‘Individualized medicine’ is an emerging paradigm in clinical life science research. We conducted a socio-empirical interview study in a leading German clinical research group, aiming at implementing ‘individualized medicine’ of colorectal cancer. The goal was to investigate moral and social issues related to physician–patient interaction and clinical care, and to identify the points raised, supported and rejected by the physicians and researchers. Up to now there has been only limited insight into how experts dedicated to individualized medicine view its problems. (...) Interviews with researchers and clinicians (n= 19) were based on a prestructured questionnaire. The content analysis revealed a broad spectrum of opinions. Major findings were (a) disappointments with the limits of the current therapy regimen and clinical practice; (b) problematic impacts on physician–patient relationship; and (c) an informed consent procedure which is mainly based on paternalistic assumptions. According to our analysis, major problems will be uncertainties related to the biomarker's sensitivity and specificity, and the identification of ‘non-responders’. However, the findings also indicate that experts expect evidence-based medicine to replace decisions based on gut feeling or hierarchical structures. (shrink)

For forty years, acclaimed photographer and native Minnesotan Tom Arndt has been documenting the faces of Minnesota with unparalleled skill and candor. In Home, Arndt presents what he calls "a poem to my home state" through a series of poignant and compelling photographs that highlight the unique character of Minnesota. From Franklin Avenue in Minneapolis to Main Street in Willmar, from carnival workers at the state fair to drag racing fans in Anoka, and from small town street dances (...) to the sidewalks of Minneapolis, Home captures everyday life in the North Star State. By allowing people's lives to speak for themselves, Arndts photographs reveal the often forgotten moments that build common bridges across a diverse and ever-changing state. Enriched with more than 100 photographs, along with a personal and insightful preface by the author and a foreword by Garrison Keillor, Home is a landmark testimony to the people and culture of Minnesota. Arndt approaches his subjects - he would call them neighbors - with honesty, empathy, and humanity, and what emerges is a portrait of Minnesota that is at once achingly familiar and surprisingly new. (shrink)

The formation of blood vessels within the vascular system entails a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, migration and differentiation. In many cases, these diverse processes need to be finely coordinated among neighbouring endothelial cells in order to establish a functional vascular network. For instance, during angiogenic sprouting specialized endothelial tip cells follow guidance cues and migrate extensively into avascular tissues while trailing stalk cells must stay connected to the patent blood vessel. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Notch (...) signalling pathways have emerged as the major players in governing these different cellular behaviours. In particular, recent work indicates an important role for Notch signalling in determining how an endothelial cell responds to VEGF. In this review, we provide an overview of these biochemically distinct pathways and discuss how they may interact during endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis. BioEssays 30:303–313, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Definition of the problem Enjoyment has not yet played a significant role in ethical approaches to (geriatric) care. Rather, the focus of ethical considerations is often on questions of self-reliance and autonomy. Relevant topics are skills loss issues and how to deal with them. Although it is very important to allow grief in the context of the need for care and of aging, the question remains: in how far could an ethics of enjoyment help to set a further focus on (...) questions of relish. Argumentation and sources Philosophical and theological approaches such as those of Emmanuel Lévinas, Ina Praetorius and Corine Pelluchon show the fundamental importance of corporeality, being nourished and enjoyment. Also, moments of sensual indulgence are valued as meaningful by nursing staff and by persons cared for. These moments can be part of professional care but also happen in situations that go beyond nursing activity in the narrower sense. Moments of enjoyment are interrelated with livability, happiness and health but cannot be fully functionalized. Conclusion An ethics of enjoyment based on these approaches can enrich the perception of care and the theoretical and empirical study of care. This article offers an ethical introduction into the topic and a draft of an ethics of enjoyment in theses. (shrink)

Fifty years ago, on 12 September, 1963, the association agreement between the European Economic Community (EEC) and Turkey was signed in Ankara. However, in contrast to many other countries who applied later on, Turkey has not yet become a member of the EU. Nevertheless, Turkey’s candidacy to join the EU is still one of the most considerable and controversial topics within the European political arena. Within the accession negotiations, apart from human rights and the Kurdish and the Cypriot issues, one (...) of the greatest challenges to Turkey’s successful candidacy is the issue of respect for and protection of minorities. It might indeed represent an unsolvable problem, which will ultimately block Turkey joining the EU. Neither the EU nor Turkey has really come to terms or dealt with what the EU sees as an “unsatisfactory” protection of minorities in Turkey. What lies at the root of this disagreement is what the term “minority” actually means. Due to Turkey’s own nation state concept as being a united and undivided country and to the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne signed in 1923, which defined Turkey as a nation, the country only recognises non-Muslim minorities. Moreover, contrary to the wording of the minority protection clauses in the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey restricts its recognition of non-Muslim minorities only to the Greek, Armenian and Jewish religious populations. Although being a non-Muslim group as well, the Assyrians are excluded from the Turkish concept of minorities and, therefore, also from minority protection. In contrast to that, the EU’s concept of minority includes ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, which means that according to the EU’s concept of minorities, also ethnic minorities like the Kurds, linguistic minorities like the Laz and religious minorities like the Alevis are included in the term “minority” and, therefore, these minorities should benefit from specific minority protection rights. To find a common basis for discussing the unsatisfactory issue of minority rights in Turkey, the concept of “ethnic groups” is introduced by the author as the most promising approach to deal with this unreconciled conceptual difference. According to this concept, ethnic groups could form a sub-identity of Turkishness and help build a legal basis to the treatment of minority groups founded on human rights, which would be compatible with both Turkish and EU Law. (shrink)

What is politics? How is politics different from other spheres of human life? What is behind the debasement of political life today? This book argues that the most illuminating answers to these questions have come from Hannah Arendt. Arendt held that Western philosophy has never had a 'pure concept of the political', and that political philosophers have been guided and misguided by the assumptions implicit in their metaphysical questions. Her project was 'to look at politics … with eyes unclouded by (...) philosophy', and to retrieve the non-theoretical understanding of politics implicit in ancient Greek literature and history. David Arndt's original and accessible study shows how Arendt reworked some of the basic concepts of political philosophy, which in turn led her to a re-interpretation of American political history and even to a profoundly original reading of the US Declaration of Independence. (shrink)

„Identity“ has become a political category. Identity-political concepts are about the power of definition over identities and their enforcement in the overall societal or global context. The article first asks what identity actually means in the context of identity-political conceptions, then addresses the closely related problem of diversity, the multiplicity of identities, in order to finally ask how the unity of diverse identities could be thought of and what this means for the concept of identity in identity politics itself.

Utilizing an idea that has its first appearance in Gerhard Gentzen’s unpublished manuscripts, we generate an exhaustive repertoire of all the possible inference rules that are related to the left implication inference rule of the sequent calculus from a ground sequent, that is, a logical axiom. We discuss the similarities and differences of these derived rules as well as their interaction with the implication right rule under cut and the structural axiom. We further consider the question of analyticity of cuts (...) in calculi using one of the new rules instead of the standard left implication rule. (shrink)

Para el pensamiento especulativo de Hegel, parece que lo que desde Husserl y Alfred Schütz se llama «Lebenswelt» no tiene ningún significado sistemático especial. Justamente lo que se refiere a la conciencia del mundo de la vida parece mostrarse solo en su aspecto negativo: como modos de conocimiento deficitarios, contaminados de sensibilidad, como ausencia de la razón y de su concepto –como «no-razón»- y por tanto como renuncia a la razón. El saber inmediato en el sentido de la «creencia» de (...) Jacobi, cuyo concepto ciertamente se retrotrae de hecho a la filosofía del sentido común de Thomas Reid, es para Hegel –según la indicación del §63 de la Enciclopedia de 1830- «lo mismo que en otros lugares se llama inspiración, revelación en el corazón, contenido implantado por la naturaleza en el ser humano e incluso también, de modo particular, sano entendimiento humano, common sense, sentido común. Todas estas formas cumplen el mismo cometido: la inmediatez con que se encuentra un contenido en la conciencia, un hecho en su interior lo convierten en principio.». (shrink)

Das Problem des Bösen wurde von der Aufklarung marginalisiert. Seinen Grund hat dies im Glauben an die unbezwingbare Starke der Vernunft und der damit einhergehenden Uberzeugung, dass die Menschheitsgeschichte eine Geschichte des Fortschritts, nicht bloss auf wissenschaftlicher und kultureller, sondern auch auf moralischer Ebene sei. Dass solch ein einseitiges Beharren auf der Vernunft selbst ins Bose umschlagen kann, wurde in der Gestalt des Terrors der Franzosischen Revolution auf schmerzliche Weise anschaulich. Die Klassische Deutsche Philosophie erkennt, dass die Vernunft ihre wahrhafte (...) Kraft und Gute nur entfalten kann, wenn sie - anstatt das Böse zu verdrangen - sich mit dem Bösen konfrontiert. Das Vertrauen in die Vernunft ist also keineswegs gebrochen. Das Böse wird nicht als das vollkommen Fremde und Andere verstanden. Vielmehr entsteht der neue Anspruch an die Vernunft, das Böse mit dem Denken zu durchdringen. Dieser Band sucht die vielfaltigen Zugange der Klassischen Deutschen Philosophie zum Problem des Bosen darzustellen. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

This special issue arises from a collaborative symposium in March 2023 between the Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia (PESA) and the Philosophy and Theory of Higher Education Society (P...

Biobanks, collecting human specimen, medical records, and lifestyle-related data, face the challenge of having contradictory missions: on the one hand serving the collective welfare through easy access for medical research, on the other hand adhering to restrictive privacy expectations of people in order to maintain their willingness to participate in such research. In this article, ethical frameworks stressing the societal value of low-privacy expectations in order to secure biomedical research are discussed. It will turn out that neither utilitarian nor communitarian (...) or classical libertarian ethics frameworks will help to serve both goals. Instead, John Rawls’ differentiation of the “right” and the “good” is presented in order to illustrate the possibility of “serving two masters”: individual interests of privacy, and societal interests of scientific progress and intergenerational justice. In order to illustrate this counterbalancing concept with an example, the five-pillar concept of the German Ethics Council will be briefly discussed. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Naharaim Jahrgang: 12 Heft: 1-2 Seiten: 3-8.

Michael Peters, Sonja Arndt & Marek TesarThis is a collective writing experiment of PESA members, including its Executive Committee, asking questions of the Philosophy of Education in a New Key. Co...

Corruption continues to be a considerable challenge for internationally active companies. In this article, we examine personal and socioenvironmental antecedents of corrupt behavior in organizations. In particular, we aim to illuminate the links between Machiavellianism, on-the-job experience with corrupt behavior at work, neutralization, and the attitude of business professionals toward corruption. The empirical analysis is based on the responses of 169 professionals. At first, a positive relationship between both Machiavellianism and on-the-job experience and the acceptance of corruption appears in the (...) model. However, an in-depth mediation analysis shows that neutralization is the keystone linking both Machiavellianism and on-the-job experience to the likelihood to condone corruption. Based on these results, we offer avenues for further research and implications for practitioners. (shrink)

. We explore the possibility and some potential payoffs of using the theory of accessible categories in the study of categories of logics. We illustrate this by two case studies focusing on the category of finitary structural logics and its subcategory of algebraizable logics.

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Friedrich Schleiermacher zum 150. Todestag" verfügbar.

Max Weber is presented as a fervent supporter of the US-American life-style, its love of freedom and capitalist competition. After his return from the United States he makes all efforts at Americanizing Germany and bridging the transatlantic divide that Germany has brought about by its cultivation of "Gemütlichkeit" and "Bildung".

Diese Sittlichkeit wird jedoch gleichermassen vom politischen wie religiosen Fanatismus bedroht. Das Verhaltnis des modernen Staates zur Religion ist bis heute spannungsreich geblieben.

Zusammenfassung Genuss spielt in ethischen Annäherungen an die Pflege bisher noch keine bedeutende Rolle. Dabei zeigen philosophische und theologische Ansätze wie die von Emmanuel Lévinas, Ina Praetorius und Corine Pelluchon die grundlegende Bedeutung von Leiblichkeit, Genährtwerden und Genuss auf. Ebenso werden Momente des sinnlichen Genusses im Pflegealltag sowohl von Pflegekräften als auch von Gepflegten als sinnstiftend erlebt. Momente des Genusses können sich sowohl während der Pflege selbst ereignen als auch in Momenten, die über pflegerische Tätigkeiten im engeren Sinne hinausgehen. Genuss (...) steht dabei in Zusammenhang mit Wohlbefinden, Lebensqualität, Glück und Gesundheit. Auch wenn Genuss der Gesundheit zuträglich sein kann, liegt in Momenten des Genusses selbst ein Zweck, der sich der Funktionalisierung entzieht. Eine Ethik des Genusses, die theoretische Ansätze und die Erfahrungen aus dem Pflegealltag miteinander verbindet, kann die Wahrnehmung von Pflege und die theoretische wie empirische Erforschung von Pflege bereichern. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet hierzu eine ethische Einordnung des Themas und einen thesenartigen Aufschlag zu einer Ethik des Genusses in der Pflege. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja i analiza uzasadnień prawowitości władzy w tzw. politycznych pismach Ockhama. Zawarte w nich rozważania powstały w określonym kontekście historycznym sporów o ewangeliczne ubóstwo i zakres władz duchowej i świeckiej, odnoszą się też jednak do ogólnych rozważań nad naturą uprawnień władczych w społeczeństwie cywilnym. Analiza wybranych fragmentów Ockhamowego _Dialogu _i pism zaliczanych do _Opera Politica _ukazuje koncepcję samowładności, która zaczyna być postrzegana jako uprawniona możność, z której może korzystać lud. Możność taką Ockham zaliczał do tzw. warunkowych uprawnień (...) naturalnych stanowiących jedno z trzech rodzajów prawa naturalnego. Pozwala to na ukazanie uprawnień władczych z jednej strony jako wywiedzionych z _ius naturale_ i z wnętrza zbiorowości politycznej, z drugiej strony jako warunek uporządkowania, a tym samym zaistnienia politycznych bytów zbiorowych. Dokonane przez franciszkańskiego filozofa ustalenia ukazują złożoność relacji między prawem naturalnym i zwierzchnictwem politycznym po odejściu od ujęć korporacjonistycznych. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja i analiza uzasadnień prawowitości władzy w tzw. politycznych pismach Ockhama. Zawarte w nich rozważania powstały w określonym kontekście historycznym sporów o ewangeliczne ubóstwo i zakres władz duchowej i świeckiej, odnoszą się też jednak do ogólnych rozważań nad naturą uprawnień władczych w społeczeństwie cywilnym. Analiza wybranych fragmentów Ockhamowego _Dialogu _i pism zaliczanych do _Opera Politica _ukazuje koncepcję samowładności, która zaczyna być postrzegana jako uprawniona możność, z której może korzystać lud. Możność taką Ockham zaliczał do tzw. warunkowych uprawnień (...) naturalnych stanowiących jedno z trzech rodzajów prawa naturalnego. Pozwala to na ukazanie uprawnień władczych z jednej strony jako wywiedzionych z _ius naturale_ i z wnętrza zbiorowości politycznej, z drugiej strony jako warunek uporządkowania, a tym samym zaistnienia politycznych bytów zbiorowych. Dokonane przez franciszkańskiego filozofa ustalenia ukazują złożoność relacji między prawem naturalnym i zwierzchnictwem politycznym po odejściu od ujęć korporacjonistycznych. (shrink)

Der vorliegende Band umfasst den Briefwechsel Schleiermachers von April 1806 bis Ende 1807, dem Zeitpunkt seiner endgültigen Übersiedlung nach Berlin. Im Sommer 1806 lehrt Schleiermacher das letzte Semester an der Hallenser Universität, wobei er zum ersten Mal Kirchengeschichte und Christliche Sittenlehre liest. Mit dem Zusammenbruch Preußens und der Besetzung Halles durch französische Truppen im Oktober 1806 findet Schleiermachers akademische Wirksamkeit ein abruptes Ende durch die Schließung der Universität und die Vertreibung der Studenten. Er bleibt zunächst in Halle, um das Schicksal (...) der Universität abzuwarten, beginnt aber im Sommer 1807 mit Privatvorlesungen in Berlin, wohin er Ende 1807 endgültig übersiedelt, in der Hoffnung auf eine Berufung an die neu zu gründende Berliner Universität. Der drohende Krieg und die Niederlage Preußens sind zentrale Themen des Briefwechsels. Eine große Rolle spielen die beruflichen Perspektiven Schleiermachers und die Hoffnung auf die neu zu errichtende Berliner Universität. Von den insgesamt 425 Briefen dieses Bandes sind 240 an Schleiermacher gerichtet und 185 von ihm selbst geschrieben. 127 der hier dokumentierten Briefe konnten nur erschlossen werde; von ihnen ist kein Text überliefert. Von den übrigen Briefen waren bisher nur 80 vollständig gedruckt. 41 Briefe waren bisher im Verhältnis zu den überlieferten Texten bzw. Textzeugen nur gekürzt publiziert; sie werden hier erstmals entsprechend der Überlieferungslage vollständig ediert. 177 Briefe werden im vorliegenden Band überhaupt erstmals ediert. (shrink)

We explore the possibility and some potential payoffs of using the theory of accessible categories in the study of categories of logics. We illustrate this by two case studies focusing on the category of finitary structural logics and its subcategory of algebraizable logics.