This is the first systematic analysis of Aristotle's concept of lexis. Ana Kotarcic argues that it should be approached on three interconnected levels: the first dealing with language as a system, the second with actual language usage, into which sociolinguistic factors come into play, and the third with prescriptions for the kind of language to be used in poetic and rhetorical compositions. She introduces ideas and concepts from classics and modern linguistics into the analysis alongside the philosophical approaches which (...) have prevailed until now. The results reveal that Aristotle's ideas on lexis are complex, well-developed and intimately connected to many other fundamental concepts in his works, such as aretē, energeia, ēthos, logos, mimēsis, pathos, phantasia and technē. A major component of his thought is therefore illuminated comprehensively for the first time. (shrink)

The proposed reflection intends to present the problem of judicial adjudication as a substantially-axiologically founded autonomous moment on the practical realization of law, and to explore this understanding in confrontation with external exigencies, mostly teleologically determined—hence, beyond strict deductive application, as a syllogistic reference of facts to norms, and finalistically determined decision, as an option among possible alternatives to achieve specific aims. The main objective is to enter into a discussion on the methodological meaning of “integrity”, “hard cases” and “right (...) answer”, as presented by Ronald Dworkin, and a critical reflection on the criticism of that approach levelled by Neil MacCormick, so as to confront the relevance of principle and policy arguments, in order to bring about a different methodological approach, an alternative jurisprudentialist conception of adjudication, incorporating a practical-normative constitutive dialectics between legal controversy and legal system, such as that presented by Castanheira Neves. The focus will, then, be the legitimacy of the connection of arguments of principle and consequentialist arguments in adjudication, its selection and its justification, stating, therefore, a specifically assumed judicium, a judicative decision, having the legal system as its horizon of normative reference and of substantial and institutional autonomy. (shrink)

En este artículo se presenta una revisión de los diferentes enfoques de enseñanza de la ecuación de segundo grado para Educación Secundaria que se conjetura serían necesarios con el fin de aumentar la calidad del aprendizaje con el rigor y el tratamiento requerido, resaltando el valor de este tópico en sí mismo y de sus aplicaciones. Además, se aportan los resultados de un estudio descriptivo exploratorio realizado sobre los conocimientos de la ecuación de segundo grado de alumnado de Enseñanza Secundaria (...) para finalmente extraer la conclusión de que su conocimiento no quedó consolidado y se precisa hacer cambios. (shrink)

Rationality and reasonableness can be illustrated as Janus-faced concepts, not only in a descriptive diagnosis but also in a normative construction of adjudication, and in the analysis of its practical and rhetorical effects. Considering such an illustration, the present reflection returns to the discussion on the relevance of rationality and reasonableness in legal interpretation, aiming at distinguishing and/or connecting principles and criteria, beyond formally logical and/or procedurally argumentative decision-making, and, thus, within a normatively practical adjudication. Such an approach will be (...) presented in two main steps. In a first step, the rationality/reasonableness dichotomy will be discussed within a constitutive connection between principles and criteria in adjudication, and understanding legal principles as normatively substantial foundations to legal criteria—the former as axiological references filtered into the juridical system and the latter as their concretizations, and whose practical adequacy is rhetorically assigned by the interpretive communities involved in/by adjudication, and normatively referred both to their practical accordance to the axiological normativity of the principles they shall presuppose and to their suitability as practical operators to the problematic relevance of the sub judice cases. In a second step, and consequently, encompassing the projection of legal interpretation, in semiotic and in practical-normative perspectives, in order to discuss their constituting practical relevance in adjudication, the rationality/reasonableness dichotomy will be experimented within formal-logical procedures and within practical-dialectical connections between juridical problem and juridical system—therefore stating a discussion on the foundations, the intentionality and the consequences of adjudication, amongst deduction and analogy. (shrink)

Partiendo de un pasaje de una obra de Shakespeare, se revisará el papel de la fidelidad en la configuración de la identidad personal. el artículo se centra en dos tendencias principales en la concepción de la misma, enraizadas en la comprensión narrativa del yo: la fidelidad como permanencia frente al cambio y la fidelidad como apertura y avance hacia aquello que hace ser, que da unidad y sentido. Pero el yo se descubre en ambos casos dividido, necesitado de narrar para (...) ser, luchando con el tiempo, ya se presente como amenaza o como obstáculo para ser uno y distinto. la alternativa que aquí se propone consiste en una fidelidad como retorno a lo esencial, donde el ser y la unidad del yo permanecen, en tanto que éste se abre a la novedad de aquéllo fundamental. dicha apertura consiste básicamente en un diálogo, en el cual el yo recibe y entrega lo propio, poniendo en juego su ser en el espacio dramático, actualizando así cada vez el yo, su unidad y su sentido. (shrink)

ArgumentUp until the French Revolution, European mathematics was an “aristocratic” activity, the intellectual pastime of a small circle of men who were convinced they were collaborating on a universal undertaking free of all space-time constraints, as they believed they were ideally in dialogue with the Greek founders and with mathematicians of all languages and eras. The nineteenth century saw its transformation into a “democratic” but also “patriotic” activity: the dominant tendency, as shown by recent research to analyze this transformation, seems (...) to be the national one, albeit accompanied by numerous analogies from the point of view of the processes of national evolution, possibly staggered in time. Nevertheless, the very homogeneity of the individual national processes leads us to view mathematics in the context of the national-universal tension that the spread of liberal democracy was subjected to over the past two centuries. In order to analyze national-universal tension in mathematics, viewed as an intellectual undertaking and a profession of the new bourgeois society, it is necessary to investigate whether the network of international communication survived the political, social, and cultural upheavals of the French Revolution and the European wars waged in the early nineteenth century, whether national passions have transformed this network, and if so, in what way. Luigi Cremona's international correspondence indicates that relationships among individuals have been restructured by the force of national membership, but that the universal nature of mathematics has actually been boosted by a vision shared by mathematicians from all countries concerning the role of their discipline in democratic and liberal society as the basis of scientific culture and technological innovation, as well as a basic component of public education. (shrink)

Now that we know that Earth-like planets are ubiquitous in the universe, as well as that most of them are much older than the Earth, it is justified to ask to what extent evolutionary outcomes on other such planets are similar, or indeed commensurable, to the outcomes we perceive around us. In order to assess the degree of specialty or mediocrity of our trajectory of biospheric evolution, we need to take into account recent advances in theoretical astrobiology, in particular (i) (...) establishing the history of habitable planets’ formation in the Galaxy, and (ii) understanding the crucial importance of “Gaian” feedback loops and temporal windows for the interaction of early life with its physical environment. Hereby we consider an alternative macroevolutionary pathway that may result in tight functional integration of all sub-planetary ecosystems, eventually giving rise to a true superorganism at the biospheric level. The blueprint for a possible outcome of this scenario has been masterfully provided by the great Polish novelist Stanisław Lem in his 1961 novel Solaris. In fact, Solaris offers such a persuasive and powerful case for an “extremely strong” Gaia hypothesis that it is, arguably, high time to investigate it in a discursive astrobiological and philosophical context. In addition to novel predictions in the domain of potentially detectable biosignatures, some additional cognitive and heuristic benefits of studying such extreme cases of functional integration are briefly discussed. (shrink)

Intercultural mediation essentially deals with perceptions. Perceived reality is frequently very different and far removed from actual reality. From our human and cultural position we must endeavor to understand the «other», starting from the principle that our lives are guided by certain norms and principles that are impregnated with cultural values and traditions. Any attempt to find logical reasons for this perception, in other words, the causes and consequences of the behavior and attitudes of those who do not share our (...) culture, will be in vain and take us nowhere. Only by changing our approach can we achieve the fluency of understanding and comprehension that we all strive for. In sum, we must face up to the difficulties of communication by questioning why reality is perceived in this way. This approach activates our perceptive capacity, facilitates attitudes of comprehension, and stimulates the dialogue and communication on which interculturality is grounded.La mediación intercultural esencialmente es una cuestión de percepciones. Desde una posición humana y cultural debemos comprender al «otro» partiendo del principio que nuestras vidas están orientadas por normas y principios que están impregnados de valores y tradiciones culturales. Aplicar «nuestra lógica» buscando las causas y las consecuencias del comportamiento y de las actitudes de aquellos que no comparten nuestra cultura es un intento vano que no nos lleva a ningún lado. Sólo cambiando nuestro enfoque podemos lograr el entendimiento fluido y la comprensión que deseamos. En suma, debemos enfrentarnos a las dificultades de comunicación cuestionándonos por qué la realidad es percibida de esta manera. Esta aproximación aumenta nuestra capacidad de percepción, facilita actitudes de comprensión estimulando el diálogo y la comunicación. (shrink)

Religious leaders are being viewed as agents with influence over environmental opinion and attitude building. In public environmental project impact debate the Christian religious leaders may play an increasingly complex role due to their anthropocentric position. Roşia Montană Gold Corporation is such a project where The Romanian Orthodox Church has taken a position right from the beginning. Our study explores the local impact area religious leaders' attitudes as to the mining project in particular and the overall view of environmental concerns (...) in religious sermon in general. Orthodox, Catholic, Reformed and Baptist representatives have been interviewed. The main conclusion we drew is that environmental concerns can create leadership style dissonances between different hierarchical levels of the same religious hierarchies, but with benefits at the communitarian-religious levels. The practical implications that arise from this and the possible directions for future research are outlined in the final chapter of our study. (shrink)

Propõe-se protocolo de utilização pedagógica de mídias e cultura popular para desenvolver conhecimentos sobre direito e suas imbricações com os conceitos de biopoder e biopolítica. As práticas apresentadas têm por público alvo crianças, adolescentes e adultos, sendo escolhidas três obras, cada uma delas correspondente a uma das diferentes faixas etárias. Para a elaboração do presente texto, utilizou-se de fundamentação teórica jurídica e dos estudos foucaultianos, assim como estudo empírico das obras audiovisuais.

Reconstruction of Radulphus Brito's account of the signification of universal names in his commentaries on Aristotle's Organon.

At a certain time, the disjunction between philosophy and poetry seemed to denominate the foundational moment which gave a singular life to philosophy, making it unnecessary to refer to anything that was not philosophy. The voice of thought that stopped being relevant to philosophy was the fable..

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os relatos de idolatria apresentados pelos curas e ministros de índios Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón e Jacinto de la Serna, que escreveram, respectivamente, o Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que ou viven entre los indios naturales desta Nueva España (1629) e o Manual de ministro de indios para el conocimiento de sus idolatrías, y extirpación de ellas (1656), nos quais elaboram planos de ação para o aprimoramento da catequese na colônia. A partir (...) desses relatos, é possível analisar a prática cristã na Nova Espanha do século XVII à luz de um novo regime jurídico eclesiástico surgido com o III Concílio Provincial Mexicano. Dessa forma, busca-se comparar duas fontes que abordam práticas indígenas no contexto colonial e o olhar oficial da Igreja novohispana. (shrink)

Fundamentación: la educación integral del estudiante de Medicina incluye el desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas y lingüísticas en idioma Inglés, que le posibiliten mantenerse informado y comunicarse en medios anglófonos. La prensa escrita es un medio de información que permite que los estudiantes reflexionen, valoren, interpreten y se comuniquen. Objetivo: Contribuir al desarrollo de las habilidades lingüísticas y comunicativas con la prensa escrita en clases de inglés. Método: Se realizó un estudio pre-experimental que consistió en elaborar ejercicios a partir de (...) la utilización de artículos de la prensa escrita relacionados con medicina y salud pública, como medios de enseñanza. El estudio se realizó con 40 estudiantes del quinto año de Medicina y 15 profesionales matriculados en un curso de posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Mayabeque. Resultados: La información sobre aspectos de medicina y salud pública publicados en la prensa y los hábitos de lectura de la prensa de los estudiantes del quinto año era baja antes de la intervención y después de la puesta en práctica de la experiencia mejoró significativamente. Los resultados de los cuatro cortes evaluativos muestran la eficacia de la experiencia, por cuanto el desarrollo de las habilidades se comportó de manera ascendente. Conclusiones: Este sistema de trabajo facilitó la motivación de las clases, se desarrollaron habilidades lingüísticas y comunicativas y sirvió de base para fomentar el trabajo educativo, aumentó el vocabulario general y técnico de los estudiantes. Foundation: the medical students’ integral education includes the development of linguistic and communicative abilities in the English language, in such a way, they have the possibility to be informed and communicate properly in English-speaking contexts. The printing press is a means of information which allows them to reflect, valuate interpretate and communicate properly. Objective: to contribute to the development of linguistic and communicative abilities with the printing press in the English lessons Method: it was carried out a pre-experimental study which consisted in the elaboration of exercises related to the content of medical articles taken from the printing press. The study was carried out with 40 5th year medical students and 15 health professionals registered for a post graduated course of English in the Faculty of medicine from Mayabeque. Results: the information concerning medicine and public health published in the printing press and the 5th year medical students reading habits before putting into practice the didactic experience were low. Meanwhile, it improved considerably after its implementation. The results of the four evaluative breaks show the effectiveness of the didactic experience. The development of reading abilities was increased. Conclusions: this system of work facilitated motivation during the learning activities, linguistic and communicative abilities were developed considerably; it served as a base to promote educative work, and to increase the students general and technical vocabulary. (shrink)

Las frutas y hortalizas han sido siempre noticia debido principalmente a sus propiedades beneficiosas para la salud. Sin embargo, cada vez más ocupan titulares debido a su implicación en toxiinfecciones alimentarias. Por este motivo, desde 2008, las frutas y hortalizas frescas son consideradas por muchos organismos internacionales como un alimento de riesgo. Uno de los principales problemas microbiológicos de las hortalizas de hojas son las bacte­rias entéricas que pueden adherirse rápidamente al tejido durante el cultivo, coexistir con las bacterias epífitas (...) y persistir por largos periodos de tiempo. La prevalencia de microorganismos patógenos en las frutas y hortalizas es baja y la cuantificación de las bac­terias patógenas o de microorganismos indicadores generalmente muestra niveles muy bajos, lo que no justificaría el elevado número de alertas microbiológicas asociadas a este tipo de productos. Sin embargo, existen dudas sobre si los recuentos obtenidos utilizan­do las técnicas convencionales son capaces de reflejar realmente todos los microorganismos presentes en el producto vegetal, así como en el agua de riego y en el suelo. Varios estudios han demos­trado que cuando las bacterias son sometidas a distintos factores de estrés entran en un estado temporal de baja actividad metabóli­ca en el cual las células pueden persistir durante largos periodos de tiempo sin división celular, llamado estado de latencia o viable pero no cultivable. La relevancia que el estado fisiológico de las bacterias puede tener en el desarrollo de toxiinfecciones alimenta­rias causadas por las frutas y hortalizas es un tema de gran interés que está atrayendo más y más la atención de los investigadores. (shrink)

O artigo apresenta resultados iniciais de uma investigação sobre o modo como os jovens pesquisadores do Conicet utilizam e vivenciam o tempo em suas práticas cotidianas. O ponto de partida é que a inserção de lógicas competitivas de avaliação e acreditação tem como efeito o aumento dos níveis de produtividade necessários para alcançar e sustentar postos de trabalho, o que em termos temporais se traduz numa racionalização da equação tempo/resultados e em diferentes formas, ambas objetivas e subjetivo, da pressão do (...) tempo. Como o fenômeno não foi estudado anteriormente na Argentina, a pesquisa tem caráter exploratório e se limita ao grupo potencialmente mais exposto a essa dinâmica, o dos jovens em início de carreira. O principal resultado é que esses jovens precisam enfrentar e resolver quatro grandes tensões temporárias: aquela que contrasta o trabalho com outros aspectos da vida; aquela que contrasta as demandas de longo prazo da graduação com as da agenda diária ou de curto prazo; aquela que surge das exigências de diferentes aspectos do trabalho; aquele que opõe o interesse de fazer bem à necessidade de fazer rapidamente. Após apresentar sua abordagem teórico-metodológica, o artigo expõe as diferentes formas como essas tensões são vivenciadas e gerenciadas. (shrink)

Human technological capabilities have been analyzed as a distinctive feature of the species. However, recent discoveries in the field of ethology show that other species besides humans are also able to use and make tools. Ihde and Malafouris (2019) have suggested analyzing nonhuman animals’ technical capabilities using an enactivist framework, as they do for humans. This paper explores a pragmatist approach, combining gradual evolutionary continuity with enactivism. I will characterize nonhuman animals’ technical capacities using John Dewey’s notions of experience, problematic (...) situation, accommodation, adaptation, and inquiry. The technical capabilities of nonhuman animals are better explained in a non-dichotomic fashion, avoiding anthropocentric explanations. (shrink)

This research aims at a dialogue between Theology and Psychology in order to understand the Catholic faith and their possible mobilization within the psychic processo of assimilation and elaboration of mourning, using the clinical history of two Catholic bereaved patients followed up in psychoterapy in their first years of bereavement as a concrete object of analysis in a longitudinal study. The Project is part of a historical and philosophical literature on death and then supplies from the contribuitions of Jurgen Moltmann (...) in the Theology of Hope, the psychoanalyst John Bowlby’s productions and his sucessor, the psychiatrist Colin Parkes on data about the mourning and recovery. Conclusively, from the analysis of the theological content found, it was established that the fight arouses intense and profound theological transformation process that reached three categories: faith, God and the Communion of Saints,causing changes that potentially infer the recovery conditions of the bereaved, as well as their way of being and living after the loss, pointing to the need for a differentiated listening to the data found on faith, against human care in bereavement. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a letra do samba-enredo: “Agudás: os que levaram a África no coração e trouxeram para o coração da África, o Brasil”. Que contribuição este enredo oferece ao ensino de História da África e cultura afro-brasileira? Oferece uma memória histórica inédita ao carnaval carioca, dando visibilidade ao povo negro que retornou à África antes da abolição da escravidão no Brasil em 1888. Assim, propõe desconstruir o paradigma eurocêntrico e construir caminhos para a descolonização do currículo (...) escolar, na perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais. Esta arte carnavalesca da escola de samba Unidos da Tijuca, do carnaval carioca de 2003, é uma pedagogia cultural com potencial para desenvolver uma educação antirracista e decolonial no espaço escolar. Palavras-chave: Lei n. 10.639/2003. História da África. Ensino de História. (shrink)

Based on the author's thesis (doctoral)--University of Oxford, 2007.

Evidence-based policy-making (EBP) is widely seen as a key instrument for good policy-making. Yet in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, the debate on the relation of science and policy-making gained new momentum. The premises of EBP, its narrow understanding of what kind of knowledge counts and how to make decisions, appeared inapt to provide a sound foundation for policy-making under conditions of high complexity and uncertainty. This paper addresses the major shortcomings of EBP and argues for revising its evidentialist (...) framework. First, the idea of evidence itself has to be extended and pluralized by including alternative forms of knowledge. Second, uncertainty has to be taken seriously as a fundamental epistemic condition. To arrive at a more apt model of policy-making, this paper suggests to adopt a pragmatist perspective on the relation of politics, science and the public. This leads to an experimentalist account in the meliorist spirit. Such an account highlights the role of experience, participatory processes and collective learning. Furthermore, and in contrast to scientistic models, it underlines political responsibility and demands to cultivate sensitivity for possible failures and tragic constellations. Finally, a non-evidentialist model of policy advice is outlined. (shrink)

Approaches to the “Indian Issue” which fail to go beyond the mere charting of evolutions in legal norms or the articulation between neoliberalism and multiculturalism do not allow us to take the full measure of indigenous policies, in terms of the goal set for the enlargement of the spaces for public interpellation and the reconfiguration of ideas and practices pertaining to citizenship. Starting from the Argentine experience, the aim of this article is to examine the question of the sedimentation of (...) neoliberal procedures, in a context marked by the will to re-appropriate national and popular sovereignty over territories and resources. The Indian question thus poses both the problem of the model of development that has been adopted and the question of the characterizing of the pleb (the category of the popular, or of those most underprivileged) as a part of the populus, that is, as part of the people of the nation, and therefore of the demos, understood as the space open to those who can legitimately give form and content to populus and who can put words on the world. (shrink)

Esta pesquisa se refere à análise de quatro softwares educativos de Língua Portuguesa de dois portais educacionais. A escolha dos softwares se baseou naqueles que contemplassem atividades de 5ª a 8ª séries do Ensino Fundamental, de leitura e compreensão a partir de gêneros textuais. O objetivo foi verificar se os gêneros se apresentam com o uso de recursos multimídias ao serem inseridos nesse suporte, e se as abordagens dos gêneros contemplam uma perspectiva sociointeracionista de ensino de língua. Assim, constatou-se que (...) os textos não apresentam nenhum recurso multimídia, sendo expostos conforme as características de impresso e, em sua maioria, são apresentados na íntegra, mas não no suporte de origem. Há a indicação de fonte, autores e data de divulgação, no entanto, não há a abordagem das especificidades dos gêneros, nem das condições de produção, aspectos que evidenciam a perspectiva sociointeracionista do ensino de língua. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es describir el fenómeno del autoconocimiento desde una perspectiva wittgensteiniana. En la obra tardía de Wittgenstein gran parte de sus reflexiones se centra en el análisis de expresiones de estados fenomenológicos y actitudes proposicionales. A partir del análisis de las autoadscrip-ciones de estados mentales, muchos filósofos han intentado construir una imagen de lo que sería el autoconocimiento para el filósofo austríaco en sus últimos escritos. En este artículo pretendemos mostrar que Wittgenstein tiene una posición dual (...) en lo que se refiere al significado de los verbos psicológicos en primera persona. En unas ocasiones tendría un uso expresivo; en otras, un uso informativo y que ninguno de los tres intentos que mostraremos es acertado, aunque los tres parecieran encontrar apoyo textual en la obra del filósofo austriaco. The aim of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of self-knowledge from a Wittgensteinian perspective, subject of great interest to the philosophy of psycholo-gy. In Wittgenstein's later work, much of his thoughts are focused on the analysis of phenomenological states expressions and propositional attitudes. From the analysis of self-ascriptions of mental states, many philosophers have tried to build an image of what would be the self-knowledge for the Austrian philosopher in his later writings.In this article we show that Wittgenstein has a dual position in regard to the meaning of psychological verbs in the first person. On some occasions would use expressive in other, informational use. And that none of the three attempts that we will show is successful, although all three appear to find textual support in the work of Austrian philosopher. (shrink)