par contraste tout conatus essendi comme plate satisfaction et parcimonie propres au dernier homme qui « veut se conserver ». Voilà pourquoi la justice de Nietzsche, la grande justice, est une qualité de la pensée et une vertu du philosophe dont la probité actualise sans cesse la puissance individuelle. (shrink)

La philosophie juive doit être distinguée du judaïsme et de la pensée juive pour pouvoir être questionnée sur son caractère national. Son travail de pensée consiste à transcrire le figural de la pensée biblico-talmudique en concepts, à se mouvoir entre le propre, qu’elle n’est pas, et l’étranger, qu’elle arpente. Ni universelle, ni nationale, la philosophie juive, succession discontinue d’événements traductifs, permet de mieux comprendre comment chaque philosophie singulière est plus que le champ philosophique dans lequel elle s’inscrit.

Balancing Change and Tradition in Global Education Reform is an invaluable resource for policymakers, faculty, students, and anyone interested in how decisions made about the education system ultimately affect the quality of education, educational access, and social justice.