O debate sobre o ensino de Filosofia no Brasil tem se pautado em torno de uma argumentação voltada preponderantemente para a defesa daquilo que pode ser chamado de transmissão da “tradição filosófica ou, de forma mais divergente, o desenvolvimento de habilidade de pensamento. Invariavelmente essas abordagens da filosofia se convertem num exercício retórico reduzindo o filosofar numa arte literária fechada que não ilumina nem dirige a confusão que a criança e o jovem encontram-se imersos em suas experiências de vida. Pretendemos (...) argumentar nesse artigo que a educação filosófica pode ser pensada sob outro patamar, ou seja, estabelecendo como seu objeto primário o campo contínuo, interconectado e conflituoso da experiência de vida. Para desenvolver nossa argumentação tomaremos como referência a compreensão da filosofia como uma atividade de pensamento reflexivo no âmbito social e cultural de valor indispensável uma vez que ela tem a tarefa de pensar os problemas da experiência presente tal como podemos encontrar nas principais obras de John Dewey. A filosofia passa a habitar a experiência gerando e vitalizando os sentidos lógicos, éticos, políticos. (shrink)

Este artigo analisa a concepção de infância como crescimento por meio de um estudo bibliográfico das obras de John Dewey. A condição do crescimento é a potencialidade positiva da imaturidade, interdependência e plasticidade do ser humano. Assim, a vida humana é crescimento como um processo contínuo e interativo de experiência que realiza e renova o poder de pensar, de aprender, da liberdade e da democracia. Infância é este poder de crescimento ou poder da vida.

O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar o problema dos refugiados como atividade filosófica e educacional. A questão colocada para o debate é a seguinte: a filosofia tem algo a dizer acerca dos refugiados? Outra indagação subjacente pode ser expressa desta forma: como preparar um trabalho filosófico-pedagógico de ensino de filosofia com o aluno de graduação tendo em vista a discussão do problema dos refugiados no Ensino Médio? O procedimento filosófico adotado, com apoio na metodologia de caráter bibliográfico, ocupa-se de discutir (...) conceitos referenciados no pensamento de Adorno como forma de penetrar, compreender e buscar alternativas diante dos problemas colocados. Explora-se o conceito de Auschwitz como razão bárbara, experiência anticivilizatória e desumana e a alternativa proposta pelo autor na forma de educação para a emancipação pessoal e social por meio da reflexão e esclarecimento como base para o processo democrático e desbarbarizador. Do ponto de vista do ensino de filosofia a partir de problemas, o texto pretende fazer um percurso-aula na forma de uma caminhada aberta, dialógica e problematizadora. Para isso, utiliza de início uma poesia que alavanca a possibilidade de tratar o conceito refugiado a partir de uma experiência empática de expressão do seu grito no contexto da experiência da barbárie. Na sequência, a caminhada busca explorar os conceitos mencionados caminhando pela leitura do texto de Adorno com relação à educação e democracia. A análise destes conceitos abre novos questionamentos que convidam a continuar a reflexão criando novas experiências de pensar e compartilhar questões relacionadas aos refugiados. Nesta perspectiva, apontamos que a aula pode ser uma experiência de práxis de pensar e repensar problemas e conceitos como processo formativo da consciência crítica, da emancipação e autonomia. Palavras-chave: Refugiados. Filosofia. Ensino. Experiência. Emancipação. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o problema epistemológico na obra de Dewey. Abordaremos a crítica aos pressupostos da epistemologia tradicional e sua tentativa de reconstruir uma posição distinta por meio da lógica da investigação. O estudo de caráter filosófico, qualitativo na análise de conceito envolvendo o campo do conhecimento, mostra que este pensador tomou posição crítica diante do que chamou de epistemologia, termo que designa o conjunto de filosofias construídas sobre dualismos como sujeito e objeto, teoria e prática, (...) mente e corpo, espírito e matéria. Tais dualismos surgem da divisão social de classes e servem para a sustentação delas, impedindo a liberdade de criação e comunicação da experiência. Contrapondo-se a este entendimento de epistemologia, Dewey argumenta pela necessidade da lógica como investigação da investigação, ou conhecimento do conhecimento. A contribuição da lógica filosófica da investigação, sua versão da epistemologia, é a de analisar os processos de investigação para abstrair as leis da experiência reflexiva e reorientar o trabalho da filosofia em todas as áreas, inclusive nessa mesma, a lógica. Dewey depreende uma lógica da investigação como processo voltado para a continuidade da vida. O pensamento parte de uma situação indeterminada e culmina na transformação dessa situação por meio de etapas intermediárias de observação, reflexão e ação inteligentemente orientada. A lógica da investigação tem por base a matriz biológica-cultural. Assim, Dewey desenvolve a lógica da experiência que atinge as mais diversas dimensões como a moral, a política e a educação. (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o processo de criação de material para ensino de filosofia para crianças. A produção é resultado das atividades de grupo de pesquisa. O trabalho adotou como referencial a concepção de democracia como modo de vida ético e político e suas relações com a educação a partir do pensamento de Dewey e Lipman. Nesta perspectiva, o modo de vida democrático se consubstancia no agir guiado por valores éticos e no exercício político. A atitude filosófica é (...) entendida como uma prática educativa na e para a democracia. O principal resultado é a criação de uma narrativa filosófica sobre democracia para crianças a partir da linguagem metafórica. A metáfora criada para ambientar o conceito de democracia está ancorada na experiência da casa habitada por personagens conceituais relacionados à democracia como liberdade, justiça, poder, direitos, voto e educação. Estes conceitos são discutidos sob diferentes perspectivas filosóficas. (shrink)

Resumo: Este trabalho analisa a recepção do paradigma de ensino de filosofia de Matthew Lipman no Brasil e sua contribuição para a constituição de um campo de investigação de ensino de filosofia. O conceito de paradigma de Thomas Kuhn (2006) serve de base para caracterizar a concepção de filosofia para criança de Lipman como iniciadora de um campo de investigação sobre ensino de filosofia. A recepção do paradigma de Lipman no Brasil iniciou pelo campo escolar a partir da década de (...) 1990 e passou a ser estudado academicamente por meio de pesquisas de mestrado e doutorado, sobretudo, nas duas primeiras décadas deste século. Este estudo se concentra na análise destas produções buscando compreender as apropriações das concepções de Lipman, as críticas e as possíveis influências no movimento nacional de constituição de um campo científico denominado Ensino de Filosofia. Em termos metodológico, a pesquisa é de natureza bibliográfica, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa que orientam o levantamento e análise da produção acadêmica de dissertações e teses sobre o paradigma de Lipman. Como resultado, a pesquisa encontrou substantiva quantidade (102) e qualidade de produções justificando a contribuição do paradigma de Lipman para a constituição do campo de investigação de ensino de filosofia. Palavras-chave: Matthew Lipman; Filosofia da Infância; Pensamento; Comunidade De Inquirição/Investigação; Filosofia para Crianças Teaching Philosophy at the initial levels of Basic Education: the reception of Matthew Lipman's paradigm in Brazil Abstract: This work analyzes the reception of Matthew Lipman's philosophy teaching paradigm in Brazil and its contribution to the constitution of a field of investigation of philosophy teaching. Thomas Kuhn's concept of paradigm serves as a basis for characterizing Lipman's conception of philosophy for children as the initiator of a field of investigation on philosophy teaching. The reception of Lipman's paradigm in Brazil began in the school field in the 1990s and began to be studied academically through master's and doctoral research, especially in the first two decades of this century. This study focuses on the analysis of these productions, seeking to understand the appropriations of Lipman's conceptions, the criticisms and possible influences on the national movement for the constitution of a scientific field called Philosophy Teaching. In methodological terms, the research is of a bibliographic nature, with a quantitative and qualitative approach that guide the survey and analysis of the academic production of dissertations and theses on Lipman's paradigm. As a result, the research found substantial quantity (102) and quality of productions justifying the contribution of Lipman's paradigm to the constitution of the field of investigation of teaching philosophy. Key-words: Matthew Lipman; Childhood Philosophy; Thought; Community of Inquiry/Research; Philosophy for Children La enseñanza de la filosofía en los niveles iniciales de la Educación Básica: la recepción del paradigma de Matthew Lipman en Brasil Resumen: Este trabajo analiza la recepción del paradigma de la enseñanza de la filosofía de Matthew Lipman en Brasil y su contribución para la constitución de un campo de investigación de la enseñanza de la filosofía. El concepto de paradigma de Thomas Kuhn (2006) sirve de base para caracterizar la concepción de la filosofía para niños de Lipman como iniciadora de un campo de investigación sobre la enseñanza de la filosofía. La recepción del paradigma de Lipman en Brasil se inició en el campo escolar en la década de 1990 y pasó a ser estudiado académicamente a través de investigaciones de maestría y doctorado, especialmente en las dos primeras décadas de este siglo. Este estudio se centra en el análisis de estas producciones, buscando comprender las apropiaciones de las concepciones de Lipman, las críticas y posibles influencias en el movimiento nacional por la constitución de un campo científico denominado Enseñanza de la Filosofía. En términos metodológicos, la investigación es de carácter bibliográfico, con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo que orientan el levantamiento y análisis de la producción académica de disertaciones y tesis sobre el paradigma de Lipman. Como resultado, la investigación encontró cantidad sustancial (102) y calidad de producciones que justifican la contribución del paradigma de Lipman a la constitución del campo de investigación de la enseñanza de la filosofía. Palabras clave: Matthew Lipman; Filosofía de la Infancia; Pensamiento; Comunidad de Indagación/Investigación ; Filosofía Para Niños Data de registro: 20/01/2023 Data de aceite: 24/01/2024. (shrink)

Este artigo tem por objetivo relatar a experiência com o Projeto de educação filosófica denominado Ética e Educação para o Pensar a partir da Literatura Infantil, abordando a história da sua criação, algumas referências teóricas e metodológicas, a estrutura do projeto e o desenvolvimento através de parceria entre o Instituto Sadia, Fundação Sidónio Muralha, Instituto de Filosofia e Educação para o Pensar e seis secretarias de educação. O foco do projeto é a educação ética através da comunidade de investigação, enfatizando (...) a abordagem dialógica dos valores, procurando trabalhar na direção da autonomia moral e cognitiva das crianças. O projeto foi desenvolvido com professores e alunos da Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental I. No final do artigo são apresentadas algumas produções dos alunos desenvolvidas como parte do projeto e depoimentos dos professores sobre o mesmo. (shrink)

This research seeks to understand the relationship between philosophy and the formation of concepts in childhood from the perspective of Matthew Lipman. As our own research in the area of philosophy of education, we pose the following question as a problem to be analyzed: how can philosophy contribute to the concept formation process in childhood according to Lipman? The development of this problem was organized in five stages. A first seeks to understand and deepen Lipman's conception of Philosophy for Children, (...) especially the idea of thinking skills and philosophical dialogue in the research community; the second stage consisted of planning philosophical practice with the children at school, in a class with 32 students from the 3rd year of elementary school in a public school in the city of Londrina / PR, in the period of one semester; the third was to carry out the classroom experience with the students and the teacher from the previous stages; the fourth step was the evaluation of the practice and the planning of the following classes after each meeting; and the fifth stage was concerned with the registration, analysis and systematization of the observed. In order to investigate the contribution of philosophy to the concept formation process in childhood, according to Lipman, part of the research methodology was qualitative, analyzing the concepts of philosophy, thinking and the research community of this philosopher. For this, his main works and those of his commentators were consulted. Action research procedures were also employed through the practice of students from Elementary School I, in order to carry out an experience of the analyzed concepts. As a result of the research, it is possible to highlight the fundamental role of Lipman’s Philosophy for Children in the formation of concepts, because, through philosophical practices, the children were more reflective in approaching concepts that in their daily lives could go unnoticed. The work of questioning and dialogue in the research community made it possible to highlight the difficulty of conceptualizing at the beginning of the work, the progress along their approach and the need to seek more in-depth answers. With that, it can be highlighted that the Philosophy classes contributed to such advances and that without them the skills would remain stagnant. This study is added to the philosophical educational movement of teaching philosophy from childhood, which is considered essential for the formation of more reasonable subjects, and most importantly, with the acquisition of skills that will facilitate life in and out of school. (shrink)

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a noção do Ubuntu como contribuição para pensar a democracia, especialmente a crise que esta enfrenta, no Brasil, da atual realidade histórica de intolerância, discriminação racial, exclusão social e desumanização. Para isso, levanta-se a seguinte questão: pode a África contribuir para o pensamento da democracia, pela sua filosofia de vida expressa em Ubuntu? A primeira parte do texto analisa o conceito de Ubuntu, destacando seu caráter filosófico. A segunda parte desenvolve duas características estruturais (...) do Ubuntu: a comunidade e a tolerância. A metodologia de pesquisa se caracteriza como um trabalho bibliográfico, cujo aporte é a análise filosófica da expressão Ubuntu, fundamentada no modo de vida africano, a partir das obras de Ramose: African Philosophy Through Ubuntu ; de Gyekye: Person and Community in African Thought. Entende-se que compreender Ubuntu como um modo de vida africano, baseado na interdependência, interconstituição, interconexão e inter-humanização é cooperar para pensar a democracia como modo de vida ético, social e político, o qual reconhece e considera o outro como sujeito de diferenças que possibilitam a humanização.: This study aims at analysing the notion of Ubuntu as a contribution to think about democracy, especially the crisis it faces in Brazil, before the current historical reality of intolerance, racial discrimination, social exclusion, and dehumanization. For this reason, we raise the following question: can Africa contribute to think about democracy through her life’s philosophy expressed in Ubuntu? The first part of the text analyses the concept of Ubuntu, highlighting its philosophical character. The second part develops two structural characteristics of Ubuntu: community and tolerance. The research methodology is characterised as a bibliographical work, whose contribution is a philosophical analysis of the expression Ubuntu, based on the African way of life, from the works of Ramose: African Philosophy Through Ubuntu ; of Gyekye: Person and community in African thought. We defend that understanding Ubuntu as an African way of life, based on interdependence, inter-constitution, interconnection and inter-humanisation is to contribute to think about democracy as an ethical, social and political way of life that recognises and considers the other as individual of differences that make humanisation possible. (shrink)

' I heartily recommend it to any philosopher of language interested in the issues. [] Logicians, of course, will want to savour the whole thing.' Australian Journal of Philosophy, 71:3 (1993).

It is commonly believed that populist politics and social media pose a serious threat to our concept of truth. Philosophical pragmatists, who are typically thought to regard truth as merely that which is 'helpful' for us to believe, are sometimes blamed for providing the theoretical basis for the phenomenon of 'post-truth'. In this book, Sami Pihlström develops a pragmatist account of truth and truth-seeking based on the ideas of William James, and defends a thoroughly pragmatist view of humanism which gives (...) space for a sincere search for truth. By elaborating on James's pragmatism and the 'will to believe' strategy in the philosophy of religion, Pihlström argues for a Kantian-inspired transcendental articulation of pragmatism that recognizes irreducible normativity as a constitutive feature of our practices of pursuing the truth. James himself thereby emerges as a deeply Kantian thinker. (shrink)

Wines with geographical indication can be classified and represented by such features as designations of origin, producers, vintage years, alcoholic strength, and grape varieties; these features allow us to define wines in terms of a set of necessary and/or sufficient conditions. However, wines can also be identified by other characteristics, involving their look, smell, and taste; in this case, it is hard to define wines in terms of necessary and/or sufficient conditions, as wine concepts exhibit typicality effects. This is a (...) setback for the design of computer science ontologies aiming to represent wine concepts, since knowledge representation formalisms commonly adopted in this field do not allow for the representation of concepts in terms of typical traits. To solve this problem, we propose to adopt a hybrid approach in which ontology-oriented formalisms are combined with a geometric representation of knowledge based on conceptual spaces. As in conceptual spaces, concepts are identified in terms of a number of quality dimensions. In order to determine those relevant for wine representation, we use the terminology developed by the Italian Association of Sommeliers to describe wines. This will allow us to understand typicality effects about wines, determine prototypes and better exemplars, and measure the degree of similarity between different wines. (shrink)

In this paper, I seek to provide building blocks for a reconciliation of the ethical care for heritage protection and nature restoration ethics. It will do so, by introducing a hermeneutic landscape philosophy that takes landscape as a multi-layered “text” in need of interpretation, and place identities as build upon certain readings of the landscape. I will argue that from a hermeneutic perspective, both approaches appear to complement each other. Renaturing presents a valuable correction to the anthropocentrism of many European (...) rural cultures. Yet, heritage protectionists rightly point to the value of narratives for Old World identities. I will conclude with a short reflection on how such a hermeneutic environmental ethic can be helpful in dealing with environmental conflicts. (shrink)

In their paper, “Helpful Lessons and Cautionary Tales: How Should COVID-19 Drug Development and Access Inform Approaches to Non-Pandemic Diseases?” Holly Fernandez Lynch and colleagues have present...

It is generally believed that the de Broglie-Bohm model does not admit a particle interpretation for massive relativistic spin-0 particles, on the basis that particle trajectories cannot be defined. We show this situation is due to the fact that in the standard representation of the Klein-Gordon equation the wavefunction systematically contains superpositions of particle and anti-particle contributions. We argue that by working in a Foldy-Wouthuysen type representation uncoupling the particle from the anti-particle evolutions, a positive conserved density for a particle (...) and associated density current can be defined. For the free Klein-Gordon equation the velocity field obtained from this current density appears to be well-behaved and sub-luminal in typical instances. As an illustration, Bohmian trajectories for a spin-0 boson distribution are computed numerically for free propagation in situations in which the standard velocity field would take arbitrarily high positive and negative values. (shrink)

Some patients have no chance of surviving if not treated, but very little chance if treated. A number of medical ethicists and physicians have argued that treatment in such cases is medically futile and a matter of physician discretion. This paper critically examines that position.According to Howard Brody and others, a judgment of medical futility is a purely technical matter, which physicians are uniquely qualified to make. Although Brody later retracted these claims, he held to the view that physicians need (...) not consult the patient or his family to determine their values before deciding not to treat. This is because professional integrity dictates that treatment should not be undertaken. The argument for this claim is that medicine is a profession and a social practice, and thus capable of breaches of professional integrity.Underlying professional integrity are two moral principles, one concerning harm, the other fraud. According to Brody both point to the fact that when the odds of survival are very low treatment is a violation of professional integrity.The details of this skeletal argument are exposed and explained, and the full argument is criticised. On a number of counts, it is found wanting. If anything, professional integrity points to the opposite conclusion. (shrink)

Philosophy of science is the organized expression of a growing intent among philosophers and scientists to clarify, perhaps unify, the programs, methods and results of the disciplines of philosophy and of science. The examination of fundamental concepts and presuppositions in the light of the positive results of science, systematic doubt of the positive results, and a thorough-going analysis and critique of logic and of language, are typical projects for this joint effort. It is not necessary to be committed to a (...) belief that science and philosophy are or should be one, or else that “never the twain shall meet.” If anything, there is to be expected a wholesome regard for the value of established science in furnishing a foil for philosophy and a check on its old extravagances. This does not mean that even the best-established science may not be subject to most devastating criticism by analysis of its foundations. In fact, despairing of the philosophy of the schools, science has done it largely for itself. The theories of gravitation, atomicity, electro-magnetism, evolution, relativity and quanta have all arisen through drastic revisions of complacent fundamental “truths.”. (shrink)

The four chapters of the book include the major educational controversies/debates that are being encountered presently in local school education.

In “Imposing Risks,” Judith Thomson gives a case in which, by turning on her stove, she accidentally causes her neighbor’s death. She claims that both the following are true: (1) she ought not to have caused her neighbor’s death; (2) it was permissible for her to turn her stove on. In this paper it is argued that it cannot be that both (1) and (2) are true, that (2) is true, and that therefore (1) is false. How this is so (...) is explained, and the implications of this position regarding the relation between rights and duties is explored. (shrink)

Disregard of gender and of women’s contributions in the higher education curriculum is still a widespread phenomenon. Building on feminist institutionalism, this article explores the forms and types of resistance that efforts to engender the higher education curriculum must contend with and discusses the ways in which resistance to curricular reform is entrenched in a web of both gender-specific and apparently gender-neutral academic informal rules. In doing so, the authors use empirical evidence collected by an action-research project undertaken at a (...) faculty of political and social sciences in a Catalan public university. The Spanish case is intriguing because mainstreaming gender in higher education has been prescribed by various national and regional laws that are nonetheless poorly implemented. The article also reflects on the positive feedback loop action-research projects can facilitate within gendered institutions such as universities and pinpoints the role of feminist agency in counteracting resistance to institutional change. (shrink)

We suggest an equilibrium concept for a strategic model with a large number of players in which each player observes the actions of only a small number of the other players. The concept fits well situations in which each player treats his sample as a prediction of the distribution of actions in the entire population, and responds optimally to this prediction. We apply the concept to a strategic voting model and investigate the conditions under which a centrist candidate can win (...) the popular vote although his strength in the population is smaller than the strengths of the right and left candidates.  2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

I take it as my assignment to criticize the Gauthier enterprise. At the outset, however, I should express my general agreement with David Gauthier's normative vision of a liberal social order, including the place that individual principles of morality hold in such an order. Whether the enterprise is, ultimately, judged to have succeeded or to have failed depends on the standards applied. Considered as a coherent grounding of such a social order in the rational choice behavior of persons, the enterprise (...) fails. Considered as an extended argument implying that persons should adopt the moral stance embodied in the Gauthier structure, the enterprise is, I dunk, largely successful. Considered as a set of empirically falsifiable propositions suggesting that persons do, indeed, choose as the Gauthier precepts dictate, the enterprise offers Humean hope rather than Hobbesian despair. (shrink)

Like the virtue it purports to explain, St Thomas Aquinas' treatment of modestia in the Summa Theologiae is something that can easily be overlooked. Such neglect is unfortunate, for it is liable to obscure the surprising character of Aquinas' account, departing as it does from many of his philosophical sources , to say nothing of our own contemporary assumptions. This novel treatment is especially significant given its potential value in addressing the social and political needs of the current age, for (...) rather than being the virtue least fitted for contemporary life, the modesty that emerges in Thomas' moral theology may have an enduring civic significance. This essay therefore begins with an exegesis of Aquinas' account of modestia and concludes with an analysis of its political dimensions. (shrink)