Conscious awareness comprises two distinct states, autonoetic and noetic awareness. Schizophrenia impairs autonoetic, but not noetic, awareness. We investigated the strategic regulation of relevant and irrelevant contents of conscious awareness in schizophrenia using a directed forgetting paradigm. Twenty-one patients with schizophrenia and 21 normal controls were presented with words and told to learn some of them and forget others. In a subsequent test, they were asked to recognize all the words they had seen previously and give remember, know or guess (...) responses according to whether they recognized words on the basis of autonoetic awareness, noetic awareness, or guessing. Overall, patients showed the same degree of a directed forgetting effect as normal subjects. However, whereas the effect was observed both for remember and know responses in normal subjects, it was observed for know, but not for remember, responses in patients. These results indicate that patients with schizophrenia exhibit an impaired strategic regulation of contents of autonetic awareness for relevant and irrelevant information. (shrink)

Recent studies have shown that schizophrenia may be a disease affecting the states of consciousness. The present study is aimed at investigating metamemory, i.e., the knowledge about one's own memory capabilities, in patients with schizophrenia. The accuracy of the Confidence level (CL) in the correctness of the answers provided during a recall phase, and the predictability of the Feeling of Knowing (FOK) when recall fails were measured using a task consisting of general information questions and assessing semantic memory. Nineteen outpatients (...) were paired with 19 control subjects with respect to age, sex, and education. Results showed that patients with schizophrenia exhibited an impaired semantic memory. CL ratings as well as CL and FOK accuracy were not significantly different in the schizophrenic and the control groups. However, FOK ratings were significantly reduced for the patient group, and discordant FOK judgments were also observed more frequently. Such results suggest that FOK judgments are impaired in patients with schizophrenia, which confirms that schizophrenia is an illness characterized by an impaired conscious awareness of one's own knowledge. (shrink)

Résumé Cet article s’interroge sur la façon dont le roman autobiographique L’Invitée traduit, par le biais du personnage de Françoise, la tension de Beauvoir au départ de sa relation avec Sartre entre sa tendance à la dépendance et sa volonté d’acquérir une autonomie personnelle et littéraire. La consécration de cette autonomie se marque par le déploiement d’une esthétique qui ne repose pas sur celle de Sartre, mais qui s’inspire des techniques de divers auteurs anglo-saxons afin de dévoiler une subjectivité féminine.

Eski çağlardan beri siyasal şiddetin temel nedeninin gelir eşitsizliği olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bazı çalışmalar gelir eşitsizliği ve siyasal şiddet arasında hiçbir ilişkinin olmadığını belirtirken, bazıları ekonomik gelişme seviyesinin siyasal şiddetin daha güçlü bir belirleyicisi olduğunu savunmuşlardır. Göreceli yoksunluk tartışmaları ise yoksunluğun, uyarılmış hoşnutsuzluğun ve kolektif siyasal şiddetin çeşitli türleri arasında direk bir ilişki olduğunu savunurken kaynak seferberliği akımı; hoşnutsuzluk ve siyasal şiddet arasındaki direk bir ilişki varsayımını reddetmiştir. Rejim baskıcılığı ve siyasal şiddet arasındaki ilişkiyi saptamaya çalışan araştırmalarda ise; siyasal şiddetin (...) orta baskıcı bir rejim yapısı altında ortaya çıktığı görüşü savunulmuştur. Kısacası bu çalışma gelir eşitsizliği ve rejim baskıcılığındaki çeşitliliğin siyasal şiddet seviyesi üzerindeki etkisini inceleyerek kaynak seferberliğine karşı göreceli yoksunluk tartışmasıyla alakalı ulusa karşı bir veri analizi bildirmektedir. (shrink)

Der Autor analysiert die Bedeutung und die methodische wie systematische Funktion des Begriffs der Negation in der Philosophie Sartres und unternimmt eine Nachkonstruktion ihres Ansatzes als eine Theorie der Negation. Das leitende Erkenntnisinteresse ist die Begrundung der Einheit von Bewusstsein und Freiheit durch den Aufweis ihrer jeweiligen negativen Strukturen.".

Die Gedanken des folgenden Vortrags wurden erstmals am 11. November 1981 im Otto-Braun-Saal der Staatsbibliothek Preu6ischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin vorge­ tragen. Mit diesem Vortrag wurde eine Ausstellung eroffnet, in der die Staatsbiblio­ thek Preu6ischer Kulturbesitz Berlin zusammen mit dem Goethe-Museum Dussel­ dorf (Anton-und-Katharina-Kippenberg-Stiftung) und dem Hegel-Archiv der Ruhr-Universitat Bochum im Rahmen des sog. "Preu6en-Jahres" des 150. Todes­ 1 tages Hegels gedachte. Der Vortrag wurde in erweiterter und veranderter Form in der Rheinisch-Westfalischen Akademie der Wissenschaften am 20. Januar 1982 gehalten - (...) am Tage der Eroffnung der genannten Ausstellung im Goethe-Museum Dusseldorf. An der Diskussion beteiligten sich die Herren Walter Biemel, Heinz Gollwitzer, Walter Hinck, Georg Kauffmann, Clemens Menze, Detlef Muller, Klaus Wolfgang Niemoller, Ernst Vollrath. Die Diskussionsbeitrage brachten wichtige Prazisierungen, die ich aufzunehmen suche; zum Teil fuhrten die Erorte­ rungen aber auch zu F ragestellungen, deren Themen uber den Vortrag weit hinaus­ gehen und der Ausarbeitung bedurfen - zur Frage nach dem Verhaltnis zwischen Hegel und dem Kunsthistoriker Rumohr, nach der Wirkung Wilhelms von Hum­ boldt und der Hegelianer auf padagogischem Feld, nach dem Verhaltnis zwischen Preu6en und dem Reich im spateren 19. Jahrhundert, nach den kulturpolitischen Bemuhungen von heute. Ich habe zuerst versucht, diesen Vortrag weiter auszuarbeiten, dabei genaue Belege fur das Dargestellte zu geben und auch die vorliegende Literatur aufzuarbei­ ten. Diesen Versuch habe ich schlie61ich aufgegeben. (shrink)

D'après les textes anciens, la région dite Cynosarges, sur le territoire du dème des Dioméia ou Diomeis de la tribu Aigèis (II), peut commencer au Sud du rempart d'époque classique et doit comprendre une partie de la chaîne de collines qui s'étend du Sud-Est au Sud/ Sud-Ouest de l'Olympiéion, sur la rive gauche de l'Ilissos; le gymnase de Cynosarges était proche du rempart. Les Dioméia jouxtent au Nord le dème urbain de Collytos auquel ils sont liés par le culte d'Héraclès, (...) au Nord-Est le lieu-dit Agra(i), au Sud le dème d'Alopékè. Sauf une scholie à Démosthène, Contre Timocratès 114, rien ne dit que le gymnase et l'Héracléion étaient voisins, voire imbriqués ; au contraire, l'éventualité de deux entités distinctes et distantes l'un de l'autre est soutenue par plusieurs textes. Elle conduit à une relecture critique des hypothèses, des fouilles et de leurs interprétations successives. Dès lors, il n'y a pas d'obstacle à ce que l'Héracléion se soit trouvé dans le secteur où D. M. Robinson a trouvé l'inscription IG II2 1665 sur l'installation de trépieds à Cynosarges et le relief votif à Héraclès, Mus. Ép. inv. 3942. Les vestiges archaïques et classiques découverts en 1895-1896 près de l'église Hag. Pantéléimôn ne présentent aucune garantie d'être ceux du gymnase de Cynosarges détruit par Philippe V en 200 av. J.-C, même s'il est vraisemblable que l'édifice impérial mis au jour un peu plus loin est le gymnase d'Hadrien. Il ne serait pas contraire aux textes de chercher celui de Cynosarges dans le secteur délimité par le rempart au Nord, la rive droite de l'Ilissos au Sud, la région du Pythion à l'Est et le Mur ou la route de Phalère à l'Ouest. Selon toute vraisemblance, les portes XI, XII et XIII étaient respectivement la Porte Diomèis, les Portes Itôniai et les Halade Pulai, et le sanctuaire d'Egée se trouvait sur le dème de Collytos, le plus important de la trittyie urbaine de la tribu Aigèis (II). Trouvés ensemble par Ch. Karouzos dans le quartier Dourgouti, les quatre documents relatifs aux affaires d'Alopékè et au culte d'Antiochos n'indiquent pas la proximité de l'Héracléion de Cynosarges, mais localisent, à l'endroit même où ils ont été trouvés, le sanctuaire héroïque et tribal de la tribu Antiochis (X), sur le territoire d'Alopékè, seul dème urbain de la tribu. L'affluent le plus méridional de l'Ilissos (maintenant la rue Frantzi) devait séparer les Dioméia d'Alopékè. Enfin, la loi sacrée IG I3 257 pourrait provenir non pas de l'Héracléion de Cynosarges, mais du sanctuaire d'Héraclès Panera tes. (shrink)

New insight into the religious dimension of Bruegel’s art. With a number of highly original case studies, the volume illuminates Bruegel’s multifaceted engagement with the contemporary religious concepts and practices of his era.

The text focus is to identify some of the fields where the Sartre’s thought offers theoretical resources for the contemporaneous debate about the cultural justice. To reach this goal, it is established which the Sartrean critics are to the abstract universality, beginning from the “Reflexiones sobre la cuestión judía” text.

Una de las principales dificultades para escribir un texto sobre el acceso y el uso que los jóvenes hacen de las TIC (tecnologías de la información y la comunicación) consiste en el hacho de que inevitablemente, lo escribimos desde nuestro punto de vista adulto. Posiblemente nuestras preocupaciones como padres y educadores tienen poco que ver con las preocupaciones reales de los propios hijas e hijos, alumnos y alumnas, cuando navegan por Internet, chatean con sus amigos o intercambian fotos y vídeos. (...) Frecuentemente se atribuye ésta distancia a la diferencias de edad. (shrink)

Purpose: Several accounts like Ernst von Glasersfeld's Who Conceives of Society? (2008) locate empirical research in the social sciences and radical constructivism in almost parallel universes. The main purpose of this paper is to argue for more inter-active relations and to stress the importance of establishing weak, medium and strong ties between radical constructivism and empirical social research in general. Findings: The article shows that that weak, medium and strong ties between radical constructivism and empirical research in the social sciences (...) can be established. Moreover, these weak, medium and strong ties play a crucial role for increasing and maintaining the relevance of radical constructivism within the social sciences and for contributing to the viability of radical constructivism in the long run. Implications: The most important consequence for radical constructivism lies in a new research agenda. In the course of this article weak, medium and strong ties to empirical research have been specified specifically and exclusively for the social sciences. But these specific links cannot be simply generalized or transferred to other disciplinary fields outside the social sciences. Since interactive links between radical constructivism and empirical research are currently missing in practically all disciplines, these weak, medium and strong links, as a new RC-agenda, have to be developed separately for each major scientific research arena. (shrink)

Thema des Aufsatzes ist die Ethik der ethischen Debatte. Kuhse und Singer fordern eine unbehinderte Diskussion ihrer These, „daß es unter bestimmten Umständen ethisch gerechtfertigt ist, das Leben mancher schwerstbehinderter Neugeborener zu beenden". Auch eine „Erklärung deutscher Philosophen zur sog. "Singer-Affäre" aus dem Jahr 1989 spricht sich für die öffentliche Diskussion aus. Gegen die Selbstverständlichkeit dieser Forderung ist zu bedenken: 1. Wo grundlegende Gewißheiten aufeinandertreffen, muß zwar nicht die Argumentation, aber doch der Anspruch, durch Argumente zu begründen oder zwingend zu (...) widerlegen, aufgegeben werden; andere Formen der Reaktion widerstreiten daher nicht notwendig der Rationalität. 2. Im Vergleich zur fach-internen birgt die öffentliche Diskussion zusätzliche Rationalitätsrisiken. 3. Die Einstellung zur öffentlichen Diskussion einer grundlegenden moralischen Frage wird unweigerlich von der eigenen Antwort auf diese Frage mitbestimmt. 4. Die Kundgabe einer ethischen Auffassung ist selbst ethisch bewertbar. - Wenn man also die öffentliche Diskussion der Früheuthanasie genauso ablehnt wie z.B. die der Sklaverei, ist diese Intoleranz vertretbar. (shrink)

We have arrived, in recent times, to a phase of heightened self-reflection concerning the nature and content of American modes of interpretive scholarship in relation to their object, the East Asian religious tradition. Such intensified reflection within the field has helped bringing about a degree of overcoming of the limitations of certain prior methodologies, allowing us to identify and eliminate patterns of inquiry which lead to exaggeration, naivete and or ignorance regarding the object, which occur as the result of the (...) unconscious bias created by perception limited by the confines of our culturally defined interpretive paradigms. (shrink)

La notion de désobéissance civile connaît aujourd'hui un regain d'intérêt qui n'exclut pas toujours les approximations. Les noms de Thoreau, de Gandhi, de King, étroitement liés à son histoire, font désormais partie de la culture générale. Mais sait-on que l'idée d'une obéissance conditionnelle l'État et à ses lois émerge, sous la plume d'un John Locke, dès le XVIIe siècle ouvrant ainsi une brèche féconde dans les théories modernes du contrat social? Sait-on que la désobéissance civile fut, à l'exemple des universitaires (...) norvégiens en 1942, un des modes de résistance à l'occupation nazie? Se souvient-on qu'en Pologne, notamment, c'est une authentique campagne de désobéissance civile qui précipita l'effondrement du régime communiste? De Tolstoï à John Rawls, de la " marche du sel " en Inde aux " enseignants désobéisseurs " en France, ce concept s'est sans cesse enrichi sur les plans philosophiques et stratégiques. En un dialogue fertile avec les textes fondateurs et les grandes campagnes historiques, l'auteur nous montre ce qu'est la désobéissance civile : avant tout, un impératif éthique d'éprouver la légitimité de la loi et, le cas échéant, la faculté de rompre avec son cadre rassurant. Ce livre, qui se veut aussi un manuel pratique, montre que cette forme d'action directe non-violente, souvent efficace contre la tyrannie, peut et doit également contribuer à la respiration de nos démocraties essoufflées.-. (shrink)

The increasing cultural significance of the natural sciences presents conceptual history with the task of reorganising its categories and methods. The greatest challenge here is the merging of conceptual history and the history of science and the integration of the natural sciences in the project of an interdisciplinary cultural history. The present volume is the first to tackle this desideratum in a systematic manner. The contributions by renowned representatives of the most disparate disciplines bear witness both to the diversity of (...) the new perspectives and to the difficulties of such an undertaking. (shrink)

In the Western tradition, at least since the 14th century, the philosophy of knowledge has been built around the idea of knowledge as a representation [Boulnois 1999]. The question of the evaluation of knowledge refers at the same time (1) to the object represented (which one does one represent?), (2) to the process of knowledge formation, in particular with the role of the knowing subject (which one does one represent and how does one represent it?), and finally (3) to the (...) relationship between the representation and the represented object. Criteria of evaluation such as “validity”, “adequacy” or “truth”, as mentioned in chapter 4, make sense only with respect to these three dimensions. An evaluation can thus (1) depend on the ontological nature of the object of knowledge, (2) relate to the relationship between subject and object—including the structures (cognitive, social) which organize this relationship, or (3) relate to the relation of similarity between the object and its representation as well. The relevant criteria of evaluation thus depend on the points of view adopted on these questions. As there are indeed a plurality of points of view in this field, the goal of this appendix is to summarize, as briefly as possible, the vari- ous positions adopted by the philosophers and to refer to the relevant texts of reference for more information. The first section introduces useful discussions about the philosophy of theoretical knowledge and general epistemology, from a quasi-historical perspective. Section two discusses the intermediary but central notion of models. Section three, more exploratory, intro- duces an approach to simulation as “concrete experiment”. It suggests that such a frequent claim in the literature, when precisely evaluated, can, to some extent, renew both the representational and the linguistic views on simulation. (shrink)

This is the first English translation of “Die beweinte Zukunft,” a retelling of the story of Noah and the flood by Günther Anders (1902–1992). The German original was written in 1961 and first published in 1962 in the journal Alternative: Zeitschrift für Literatur und Diskussion in a slightly longer version, which also carried a subtitle that translates to “from the Molussian Apocrypha, translated by Günther Anders.” This link to Molussia, a fictious land of Anders’s invention that is frequently evoked in (...) his writings, was dropped upon the text’s republication in the shorter version included in the volume Gegen den Tod. Stimmen deutscher Schriftsteller gegen die Atombombe (1964). It was this publication that placed the story into the context of the anti-nuclear movement, a connection further strengthened when Anders selected “Die beweinte Zukunft” as the opening text in his 1971 collection Endzeit und Zeitenende: Gedanken über die atomare Situation. It was via this volume, which was republished in eight editions under the title Die atomare Drohung: Radikale Überlegungen zum atomaren Zeitalter, that the text found a wide readership. Today, this remarkable short parable is finding renewed interest in the context of discussions of the Anthropocene, the climate crisis and ongoing destruction of the ecosphere. (shrink)