O conhecimento cientifico; Natureza do conhecimento cientifico; O metodo cientifico; A pesquisa: nocoes gerais; Fases de uma pesquisa; Como proceder a investigacao; Como transmitir os conhecimentos adquiridos; Tecnicas especiais.

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal destacar a importância dos impressos editados pelas escolas de ofício católicas em Porto Alegre, mais precisamente as escolas Pão dos Pobres, Educandário São Luiz Guanela e o Centro Social Padre Calábria. As informações veiculadas por tais impressos constituem um verdadeiro meio pedagógico, formando o cidadão.

Este ensaio propõe uma análise multissensorial a partir das representações do amor como tema central da poesia, observados na obra Escuta (2015), do poe-ta carioca Eucanaã Ferraz. Tomando por base a fenomenologia de Merleau-Ponty sistematizada por Alckmar Luiz dos Santos (2016), procuramos observar que os caminhos por onde o amor se desdobra nas superfícies dos poemas vão desde o ser amado até a própria poesia, incidindo sempre na escuta pro-funda dos sentimentos e na representação das sensações relacionadas aos (...) cinco sentidos humanos.Palavras-chave: Amor. Poesia. Escuta. Sentidos. Eucanaã Ferraz. (shrink)

In 1986, Mikenberg et al. introduced the semantic notion of quasi-truth defined by means of partial structures. In such structures, the predicates are seen as triples of pairwise disjoint sets: the set of tuples which satisfies, does not satisfy and can satisfy or not the predicate, respectively. The syntactical counterpart of the logic of partial truth is a rather complicated first-order modal logic. In the present article, the notion of predicates as triples is recursively extended, in a natural way, to (...) any complex formula of the first-order object language. From this, a new definition of quasi-truth is obtained. The proof-theoretic counterpart of the new semantics is a first-order paraconsistent logic whose propositional base is a 3-valued logic belonging to hierarchy of paraconsistent logics known as Logics of Formal Inconsistency, which was proposed by Carnielli and Marcos in 2002. (shrink)

This paper suggests that medical education should redirect resources to values education, specifically developing new strategies to improve the process of clarification of values. The author suggests using the values journal method which is based on a systematic record of students' personal value systems reflected in their stories and life experience; and on their responses to case presentation. Generating a personal values journal helps students define who they are, what their social and professional roles are, what their expectations are and (...) where they are going. Keeping values journals promotes students' decision-making capacity, and equips them with the necessary skills to teach their future patients how to generate their own value systems. The development of a well defined values journal is a preparatory stage for active participation in clinical conferences or group discussion, and for effective communal dialogue among the group's members. (shrink)

The article deals with the question of phenomenological ethics, comparing Husserl’s and Fink’s ways of understanding the phenomenological reduction and thereby the pedagogical tasks of phenomenology, whose existential meaning lies in the “doctrine of freedom” (“Lehre von der Freiheit”), which is in turn closely linked with the problem of the beginning of philosophizing, since the phenomenological reduction presupposes itself. A comparison between Fink’s and Patocka’s views of freedom as transcendence (expressed by the concepts of hermitry and sacrifice), as well as (...) a phenomenological reading of Nietzsche’s transvaluation of values in relation to the educational theme of the Idealbildung, will let us see how Fink’s cosmological philosophy, having its hermeneutic keystone in the phenomenon of play, still has phenomenological features and pedagogical implications, being describable as a phenomenology of freedom, whose idea of freedom as “experiment” or as man’s “self-production” presents interesting analogies with Arendt’s view of action. (shrink)

En este libro se recopilan escritos producidos por el profesor García Amado durante los últimos años. La temática es muy variada: teoría de la argumentación jurídica y de la decisión judicial, interpretación del Derecho, crítica del neoconstitucionalismo y examen de sus raíces doctrinales, debates a propósito de Kelsen y el positivismo, puesta en cuestión de la enseñanza del Derecho y de sus reformas actuales, reflexiones sobre tendencias del Derecho penal contemporáneo, balance de algunos autores y temas de la filosofía (...) política de nuestro tiempo, Derecho y cine, etc. Todo ello con el estilo habitual del autor polémico, provocativo y con cierta ironía e irreverancia. (shrink)

Entrevista com Luiz Felipe de Alencastro.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a model of clinical-ethical decision making which will assist the health care professional to arrive at an ethically defensible judgment. The model highlights the integration between ethics and decision making, whereby ethics as a systematic analytic tool bring to bear the positive aspects of the decision making process. The model is composed of three major elements. The ethical component, the decision making component and the contextual component. The latter incorporates the relational aspects (...) between the provider and the patient and the organizational structure. The model suggests that in order to arrive at an ethically, justifiable sound decision one make reference to those three elements. (shrink)

La expansión acelerada de tecnologías disruptivas como la Inteligencia Artificial Generativa y su aplicación progresiva a las distintas esferas de la sociedad han evidenciado las enormes potencialidades transformadoras que poseen, pero también los grandes riesgos que se derivan de su uso generalizado. Sobre esa base, el presente artículo analiza y reflexiona acerca del rol que deben tener los poderes públicos como únicas instituciones capaces de preservar la ética pública, los valores públicos y el bien común ante el desarrollo tecnológico. Con (...) ello, la creación de valor público y la preservación de una ética pública han de constituir un marco de referencia para situar las tecnologías disruptivas al servicio de la ciudadanía y construir una adecuada gobernanza pública. Esta propuesta reafirma, por consiguiente, la importancia de que los poderes públicos configuren un modelo eficaz de gobernanza social de esta tecnología disruptiva, lo que debería ser entendido como un aspecto prioritario en la agenda pública. Cualquier respuesta distinta de las instituciones públicas, ya sea pasiva, reactiva o inhibitoria, pondría en riesgo no solo la gestión de lo público, sino también la esencia misma del orden democrático representativo vigente. (shrink)

Resenha do livro de HELAL, R. & AMARO, F. Esporte e mídia: a contribuição de Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht.

Parmi les séminaires que Georges Duby dirigea toute sa vie, ceux de Sénanque occupent une place particulière. Pendant trois ans, entre 1981 et 1983, il réunit des universitaires et des chercheurs autour de questions spécifiquement liées à l’histoire de la vie privée. L’Association des Amis de Sénanque (et en son sein le Cercle d’Etudes Médiévales) assurait la bonne organisation matérielle. Son directeur, Emmanuel Muheim, accueillait dans l’abbaye cistercienne provençale, pendant quelques jour..

O artigo tenciona estabelecer umparalelo entre a posição inicial de Tugendhatsobre a moral contratualista exposta em Liçõessobre Ética, então considerada uma "moralinsuficiente", e aquela assumida atualmente peloautor, segundo a qual a moral contratualista éentendida como o "núcleo de uma moral nãoautoritária". Este trabalho localiza na sua reinterpretaçãodo conceito de contrato moral a razãoda mudança do autor em relação a esta correnteética contemporânea.

In visual science the term filling-inis used in different ways, which often leads to confusion. This target article presents a taxonomy of perceptual completion phenomena to organize and clarify theoretical and empirical discussion. Examples of boundary completion (illusory contours) and featural completion (color, brightness, motion, texture, and depth) are examined, and single-cell studies relevant to filling-in are reviewed and assessed. Filling-in issues must be understood in relation to theoretical issues about neuralignoring an absencejumping to a conclusionanalytic isomorphismCartesian materialism, a particular (...) neural stage that forms the immediate substrate of perceptual experience enactiveanimatesubpersonal” considerations about internal processing, but rather by considerations about the task of vision at the level of the animal or person interacting with the world. (shrink)

O politicamente correto pode fazer mal? Uma filosofia politicamente incorreta é o novo título de Luiz Felipe Pondé para o Guia politicamente incorreto da filosofia, lançado em 2012. Com texto revisitado pelo autor e uma nova introdução, a obra questiona se o pensamento politicamente correto pode fazer mal. De acordo com Pondé, sim. "Antes de tudo, ele nos faz covardes. À medida que ele se torna uma ferramenta jurídica e de linchamento público nas redes sociais, ele começa a devastar (...) a virtude da coragem, sem a qual ninguém diz, pensa ou faz nada que tenha valor a não ser aquilo que for 'correto'." Esta nova edição da Globo Livros adquire um novo valor com a efervescente discussão sobre o tema. Saiba mais. (shrink)

Although emotion is closely associated with motivation, and interacts with perception, cognition, and action, many conceptualizations still treat emotion as separate from these domains. Here, a comparative/evolutionary anatomy framework is presented to motivate the idea that long-range, distributed circuits involving the midbrain, thalamus, and forebrain are central to emotional processing. It is proposed that emotion can be understood in terms of large-scale network interactions spanning the neuroaxis that form “functionally integrated systems.” At the broadest level, the argument is made that (...) we need to move beyond a Newtonian view of causation to one involving complex systems where bidirectional influences and nonlinearities abound. Therefore, understanding interactions between subsystems and signal integration becomes central to unraveling the organization of the emotional brain. (shrink)

Se analiza críticamente la idea de Pueblo y el manejo de la Historia que suelen ser propios de las doctrinas nacionalistas, con sus correspondientes secuelas para la relación entre derechos individuales y derechos colectivos, y con sus consecuencias para el modo de concebir y de realizarse la democracia. También se ponen de relieve los problemas teóricos que encierran la noción de “derechos históricos”.

As referências a Nietzsche proliferam de tal forma ao longo dos quase trinta anos de produçáo teórica de Foucault que fica evidente o forte elo que há entre ambos. Além disso, um exame atento das análises foucaultianas sobre a emergência de um saber sobre o indivíduo na modernidade revela que existem, do ponto de vista programático, afinidades consistentes. No entanto, deixar de levar em conta eventuais dissonâncias ou mesmo antagonismos resulta, ao mesmo tempo, numa abordagem superficial e incompleta. É justamente (...) o que se buscará evitar neste ensaio. Palavras-chave : Afinidades, Arqueologia, Dissonâncias, Genealogia. (shrink)

Efforts to improve patients’ understanding of their own medical treatments or research in which they are involved are progressing, especially with regard to informed consent procedures. We aimed to design a multisource informed consent procedure that is easily adaptable to both clinical and research applications, and to evaluate its effectiveness in terms of understanding and awareness, even in less educated patients.

In the context of my project to justify the ethical dimension of Hermeneutics, in this article I will propose answers to the central question around which Plato’s Filebo dialogue is articulated, namely, “what is the state and disposition of the soul (hexis kai diathesis)? that can grant men a happy life? Is it for knowledge, or for pleasure?” From the clues proposed in the dialogue, I will develop the notion of a good and happy life as a process and result (...) of the correct mixture between knowledge and pleasure. Under the aegis of Gadamerian hermeneutics, taken as an ethical praxis, the objective is to substantiate the thesis that happiness is the result of the virtuous circularity between knowledge and pleasure as opposed to the vicious circularity that implements unhappiness, establishes a slave life that implies the personal, social and environmental destruction. I will do this by explaining, initially, the type of ontology and the rationality proper to dealing with the good and happy life combined with pleasure; this will make it possible to indicate clues of the appropriate alchemy - through dialogical-phronetic investigation - between knowledge and pleasure to establish a good and happy life. Finally, the original contribution of this reflection lies in proposing criteria to assess whether the mixture was well done by presenting the implications of the vicious circularity and corollaries of the virtuous circularity between knowledge and pleasure. I will show that vicious circularity fosters unhappiness, while virtuous circularity enables the creation of a good and happy life in individual and social terms, in addition to establishing a harmonious relationship and integration with the environment. (shrink)

Debo empezar con algunas explicaciones sobre el estilo y el enfoque de este pequeño ensayo, que responde a la amable invitación de la revista que lo acoge. Ya ve el atento lector que emplearé con desenvoltura la primera persona del singular, sin el a veces cómodo recurso a fórmulas impersonales, embozos académicos o plurales mayestáticos. No se tome como ejercicio de soberbia, sino como manera de asumir en plenitud y sin rodeos la responsabilidad por unos juicios que son estrictamente personales (...) y, ay, a menudo negativos sobre las universidades en que nos desenvolvemos, la disciplina que nos alimenta y el ambiente colegial en el que hemos crecido y del que aún nos nutrimos. En síntesis y al grano: sostendré aquí una opinión pesimista sobre la iusfilosofía española de estos tiempos. Y lo haré en el estilo más directo, sin matices a pie de página ni analgésicos. Pero, en pura consideración a la más elemental justicia y hasta al sentido común, tengo que comenzar con algunas precisiones. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article, we intend to start from certain reinterpretations that have been made about the Saussurean construct on the langue object, taking as a basis mainly the relational notion of system, the linguistic value, to then create possibilities of dialogue with the axiological perspective of langue present in Mikhail Bakhtin. Such perspective in this author takes shape in the concept of heteroglossia and discourse genres, in which this object must be understood in terms of social and historical relations. (...) Also, in the linguistic-textual elaboration of a genre, the statements operate in relation to each other, in order to bring together and/or confront different social and ideological voices. Starting from this episteme, which sees langue and the effects that result from it as a constitutively relational object, we believe that a convergence between the two authors is possible in order to re-signify ways of interpreting the world through the science of language. (shrink)

Twenty years ago, Öhman and Mineka's publication “The Malicious Serpent” emphasized the selective pressure ancestral reptiles would have on early mammals’ visual system, specifically the development of a set of subcortical structures that would provide snake-like images privileged access to the amygdala. This process would occur automatically and allows for quick defensive reactions. Based on criticisms directed to the snake detection research, we created five questions that guided the discussion in this review. Evidence suggests the existence of a set of (...) subcortical structures that promote prompt detection of snakes and sustained attention, but difficulties arise due to the complex interconnectivity of cortical and subcortical structures and multiple threat responses. Gaps in the research are identified as potential for future investigation. (shrink)

Cet exercice historiographique se propose de suivre le cheminement du thème des femmes - femmes nobles aux XIe et XIIe siècles : - dans l’œuvre de Georges Duby, plus précisément dans son cours, son séminaire et ses publications. Trois phases peuvent être identifiées entre 1953 (année de la parution de sa thèse sur le Mâconnais) et 1996 (année de la publication de la trilogie Dames du XIIe siècle, année de sa mort). 1) 1953-1973 : les questions liées à la condition (...) féminine ont d’abord existé à l’état de questions éparses formulées dans les écrits sur l’aristocratie. 2) 1973-1980 : elles se dessinent plus fermement, avec l’enquête sur les structures familiales et le mariage. 3) 1980-1996 : elles se dégagent du thème de la parenté pour occuper la place centrale, et sont étudiées dans deux directions : la condition des femmes et la sainteté féminine. (shrink)

O artigo tem como foco a participação das organizações operárias na formação educacional do trabalhador rio-grandense. Com base na análise de obras repertoriadas sobre o tema, identifica, de um lado, os aspectos em destaque na bibliografia e, de outro, as experiências operárias mais significativas para a formação do trabalhador. Centra-se na Primeira República, revisando a literatura e caracterizando as práticas pedagógicas e a influência das correntes anarquistas.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em explicitar o itinerário ou linha argumentativa de Gilles Deleuze no artigo intitulado "A concepção da diferença em Bergson", de 1954. Postula-se que nesse trabalho de 1954, Deleuze exponha a noção de 'diferença', que está presente na obra de Henri Bergson, por meio da relação entre três dimensões: metodológica, cosmológica e ontológica. Para tanto, caracteriza-se o conjunto do pensamento de Deleuze em relação à História da Filosofia. Em seguida, identifica-se o percurso das pesquisas (...) de Deleuze sobre a obra de Bergson no contexto de sua versão para a História da Filosofia. Por fim, explicita-se o itinerário de Deleuze no artigo de 1954: "A concepção da diferença em Bergson". ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to explain the itinerary or argumentative line of Gilles Deleuze in the article named "The conception of difference in Bergson" of 1954. It is postulated that in this work of 1954, Deleuze exposes the notion of "difference", which is present in the work of Henri Bergson, through the relation between three dimensions: the methodological, cosmological and ontological ones. For that purpose, the whole of Deleuze's thought in relation to the History of Philosophy is characterized. Then, we identify the course of Deleuze's research on Bergson's work in the context of his version for the History of Philosophy. Finally, we explain the itinerary of Deleuze in the article of 1954: "The conception of difference in Bergson". (shrink)