Results for 'Andy Hetherington'

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  1.  47
    The Legitimacy of Capital Punishment in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: A Reply to Heyman.Andy Hetherington - 1996 - The Owl of Minerva 27 (2):167-174.
    Hegel does not directly examine the legitimacy of capital punishment in the Philosophy of Right. There is an implication of vengeful death in the endless retribution that characterizes abstract right, and also in the potential carnage that can result from non-compliance with the prevailing order in a society based upon morality; but in terms of just punishment, which can only occur in the state, Hegel is silent on the matter of the death penalty. It is mentioned occasionally in the “additions” (...)
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  2. The Legitimacy of Capital Punishment in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.Andy Hetherington - 1996 - The Owl of Minerva 27 (2):175-180.
    Hegel does not directly examine the legitimacy of capital punishment in the Philosophy of Right. There is an implication of vengeful death in the endless retribution that characterizes abstract right, and also in the potential carnage that can result from non-compliance with the prevailing order in a society based upon morality; but in terms of just punishment, which can only occur in the state, Hegel is silent on the matter of the death penalty. It is mentioned occasionally in the “additions” (...)
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  3.  12
    The Possibility of the Extended Knower.Leo K. C. Cheung - 2021 - In Karyn L. Lai (ed.), Knowers and Knowledge in East-West Philosophy: Epistemology Extended. Springer Nature. pp. 235-253.
    In their influential paper “The extended mind”, Andy Clark and David Chalmers argue for the possibility of the extended mind. Based on Clark and Chalmers’s views, Stephen Hetherington argues in his paper “The extended knower” that there are extended knowers, provided epistemic externalism holds. He also uses the argument and its conclusion to criticize Baron Reed’s scepticism in the paper “The long road to skepticism” : 236–262, 2007). In this chapter, I argue that both Hetherington’s notion of (...)
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  4. New humans? Ethics, trust, and the extended mind.J. Adam Carter, Andy Clark & S. Orestis Palermos - 2018 - In J. Adam Carter, Andy Clark, Jesper Kallestrup, S. Orestis Palermos & Duncan Pritchard (eds.), Extended Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 331-351.
    The possibility of extended cognition invites the possibility of extended knowledge. We examine what is minimally required for such forms of technologically extended knowledge to arise and whether existing and future technologies can allow for such forms of epistemic extension. Answering in the positive, we explore some of the ensuing transformations in the ethical obligations and personal rights of the resulting ‘new humans.’.
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  5. How to situate cognition: Letting nature take its course.Robert A. Wilson & Andy Clark - 2008 - In Murat Aydede & P. Robbins (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 55--77.
    1. The Situation in Cognition 2. Situated Cognition: A Potted Recent History 3. Extensions in Biology, Computation, and Cognition 4. Articulating the Idea of Cognitive Extension 5. Are Some Resources Intrinsically Non-Cognitive? 6. Is Cognition Extended or Only Embedded? 7. Letting Nature Take Its Course.
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  6. Extended active inference: Constructing predictive cognition beyond skulls.Axel Constant, Andy Clark, Michael Kirchhoff & Karl J. Friston - 2022 - Mind and Language 37 (3):373-394.
    Cognitive niche construction is the process whereby organisms create and maintain cause–effect models of their niche as guides for fitness influencing behavior. Extended mind theory claims that cognitive processes extend beyond the brain to include predictable states of the world. Active inference and predictive processing in cognitive science assume that organisms embody predictive (i.e., generative) models of the world optimized by standard cognitive functions (e.g., perception, action, learning). This paper presents an active inference formulation that views cognitive niche construction as (...)
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  7. Representation Wars: Enacting an Armistice Through Active Inference.Axel Constant, Andy Clark & Karl J. Friston - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 11:598733.
    Over the last 30 years, representationalist and dynamicist positions in the philosophy of cognitive science have argued over whether neurocognitive processes should be viewed as representational or not. Major scientific and technological developments over the years have furnished both parties with ever more sophisticated conceptual weaponry. In recent years, an enactive generalization of predictive processing – known as active inference – has been proposed as a unifying theory of brain functions. Since then, active inference has fueled both representationalist and dynamicist (...)
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  8.  67
    (1 other version)The UK supermarket industry: An analysis of corporate social and financial performance.Geoff Moore & Andy Robson - 2002 - Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 11 (1):25–39.
    In a previous paper (Moore, 2001), the headline findings from a study of social and financial performance over three years of eight firms in the UK supermarket industry were reported. These were based on the derivation of a 16‐measure social performance index and a 4‐measure financial performance index. This paper discusses the formulationof the indices and then reports on: discussions with two supermarket firms concerning the overall results; inter‐relationships between individual financial performance measures; inter‐relationships between individual social performance measures; stakeholder (...)
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  9.  73
    Finding a precautionary approach to technological developments – lessons for the evaluation of GM crops.Sue Mayer & Andy Stirling - 2002 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 15 (1):57-71.
    The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops and foods into Europe has generated considerable controversy. Despite a risk assessment system that is intended to beprecautionary in nature, the decisions thathave been taken have not gathered publicconfidence. Key attributes of a precautionaryappraisal system include humility,completeness, assessing benefits andjustifications, making comparisons, allowingfor public participation, transparency,diversity, and the ``mapping'' of alternativeviews rather than the prescription of singlesolutions. A comparison of the European GMregulatory system with a different (moreprecautionary) approach using a ``multi-criteriamapping'' technique reveals (...)
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  10.  39
    Reducing the Risks of Nuclear War: The Role of Health Professionals.Kamran Abbasi, Parveen Ali, Virginia Barbour, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, Marcel G. M. Olde Rikkert, Peng Gong, Andy Haines, Ira Helfand, Richard Horton, Bob Mash, Arun Mitra, Carlos Monteiro, Elena N. Naumova, Eric J. Rubin, Tilman Ruff, Peush Sahni, James Tumwine, Paul Yonga & Chris Zielinski - 2023 - Public Health Ethics 16 (3):207-209.
    In January 2023, the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists moved the hands of the Doomsday Clock forward to 90 s before midnight.
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  11.  33
    Socially Extended Epistemology.J. Adam Carter, Andy Clark, Jesper Kallestrup, S. Orestis Palermos & Duncan Pritchard (eds.) - 2018 - Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
    This volume explores the epistemology of distributed cognition, the idea that groups of people can generate cognitive systems that consist of all participating members. Can distributed cognitive systems generate knowledge in a similar way to individuals? If so, how does this kind of knowledge differ from normal, individual knowledge?
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  12. Beyond Screen Time: A Synergistic Approach to a More Comprehensive Assessment of Family Media Exposure During Early Childhood.Rachel Barr, Heather Kirkorian, Jenny Radesky, Sarah Coyne, Deborah Nichols, Olivia Blanchfield, Sylvia Rusnak, Laura Stockdale, Andy Ribner, Joke Durnez, Mollie Epstein, Mikael Heimann, Felix-Sebastian Koch, Annette Sundqvist, Ulrika Birberg-Thornberg, Carolin Konrad, Michaela Slussareff, Adriana Bus, Francesca Bellagamba & Caroline Fitzpatrick - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
  13.  14
    Mind and Morals: Essays on Cognitive Science and Ethics.Larry May, Marilyn Friedman & Andy Clark - 1996 - MIT Press (MA).
    The essays in this anthology deal with the growing interconnections developmental psychology and evolutionary biology. This cross-disciplinary interchange coincides, not accidentally, with the renewed interest in ethical naturalism.
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  14.  68
    Brain Recording, Mind-Reading, and Neurotechnology: Ethical Issues from Consumer Devices to Brain-Based Speech Decoding.Stephen Rainey, Stéphanie Martin, Andy Christen, Pierre Mégevand & Eric Fourneret - 2020 - Science and Engineering Ethics 26 (4):2295-2311.
    Brain reading technologies are rapidly being developed in a number of neuroscience fields. These technologies can record, process, and decode neural signals. This has been described as ‘mind reading technology’ in some instances, especially in popular media. Should the public at large, be concerned about this kind of technology? Can it really read minds? Concerns about mind-reading might include the thought that, in having one’s mind open to view, the possibility for free deliberation, and for self-conception, are eroded where one (...)
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  15. Burgerliche intelligenz.M. Ozawa, Andy Egan, A. Ishibashi & M. R. - 1995 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 26 (4):617-635.
    Long time delay before lasing in a II-VI laser diode has been observed. Due to this delay, a nominal threshold current increases as the width of applied current pulse becomes shorter. This delay is attributed to the internal Q switching caused by the balance of injected carriers, temperature rise and gain-guiding. By fitting the calculated data to the experimental ones, rates of refractive index change with carrier concentration and with temperature have been estimated.
     
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  16.  45
    Specialists without spirit: crisis in the nursing profession.S. Hewa & R. W. Hetherington - 1990 - Journal of Medical Ethics 16 (4):179-184.
    This paper examines the crisis in the nursing profession in Western industrial societies in the light of Max Weber's theory of rationalisation. The domination of instrumental rational action in modern industrial societies in evident in the field of modern medicine. The burgeoning mechanistic approach to the human body and health makes modern health care services increasingly devoid of human values. Although the nursing profession has been influenced by various changes that took place in health care during the last few decades (...)
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  17. Connectionist Synthetic Epistemology: Requirements for the Development of Objectivity.Ron Chrisley & Andy Holland - unknown
    A connectionist system that is capable of learning about the spatial structure of a simple world is used for the purposes of synthetic epistemology: the creation and analysis of artificial systems in order to clarify philosophical issues that arise in the explanation of how agents, both natural and artificial, represent the world. In this case, the issues to be clarified focus on the content of representational states that exist prior to a fully objective understanding of a spatial domain. In particular, (...)
     
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  18.  25
    Traffic rules compliance checking of automated vehicle maneuvers.Hanif Bhuiyan, Guido Governatori, Andy Bond & Andry Rakotonirainy - 2024 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 32 (1):1-56.
    Automated Vehicles (AVs) are designed and programmed to follow traffic rules. However, there is no separate and comprehensive regulatory framework dedicated to AVs. The current Queensland traffic rules were designed for humans. These rules often contain open texture expressions, exceptions, and potential conflicts (conflict arises when exceptions cannot be handled in rules), which makes it hard for AVs to follow. This paper presents an automatic compliance checking framework to assess AVs behaviour against current traffic rules by addressing these issues. Specifically, (...)
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  19.  32
    Editorial to the special issue on perspectives on human probabilistic inference and the 'Bayesian brain'.Johan Kwisthout, William A. Phillips, Anil K. Seth, Iris van van Rooij & Andy Clark - 2017 - Brain and Cognition 112:1-2.
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  20. Philosophical issues in brain theory and connectionism.Chris Eliasmith & Andy Clark - 2002 - In Michael A. Arbib (ed.), The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, Second Edition. MIT Press.
    In this article, we highlight three questions: (1) Does human cognition rely on structured internal representations? (2) How should theories, models and data relate? (3) In what ways might embodiment, action and dynamics matter for understanding the mind and the brain?
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  21. Keeping the collectivity in mind?Harry Collins, Andy Clark & Jeff Shrager - 2008 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 7 (3):353-374.
    The key question in this three way debate is the role of the collectivity and of agency. Collins and Shrager debate whether cognitive psychology has, like the sociology of knowledge, always taken the mind to extend beyond the individual. They agree that irrespective of the history, socialization is key to understanding the mind and that this is compatible with Clark’s position; the novelty in Clark’s “extended mind” position appears to be the role of the material rather than the role of (...)
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  22.  26
    Using chiles and comics to address the physical and emotional wellbeing of farmworkers in Vermont’s borderlands.Teresa Mares, Naomi Wolcott-MacCausland, Julia Doucet, Andy Kolovos & Marek Bennett - 2020 - Agriculture and Human Values 37 (1):197-208.
    In Vermont, approximately 1000–1200 migrant workers from Latin America are helping to sustain the state’s dairy industry. These dairy workers, the majority of whom are from Mexico and Guatemala, experience significant mental health impacts stemming from a combination of stressors due to leaving their home of origin and challenges related to working in rural Vermont. This article employs a framework of structural violence and structural vulnerability to situate the lived experiences and health concerns of migrant farmworkers in Vermont’s dairy industry. (...)
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  23.  28
    Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge, UK July 2–6, 2012.George Barmpalias, Vasco Brattka, Adam Day, Rod Downey, John Hitchcock, Michal Koucký, Andy Lewis, Jack Lutz, André Nies & Alexander Shen - 2013 - Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 19 (1).
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  24.  26
    Fuzzy risk perception: Correlates of “fuzzy” and specific measures of outcome likelihood in young drinkers.Stephen L. Brown, Leanne Nowlan, Paul J. Taylor & Andy M. Morley - 2013 - Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 19 (2):120.
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  25.  13
    Africa-America Institute-Iowa Math and Science Professional Development Workshop: A Distance Learning Approach for Math and Science Literacy in Africa.Vicki Burketta, Robert E. Yager, John Dunkhase & Andy R. Cavagnetto - 2005 - Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 25 (5):446-454.
    Six African countries participated in an intercontinental professional development workshop developed by the science and math staff at the University of Iowa and supported by the Africa-America Institute. The 11-day workshop was designed to produce changes in goal setting, assessment practices, instruction, and curriculum structures for high school teachers. The article provides a detailed description of the workshop and discusses evidence of workshop successes. Preworkshop and postworkshop vision statements and curriculum units were used to track the progression of five Kenyan (...)
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  26.  70
    Metacognition in argument generation: the misperceived relationship between emotional investment and argument quality.Dan R. Johnson, Mara E. Tynan, Andy S. Cuthbert & Juliette K. O’Quinn - 2017 - Cognition and Emotion 32 (3):566-578.
    Overestimation of one’s ability to argue their position on socio-political issues may partially underlie the current climate of political extremism in the U.S. Yet very little is known about what factors influence overestimation in argumentation of socio-political issues. Across three experiments, emotional investment substantially increased participants’ overestimation. Potential confounding factors like topic complexity and familiarity were ruled out as alternative explanations. Belief-based cues were established as a mechanism underlying the relationship between emotional investment and overestimation in a measurement-of-mediation and manipulation-of-mediator (...)
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  27.  41
    Critical notice.Review author[S.]: Andy Clark - 1988 - Mind 97 (388):605-617.
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  28. Justice: Critical Legal Theory: No Dogs or Philosophers Allowed.Ken Knisely, Mark Tushnet, Andy Altman & Jude Dougherty - forthcoming - DVD.
    What makes the law the Law? Are the rules set by society based on immutable truths and forms of nature, or are they more like an evolving draft of guidelines for human conduct? Is the law the product of disinterested reason, or do the critical legal theorists have a point when they trace the shape of the law to the centers of power in our society? With Mark Tushnet, Andy Altman, and Jude Dougherty.
     
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  29.  74
    Narrative Symposium: Living Organ Donation.Laura Altobelli, Sherri Bauman, Janice Flynn, Andy Heath, Joseph Jacobs, Tim Joos, Amy K. Lewensten, Donna L. Luebke, Sarah A. McDaniel, Donald Olenick, Laurie E. Post & Vicky Young - 2012 - Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics 2 (1):7-37.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Narrative Symposium:Living Organ DonationLaura Altobelli, Sherri Bauman, Janice Flynn, Andy Heath, Joseph Jacobs, Tim Joos, Amy K. Lewensten, Donna L. Luebke, Sarah A. McDaniel, Donald Olenick, Laurie E Post, Vicky Young, Blake Adams, Anonymous One, Michael Sauls, Christine Wright, Shannon D. Wyatt, and Cara Yesawich• An Altruistic Living Donor’s Story• Surgery for the Soul• Kidney Donation Story• The Essence of Giving—A Transplant Story• Love—the Risk Worth Taking• My (...)
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  30.  12
    Towards a master narrative for trust in autonomous systems: Trust as a distributed concern.Joseph Lindley, David Philip Green, Glenn McGarry, Franziska Pilling, Paul Coulton & Andy Crabtree - 2023 - Journal of Responsible Technology 13 (C):100057.
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  31. Epistemology futures.Stephen Cade Hetherington (ed.) - 2006 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    How might epistemology build upon its past and present, so as to be better in the future? Epistemology Futures takes bold steps towards answering that question. What methods will best serve epistemology? Which phenomena and concepts deserve more attention from it? Are there approaches and assumptions that have impeded its progress until now? This volume contains provocative essays by prominent epistemologists, presenting many new ideas for possible improvements in how to do epistemology. Contributors: Paul M. Churchland, Catherine Z. Elgin, Richard (...)
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  32. Good knowledge, bad knowledge: on two dogmas of epistemology.Stephen Cade Hetherington - 2001 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    What is knowledge? How hard is it for a person to have knowledge? Good Knowledge, Bad Knowledge confronts contemporary philosophical attempts to answer those classic questions, offering a theory of knowledge that is unique in conceiving of knowledge in a non-absolutist way.
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  33. Supersizing the mind: embodiment, action, and cognitive extension.Andy Clark (ed.) - 2008 - New York: Oxford University Press.
  34.  20
    The Standard Analytic Conception of Knowledge.Stephen Hetherington - 2011 - In Stephen Cade Hetherington (ed.), How to Know: A Practicalist Conception of Knowledge. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–25.
    This chapter contains sections titled: ‘Knowing is a Belief State (or Something Similar)’ ‘Knowledge is Well Supported’ ‘Knowledge is Absolute’ ‘Knowing Includes not being Gettiered’ ‘Knowledge‐that is Fundamentally Theoretical, not Knowledge‐how’ The Standard Analytic Conception of Knowledge Prima Facie Core Problems.
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  35.  14
    Stephen Hetherington on epistemology: knowing, more or less.Stephen Hetherington - 2024 - New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Edited by Jeremiah Joven Joaquin & Mark Anthony Dacela.
    Stephen Hetherington's prominent career within epistemology has been a series of distinctive, bold, varied and provocative arguments and ideas. Bringing together Hetherington's unique body of writing for the first time, this collection features previously published as well as new material that link his approaches to key issues including knowledge, justification, fallibility, scepticism and the Gettier Problem. Advancing our understanding of the systemic nature of Hetherington's thinking, Stephen Hetherington on Epistemology presents his distinctive perspective on some of (...)
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  36. Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science.Andy Clark - 2013 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (3):181-204.
    Brains, it has recently been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles of cells that support perception and action by constantly attempting to match incoming sensory inputs with top-down expectations or predictions. This is achieved using a hierarchical generative model that aims to minimize prediction error within a bidirectional cascade of cortical processing. Such accounts offer a unifying model of perception and action, illuminate the functional role of attention, and may neatly capture the special contribution of cortical processing to (...)
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  37. The extended mind.Andy Clark & David J. Chalmers - 1998 - Analysis 58 (1):7-19.
    Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the demarcations of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outside the mind. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the meaning of our words "just ain't in the head", and hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third position. We advocate a very different (...)
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  38. Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again.Andy Clark - 1981 - MIT Press.
    In treating cognition as problem solving, Andy Clark suggests, we may often abstract too far from the very body and world in which our brains evolved to guide...
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  39. The Gettier-illusion: Gettier-partialism and infallibilism.Stephen Hetherington - 2012 - Synthese 188 (2):217-230.
    Could the standard interpretation of Gettier cases reflect a fundamental confusion? Indeed so. How well can epistemologists argue for the truth of that standard interpretation? Not so well. A methodological mistake is allowing them not to notice how they are simply (and inappropriately) being infallibilists when regarding Gettiered beliefs as failing to be knowledge. There is no Gettier problem that we have not merely created for ourselves by unwittingly being infallibilists about knowledge.
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  40. Fallibilism.Stephen Hetherington - 2005 - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    Fallibilism is the epistemological thesis that no belief (theory, view, thesis, and so on) can ever be rationally supported or justified in a conclusive way. Always, there remains a possible doubt as to the truth of the belief. Fallibilism applies that assessment even to science’s best-entrenched claims and to people’s best-loved commonsense views. Some epistemologists have taken fallibilism to imply skepticism, according to which none of those claims or views are ever well justified or knowledge. In fact, though, it is (...)
     
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  41.  93
    Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind.Andy Clark - 2015 - New York: Oxford University Press USA.
    How is it that thoroughly physical material beings such as ourselves can think, dream, feel, create and understand ideas, theories and concepts? How does mere matter give rise to all these non-material mental states, including consciousness itself? An answer to this central question of our existence is emerging at the busy intersection of neuroscience, psychology, artificial intelligence, and robotics.In this groundbreaking work, philosopher and cognitive scientist Andy Clark explores exciting new theories from these fields that reveal minds like ours (...)
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  42. Expecting the world: perception, prediction, and the origins of human knowledge.Andy Clark - 2013 - Journal of Philosophy 110 (9):469–46.
  43. Gettier problems.Stephen Hetherington - 2005 - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    Gettier problems or cases are named in honor of the American philosopher Edmund Gettier, who discovered them in 1963. They function as challenges to the philosophical tradition of defining knowledge of a proposition as justified true belief in that proposition. The problems are actual or possible situations in which someone has a belief that is both true and well supported by evidence, yet which — according to almost all epistemologists — fails to be knowledge. Gettier’s original article had a dramatic (...)
     
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  44. Why we reason: intention-alignment and the genesis of human rationality.Andy Norman - 2016 - Biology and Philosophy 31 (5):685-704.
    Why do humans reason? Many animals draw inferences, but reasoning—the tendency to produce and respond to reason-giving performances—is biologically unusual, and demands evolutionary explanation. Mercier and Sperber advance our understanding of reason’s adaptive function with their argumentative theory of reason. On this account, the “function of reason is argumentative… to devise and evaluate arguments intended to persuade.” ATR, they argue, helps to explain several well-known cognitive biases. In this paper, I develop a neighboring hypothesis called the intention alignment model and (...)
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  45. Second-Order Predication and the Metaphysics of Properties.Andy Egan - 2004 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 82 (1):48-66.
    Problems about the accidental properties of properties motivate us--force us, I think--not to identify properties with the sets of their instances. If we identify them instead with functions from worlds to extensions, we get a theory of properties that is neutral with respect to disputes over counterpart theory, and we avoid a problem for Lewis's theory of events. Similar problems about the temporary properties of properties motivate us--though this time they probably don't force us--to give up this theory as well, (...)
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  46.  14
    Guest editorial.Stephen Hetherington & Claudio de Almeida - 2012 - Synthese 188 (2):143-143.
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  47.  29
    The first measurements of stellar parallax.Norriss S. Hetherington - 1972 - Annals of Science 28 (4):319-325.
  48.  46
    Plato and Eudoxus: Instrumentalists, realists, or prisoners of themata?Norriss S. Hetherington - 1996 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 27 (2):271-289.
  49.  20
    Reality? Knowledge? Philosophy!: An Introduction to Metaphysics and Epistemology.Stephen Hetherington - 2019 - Edinburgh University Press.
    This textbook introduction offers a new way of approaching metaphysics and epistemology - via links to ethical and social questions. It asks questions such as: Fundamentally, what are we? And what, if anything, do we know?
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  50.  32
    Beings of Thought and Action: Epistemic and Practical Rationality.Andy Mueller - 2021 - Cambridge University Press.
    In this book, Andy Mueller examines the ways in which epistemic and practical rationality are intertwined. In the first part, he presents an overview of the contemporary debates about epistemic norms for practical reasoning, and defends the thesis that epistemic rationality can make one practically irrational. Mueller proposes a contextualist account of epistemic norms for practical reasoning and introduces novel epistemic norms pertaining to ends and hope. In the second part Mueller considers current approaches to pragmatic encroachment in epistemology, (...)
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