Considering the enormous outpouring of scholarly work on Schmitt over the last two decades, the absence of an adequate treatment in English of Schmitt's concept of history and the problem of secularization is quite surprising. After all, it is Schmitt himself who claims that “all human beings who plan and attempt to unite the masses behind their plans engage in some form of philosophy of history,” such that the attempt to make sense of Schmitt's program remains incomplete without a serious (...) treatment of his philosophy of history. This article is an attempt to address this problem by means of his exchange with Hans Blumenberg who, more than any other critic of Schmitt, was privy to the political intentions behind Schmitt's metaphorical use of theology. While their discussion is extensive and wide-ranging, I focus here on their diverging philosophies of history, precisely that aspect that is most relevant to gaining a more expansive understanding of Schmitt's arguments, and indeed the relationship between political thought and historical thought. (shrink)

Faith, Tsar and Fatherland is an exploration of how religious, political, and ethnic differences influenced war mobilization in Russia prior to, and during, the First World War. Through the narrative of a sacred union, the Russian Imperial government unified an otherwise divided country into one cohesive whole, fighting to protect the Fatherland. In the name of patriotism, historically marginalized groups such as Russo-German settlers and Russian Muslims set aside political, religious, and cultural differences to fight alongside ethnic Russians in one (...) unified effort to defeat the Central Powers. (shrink)

Conceiving sexuality as a sociohistorical construction, in this paper I reflect upon possible reconfigurations that neoliberalism allows, bearing in mind that it is a specific governmentality displaying a particular mode of subjectivization. The hypothesis I develop stresses that neoliberal governmentality provides new forms of living and experiencing sexuality, resignifying sexual practices to be either accepted or dismissed. Consequently, there are pleasures and sexual acts that become more tolerated, and that originate new rules. Departing from the premise that sexuality is determined (...) by pleasure and danger logics within which neoliberalism foregrounds new discourses, I aim to show the impact such new rules have on women. In these terms, the antivictim conception that some feminist sectors demand regarding sexuality, can orbit around the neoliberal discourse and hide the vindications of women who cannot choose the rejection of their victim position. Even if feminism is widely claiming for women’s reappropriation of their sexual pleasure, these demands are resignified by discourses that urge women to be responsible of themselves, leaving them defenseless in the face of the numerous hardships crossing sexuality as a whole. (shrink)

The regulatory structures underlying United States and European Union policies regarding genetically modified (GM) food and crops are fundamentally different. The US regulates GM foods and crops as end products, applying roughly the same regulatory framework that it does to non GM foods or crops. The EU, on the other hand, regulates products of agricultural biotechnology as the result of a specific production process. Accordingly, it has developed a network of rules that regulate GM foods and crops specifically. As a (...) result, US regulation of GM foods and crops is relatively permissive, whereas EU regulation is relatively restrictive. Why are genetically modified food policies in the United States and the European Union so strikingly different? In the light of the recent World Trade Organization dispute on agricultural biotechnology, it may seem that economic interests are the driving force behind policies. While they are certainly part of the picture, the issue is far more complex. This paper argues that three different elements help explain differences between US and EU GM food policies. First, an investigation of US and European policies of the 1970s and 1980s on recombinant DNA research and of events leading up to early GM food and crop regulation allows a deeper understanding of current policy. Second, scrutinizing underlying values and norms can uncover the beliefs that condition current GM food and crop policy. Third, an analysis of involved actors’ views and levels of success in influencing policy is essential to understanding US and EU policies. (shrink)

Graphical AbstractThis recent meeting covered non-bilaterian (e.g., cnidarians, ctenophores, and sponges) animals broadly, but with emphasis in four areas: 1) New genomic resources and tools for functional studies, 2) advances in developmental and regeneration studies, 3) the evolution and function of nervous systems, 4) symbiosis and the holobiome.

A partir de una reflexión sobre el siglo XX, en este artículo analizamos sus convenciones duraderas y lo que ha sido olvidado. También estudiamos el fenómeno de La globalización, su concepto y sus límites, sus formas y variaciones, sus dimensiones culturales, solidarias y religiosas, así como los criterios para una evaluación objetiva de los mismos Desde un punto de vistatrabajo prospectivo, avanzamos hacia el futuro del cristianismo, prestando especial atención a la presencia del creyente en sociedad y presentando sus urgencias (...) más importantes: una investigación sobre el misterio teológico, un debate cultural sobre sus valores fundamentales y la defensa de los suyos propios, identidad y oficios Honestidad intelectual, social y religiosa. (shrink)

One of the foundational problems of biochemistry concerns the conceptualisation of the relationship between the composition, structure and function of macromolecules like proteins. Part of the recent philosophical literature displays a reductionist bias, that is, the endorsement of a form of microstructuralism mirroring an out-dated biochemical conceptualisation. We shall argue that such microstructuralist approaches are ultimately committed to a potentialist form of micro-predeterminism whereby the macrostructure and function of proteins is accounted for solely in terms of the intrinsic properties and (...) potentialities of the components of the primary structure as if they were self-contained or essentially immutable entities. We shall instead suggest that a conceptualisation of the relationship between proteins’ composition, structure and function consistent with contemporary biochemical practice should account also for the causal role of the cellular, organismal and environmental relations in protein development. The analysis of the folding process we propose suggests that microstructure-laden reductionist approaches are ontologically indefensible. Rather than a potentialist form of micro-predeterminism, our analysis ultimately supports a relational-construction-based view of protein development and potentialities formation, which requires an indispensable analysis of the dynamical interplay between the micro-level of the parts and the macro-level of the relational structures of their systems. (shrink)

Si bien en la filosofía de las ciencias ya se han explorado algunos ejemplos provenientes de la bioquímica como casos de estudio, la filosofía de la bioquímica es una subdisciplina naciente. En este artículo estudiaremos dos problemas filosóficos de relevancia contemporánea en esta ciencia. Por un lado, examinaremos las bases epistemológicas del problema del plegamiento de proteínas. En particular lo relacionado con la predicción de la estructura tridimensional de las proteínas a partir de su secuencia, asunto que ha dado mucho (...) que hablar debido a los nuevos avances utilizando deep learning. Por otro lado, exploraremos el problema in-vitro/in-vivo y, más generalmente, el problema de la extrapolación en las ciencias biológicas. Finalmente, a partir de las consecuencias de ambos temas consideraremos algunas reflexiones filosóficas generales acerca del reduccionismo, el pluralismo y el lugar de la bioquímica en las ciencias biológicas. Palabras clave: Bioquímica, Plegamiento de proteínas, In-vitro/in-vivo, Pluralismo, Reduccionismo. (shrink)

Recent trends in academic and professional legal communication worldwide have promoted significant changes to aim at operating successfully under current multilingual and multilegal contexts. The aim is to consider a kind of supranational legal discourse so as to minimize socio-cultural variants and to promote the pragmatic conditions for harmonized and ‘common sense’ legal practices without excluding potential reciprocal influences of or resistance to one hegemonic legal system upon others. In Brazil, the traditional ‘thinking like a civil lawyer’ culture still prevails (...) against a more global approach constraining the consolidation of the country’s role of major player in most global legal areas. In addition, the key tool required for achieving some sort of global legal status—Brazilian legal operators’ proficiency in legal English—has been barely considered in both academic and professional settings, particularly in legal translation. This study resorts to the linguistic anthropology concept of ‘entextualization’ to discuss the process of official translation in Brazil to render global legal genres. The comparative analysis between the original text in English and its official version in English focus on drafting consistency, the translator’s choice of some formal entextualization elements used in the process of translation and his/her authority as the entextualizing agent to legitimate text. (shrink)

El artículo analiza el concepto de mal radical de Kant y sostiene que su explicación del mal utiliza un modelo reconstructivo que niega la atribución de los modelos de adicción o del mal hábito. Se critica la tesis de la “revolución en la disposición moral fundamental”, primero, porque Kant abandona el método fenomenológico-trascen- dental y, segundo, por el carácter semipelagiano de su argumentación.

La voz humana es un fenómeno ampliamente estudiado desde una gran variedad de disciplinas, desde las especialidades de la medicina hasta las artes. Aunque esta situación resulta enriquecedora, la multiplicidad de perspectivas ha conspirado contra la formulación de una concepción única de la voz y de un sistema lógico que pueda ayudar a entender los fenómenos asociados con ella en términos más generales, enfatizando continuidades y relaciones en lugar de requerir cada vez una definición del objeto de estudio de acuerdo (...) con las herramientas conceptuales y las metodologías de cada disciplina. La semeiotica de Peirce ofrece una alternativa a esta fragmentación de los estudios de la voz, especialmente a través de su taxonomía de signos relacionada con las categorías faneroscópicas. El nonágono semiótico es un modelo operativo que, adoptando la forma de un ícono diagramático, ayuda a aplicar las categorías peirceanas al análisis de conceptos, objetos o disciplinas en general. Con el nonágono semiótico como herramienta metodológica, este artículo ofrece una forma de analizar, describir y categorizar de acuerdo con criterios lógicos los múltiples usos de la voz humana. Se espera que las relaciones que revela entre usos radicalmente diferentes de la voz ayuden a reducir la redundancia entre disciplinas y a proveer nuevas direcciones para la investigación en otras áreas, así también como para cubrir potenciales necesidades pedagógicas y analíticas en las artes y otras disciplinas. (shrink)

A 20 años de su publicación, el libro de José Casanova Public Religions in the Modern World ya es uno de los clásicos de la sociología de la religión y uno de los trabajos que mayores aportes ha hecho a la discusión sobre la secularización, la modernización, el pluralismo y las religiones públicas. Con el título Genealogías de la secularización, se publicó la recopilación del profesor Josetxo Beriain de 14 trabajos del profesor de Georgetown University aparecidos en los últimos años (...) en revistas especializadas y volúmenes colectivos, dejándonos a sus lectores la tarea de releerlos y encontrar tópicos que permitan sistematizarlos. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda el estudio de algunos de los problemas que presenta la religión en las democracias contemporáneas y, más específicamente, las aporías políticas que suscita la participación de los creyentes en el debate público. Para desarrollar la temática, el texto se divide en dos partes: en la primera, se exponen las objeciones que, en las democracias seculares se le presentan al discurso religioso. En la segunda, se identifican algunos tópicos teóricos que deben asumir los creyentes si quieren que dicho (...) discurso alcance eficacia pública y sea recibido como un aporte a la deliberación democrática y a la construcción de una ciudadanía plural. (shrink)

Mi comentario se divide en tres partes que obedecen, sin método ni exhaustividad, a las tres facetas que más me han interesado de Dworkin y que esta biografía me permitió revisitar: su faceta de intelectual público, su liberalismo ético o perfeccionista y un breve colofón sobre su generosidad académica.

El llamado “retorno de la religión” puede interpretarse como un hecho inédito, un pretexto fáctico o una enmienda. Se muestra que no se trata de lo primero, pues fue un problema político para la filosofía del siglo XX, ni de lo segundo. Consiste en un arrepentimiento implícito de la teoría política por haber asumido el secularismo y el positivismo como marco epistemológico y normativo. Este concepto conduce, además, a reformular la utopía secularista y a la emergencia de la postsecularidad.

This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal trends in mathematical competencies of Grade 8 students in a public high school located in Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. The study collected data over a period of six academic years, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of students' performance in 16 distinct mathematical competences of basic education curriculum. These topics include, but are not limited to, special products and factors, factoring, and basic concepts of probability. Using a quantitative research design, the study analyzed both (...) numerical and secondary data to identify patterns or trends in students' mathematical competencies. Trends were analyzed through regression analysis using slopes. The significance of these trends was then evaluated using t-tests for the standard error of slopes. The statistical analysis revealed significant upward trends in certain mathematical topics, indicating an improvement in the students' competencies over the six academic years. However, certain topics displayed downward or stable trends, indicating areas for improvement in the teaching methods used for these topics. The study highlights the importance of flexible and adaptable approaches to mathematics education. It emphasizes the need for constant evaluation and improvement of teaching methods to enhance student learning outcomes. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for educators and policymakers to guide evidence-based decision-making and improve the quality of mathematics education in the new normal setup. Implications and future research directions are incorporated in the study. (shrink)

El siguiente artículo tiene por objetivo mostrar la mutua correspondencia entre experiencia e historicidad en la obra de Hans-Georg Gadamer. La experiencia es entendida como el movimiento fundamental de la existencia histórica, la que articula las diversas esferas de la acción humana. La experiencia hermenéutica pone de manifiesto que el comprender no puede fundarse en un procedimiento metódico, sino en la forma del existir situado en el mundo. El acto hermenéutico es entendido como un continuo proceso de apropiación, que se (...) realiza mediante el lenguaje, y donde se van actualizando nuevos significados que develan el carácter aconteciente y móvil de la interpretación. Por ello, la historicidad de la comprensión será el principio hermenéutico fundamental que excluye la posibilidad de una conciencia histórica absoluta, a favor de una “conciencia de la repercusión histórica” (wirkungsgeschtliches Bewußtseins). The following article aims at showing the mutual correspondence between experience and historicity in the work of Hans-Georg Gadamer. Experience is understood as the fundamental movement of the historical existence, whichvarious spheres ofhuman action. The hermeneutic experience shows thatnot lie in methodical procedure, but in the way of existence in the world. The hermeneuticis understood as a continuing process that is carried out through language and where new meanings are updated, that reveal mobile characteristics of the interpretation. Therefore, the understanding the hermeneutical principle which excludes possibility ofabsolute consciousness, in favor of a historically-effected consciousness (wirkungsgeschtliches Bewußtseins). (shrink)

Resumen: El artículo propone abordar la novela Throguel Online (2020) del escritor chileno Nicolás Meneses desde una perspectiva intermedial. Analizaremos el lugar del libro entre literatura, videojuego e internet, considerando varios elementos de su mezcla entre capas reales y virtuales que realiza, y que lo convierten en una obra sintomática y modélica de la era digital y cibercapitalista. Por un lado, la novela despliega, a nivel estético, material y temático, varias textualidades y configuraciones del videojuego que invaden y transforman las (...) materialidades y lenguajes del texto; por otro lado, señala tanto las problemáticas de una vida precaria en América Latina (Chile) como las posibilidades de formar nuevas comunidades virtuales mediante las redes digitales. Abstract: This article proposes an approach to the novel Throguel Online (2020), by Chilean writer Nicolás Meneses, from an intermedial perspective. We will analyze the book´s place between literature, videogame, and internet, considering various elements in the mixture of real and virtual layers it is performing, and which is turning it into a symptomatic and exemplary work for the digital and cybercapitalist era. On the one hand, the novel displays, on an aesthetic, material y thematic level, different textualities and configurations of videogames that invade and transform the materialities and languages of the text. On the other hand, it shows both the difficulties of precarious life in Latin America (Chile), and the possibilities of creating new virtual communities through digital networks. (shrink)

Partindo da idéia de que nos documentários feitos em primeira pessoa o diretor constrói uma personagem de si próprio, este artígo analisa esta “personagem” em dois documentários argentinos sobre as experiências traumáticas pós-ditadura: Papá Iván, de María Inés Roque (2000), resgata a história de seu pai Iván Roqué, morto pela ditadura militar; e Los Rubios (2003), de Albertina Carri, explora as sequelas deixadas em sua vida pelo desaparecimento seguido de morte de seus pais.

Physical education is often selected for applying multilingual initiatives through the use of the content and language integrated learning (CLIL) approach. However, it is still unclear whether the introduction of such approach might entail losing Physical Education’s essence and distorting its basic purposes. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of CLIL on the Physical Education lessons. Given the purpose of this study, a mixed methodological approach based on a sequential exploratory design divided in two different phases (...) is used. We begin with an initial qualitative data collection (phase I) consisting in the analysis of interviews with 12 participants (8 teachers and 4 students). Based on its analysis, two foci are identified: social relationships and physical activity. Then, informed by the results obtained, a quantitative approach is used (phase II), differentiating these two sets of data to deepen on them. On one part, a sociometric questionnaire was applied to analyse the social relationships among CLIL students. On the other part, a quasi-experimental design (n = 49) was implemented using accelerometry to measure the MVPA of the PE sessions. Regarding physical activity, the results show that levels of MVPA are higher in the experimental group (CLIL) than in the control group showing light to the divergent viewpoints of interviewees. However, focusing on social relationships, the sociometric questionnaire results show that there were no statistical significative changes, although some signs of a slight effect on students’ relationships arise depending on their gender. Therefore, more research would be necessary to deepen on how CLIL affects in this regard. (shrink)

This research presents a model of Emotional Codes (EC) that influence the processes of choice, decision and action in clients. The model represents a sequence of steps to follow to identify the EC. (i) Identify the problem. (ii) Recognize the emotion (how) see Table 3. (iii) Identify the reason. (because); and (iv) Identify the emotional code (What) see Table 2. In addition, results obtained from theses and articles that demonstrate the use of emotional codes are presented. It is concluded that (...) the emotional codes applied to language and marketing allow effective communication, the CEs have become strategies that companies use to convince, persuade and retain customers, through the effective communication of the subconscious knowledge of the emotions that the human being surfaces and the emotional code that it produces in the search for being. CEs have similar results despite globalization and the interaction of other cultures, and they adapt to the circumstances in which they operate in a technological, cultural and social environment. The EC are classified according to the triune brain; From the point of view of emotions, ECs allow us to feel, to let ourselves be carried away by impulses, by emotions, by experiences that cause us joy or, on the contrary, pain, whether they drive us or not. The EC represent the human being, emotional, with inheritances and stories that frame the needs, desires, whims, fears, experiences and fantasies. (shrink)

This article addresses the general ethical issues of accessing online personal data for research purposes. The authors discuss the practical aspects of online research with a specific case study that illustrates the ethical challenges encountered when accessing data from Kooth, an online youth web-counselling service. This paper firstly highlights the relevance of a process-based approach to ethics when accessing highly sensitive data and then discusses the ethical considerations and potential challenges regarding the accessing of public data from Digital Mental Health (...) services. It presents solutions that aim to protect young DMH service users as well as the DMH providers and researchers mining such data. Special consideration is given to service users’ expectations of what their data might be used for, as well as their perceptions of whether the data they post is public, private or open. We provide recommendations for planning and designing online research that includes vulnerable young people as research participants in an ethical manner. We emphasise the distinction between public, private and open data, which is crucial to comprehend the ethical challenges in accessing DMH data. Among our key recommendations, we foreground the need to consider a collaborative approach with the DMH providers while respecting service users’ control over personal data, and we propose the implementation of digital solutions embedded within the platform for explicit opt-out/opt-in recruitment strategies and ‘read more’ options. (shrink)

La tesis central de este artículo sostiene que la doctrina del factum de la razón planteada en la Crítica de la razón práctica es insuficiente para dar cuenta de la normatividad de las leyes prácticas y que debe buscarse, por lo tanto, una evidencia directa de la «presión normativa» que las leyes morales ejercen sobre nosotros. Esta evidencia puede ser encontrada, de acuerdo a la tesis del autor, en la fenomenología de la conciencia que Kant desarrolla en la Doctrina de (...) la Virtud, segunda parte de la Metafísica de las Costumbres. The purpose of this article is to argue that the Kant´s factum of reason doctrine raised in his work the Critique of Practical Reason it is insufficient to explain the normative role of the practical law and, for this reason, it is necessary to search for a direct evidence of the «normative pressure» practices must be sought, therefore, that moral laws have on us. This evidence can be found, according to the thesis on this article, on the phenomenology of consciousness developed by Kant in the Doctrine of Virtue, Part II of the Metaphysics of Morals. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo, el autor analiza el tratamiento que Nietzsche hace de la cruz de Cristo en la Genealogía de la moral y en El anticristo. La tesis central del artículo sostiene que el violento rechazo del autor a la cruz, a la que considera un símbolo de la moral de los esclavos, encuentra su fundamento último en la doctrina del eterno retorno de lo mismo desarrollada en La gaya ciencia y en Así habló Zaratustra.

We elucidate the epistemological futility of using concepts such as unconscious thinking in research. Focusing on Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) use of the lens model as a framework, we clarify issues with regard to unconscious-thought theory (UTT) and self-insight studies. We examine these key points: Brunswikian psychology is absent in UTT; research on self-insight did not emerge to explore the unconscious; the accuracy of judgments does not necessitate the unconscious; and the prescriptive claim of UTT is unfounded.