A Teoria dos Cinco Elementos é uma das primeiras teorias na história da filosofia chinesa. O nascimento da doutrina marcou uma virada no processo de percepção do mundo com os cinco elementos básicos de metal, madeira e água, fogo e terra. Esses cinco fatores são percebidos na forma de experiência, o nível de consciência ainda é rudimentar e as características mais gerais da matéria ainda não foram generalizadas. No entanto, com as duas leis dos Cinco Elementos do nascimento mútuo, os (...) cinco elementos opostos se complementam ao explicar a formação, desenvolvimento e transformação do mundo material. São duas leis que se aplicam para explicar as leis da natureza, da sociedade e do corpo humano. A Teoria dos Cinco Elementos mostra que coisas e fenômenos no universo e na sociedade não ficam parados, mas estão sempre em movimento, mudando e girando constantemente. Neste artigo, nos concentraremos em esclarecer o pensamento dialético da teoria dos Cinco Elementos na natureza, na sociedade e no corpo humano. O artigo abrirá uma nova abordagem para a teoria dos Cinco Elementos e a próxima direção de pesquisa é a aplicação da teoria na medicina oriental. (shrink)

O conceito de materialismo histórico-dialético constitui-se como algo essencial para o exame crítico das estruturas sociais. Desenvolvido por pensadores como Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, tal expressão busca examinar a história e a sociedade a partir de fundamentos materiais e econômicos. Por outro lado, a ideologia refere-se a uma gama de valores e crenças que moldam a visão global e validam as estruturas de poder existentes. Destacada, por algumas abordagens, como um instrumento de controle e dominação, essa ideia pode (...) influenciar comportamentos e ações sociais. Partido desses pressupostos, esse trabalho tem como objetivo abordar os fundamentos teóricos do materialismo histórico-dialético, enquanto instrumento para fundamentar uma crítica à ordem estabelecida pela ideologia da classe dominante. A pesquisa utiliza uma abordagem bibliográfica, indireta e qualitativa e as conclusões que podem ser destacadas revelaram que: Antoine de Tracy introduziu o conceito de ideologia como uma ciência das ideias, reduzindo-as a sensações simples. Por outro lado, Karl Marx e Antonio Gramsci desaprovam essa visão, mostrando como a ideologia serve aos interesses da classe dominante para manter sua supremacia. Já o materialismo histórico-dialético, ao enfatizar a influência do modo de produção material no desenvolvimento humano-social, pode emergir como uma antítese à ideologia, assim, a relação entre ideologia e materialismo histórico-dialético se estabelece na capacidade deste último de desafiar o discurso pró-capitalista, expondo suas contradições e promovendo a conscientização das classes oprimidas. (shrink)

Sob o ponto de vista hegeliano, a alienação da consciência é de natureza espiritual, pois expõe a sua incapacidade de compreender a si mesma como fundamento ontológico da realidade. De maneira oposta à visão idealista, para o materialismo dialético, o estranhamento da consciência é originado pela práxis material. Em termos filosóficos, a perspectiva idealista é de natureza especulativa, e se fundamenta na concepção do Espírito Absoluto como causa sui. Por outro lado, os fundamentos conceituais do materialismo dialético (...) não podem apelar ao princípio da causa sui para se justificar logicamente, e por esse motivo recaem em um círculo vicioso, pois os fatos materiais que justificam a teoria materialista são materialistas em si mesmos. O presente artigo analisa a dialética entre senhor e escravo para defender a hipótese de que a própria teoria materialista representa um momento no processo histórico em que a consciência realiza a experiência fenomenológica de si mesma. (shrink)

Esse texto é um escrito que, ao final, é um termo médio entre um Artigo e um Ensaio. O objetivo é expor nossa compreensão sobre o sentido d“o material” e as implicações onto(epistemo)lógicas desta concepção no pensamento de Karl Marx. Em plano geral, primeiramente, nosso texto discorre sobre o que nomeamos de “a questão primeira”, qual seja: o que é “o material” no interior e no contexto dos escritos de Marx? Para cumprir essa tarefa procedemos com leituras de (...) textos marxianos visando identificar, neles, passagens importantes aonde o conceito de “material” é pressuposto, citado ou implicado. No segundo momento do texto, afirmamos que os resultados das análises do sentido d“o material” nos possibilitam induzir e/ou deduzir que o materialismo de Marx é dialético. Por fim, apresentamos algumas conclusões que decorrem do aceite da validade e veracidade da tese de que Marx pensa dialeticamente, de que seu materialismo é dialético. (shrink)

A partir dos pressupostos corpóreos elaborados por Marx nos Manuscritos de 1844, que fundamentam o seu posicionamento materialista-dialético, tais como a teorização antropológica do corpo como unidade dialética entre natureza e história, o conceito-processo de objetivação que requer como condição transhistórica a ligação corpo-terra e a identificação da cisão dessa ligação como a condição histórica de advento da forma social do capital, buscaremos neste artigo analisar a inversão feita pelo jovem Marx da dialética hegeliana. Para tal análise trilharemos o (...) seguinte percurso: 1. Apontaremos os pressupostos corpóreos como conteúdo material da dialética marxiana presente nos Manuscritos de 1844; 2. Analisaremos a crítica do Marx jovem ao idealismo hegeliano a partir do “humano corpóreo” e em acordo com a crítica à economia política; 3. Identificaremos o desdobramento dessa inversão, mantidos os pressupostos, na análise madura de Marx no livro I d’O Capital. (shrink)

Resumo: A revolução tecnológica 4.0 e a cooperação internacional têm feito várias mudanças na sociedade. As pessoas passam a desejar uma vida feliza e pacífica ao perceberem que a felicidade é um alvo ou uma meta necessária na vida. O artigo usa o método dialético materialista do pensamento filosófico de Aristóteles de maneira compreensiva, especificando princípios históricos acerca de seu conceito de felicidade comparado ao que temos hoje para mostrar que o valor da felicidade é o valor da beleza. (...) Além disso, o artigo também usa métodos analíticos e sintéticos para esclarecer a visão de Aristóteles de que a felicidade estaria relacionada à coisas materiais, crenças e valores nobres os quais as pessoas esperam conquistar. Este artigo descreve a visão do povo do Vietnã de que a Felicidade é a solidariedade e o apoio mútuo para que vivam juntos em paz, tranquilidade e abundância material. A Felicidade nas vidas dos vietnamitas é necessária para garantir que a vida pessoal de cada um e a vida social sejam civilizadas e modernas e que as pessoas tenham energia pacífica, total e livre. A Felicidade dos Vietnamitas almeja a importância da verdade, da bondade e da beleza. (shrink)

O artigo procura compreender a natureza dos direitos humanos à luz de O capital, de Karl Marx. Sustenta a hipótese de que tais direitos devem ser analisados sob a óptica da esfera da circulação mercantil em conexão com a esfera da produção do mais-valor. A partir da noção de interversão das leis de produção mercantil em leis de apropriação capitalista, busca demonstrar como os direitos humanos devem ser compreendidos através da articulação entre identidade formal dos sujeitos de direito e diferença (...) material entre classes sociais. As conclusões revelam que tais direitos, embora expressem e assegurem modos capitalistas de exploração e acumulação, abrem importantes espaços de lutas sociais de resistência em âmbitos institucionais. O método utilizado é o dialético-materialista. (shrink)

Like Kant, the German Idealists, and many neo-Kantian philosophers before him, Nietzsche was persistently concerned with metaphysical questions about the nature of objects. His texts often address questions concerning the existence and non-existence of objects, the relation of objects to human minds, and how different views of objects significantly impact various commitments in many areas of philosophy—not just metaphysics, but also semantics, epistemology, science, logic and mathematics, and even ethics. This book presents a systematic and comprehensive analysis of Nietzsche’s (...) class='Hi'>material object metaphysics. Remhof argues that Nietzsche embraces the controversial _constructivist_ view that all concrete objects are socially constructed. Reading Nietzsche as a constructivist, Remhof contends, provides fresh insight into Nietzsche's views on truth, science, naturalism, and nihilism. Remhof investigates how Nietzsche’s view of objects compares with similar views offered by influential American pragmatists, and explores the implications of Nietzsche’s constructivism for debates in contemporary material object metaphysics. _Nietzsche’s Constructivism _is a highly original and timely contribution to the steadily growing literature on Nietzsche’s thought. (shrink)

According to Peter van Inwagen, visible inanimate objects do not, strictly speaking, exist. In defending this controversial thesis, he offers fresh insights on such topics as personal identity, commonsense belief, existence over time, the phenomenon of vagueness, and the relation between metaphysics and ordinary language.

This book focuses on material culture as a subject of philosophical inquiry and promotes the philosophical study of material culture by articulating some of the central and difficult issues raised by this topic and providing innovative solutions to them, most notably an account of improvised action and a non-intentionalist account of function in material culture. Preston argues that material culture essentially involves activities of production and use; she therefore adopts an action-theoretic foundation for a philosophy of (...) material culture. Part 1 illustrates this foundation through a critique, revision, and extension of existing philosophical theories of action. Part 2 investigates a salient feature of material culture itself—its functionality. A basic account of function in material culture is constructed by revising and extending existing theories of biological function to fit the cultural case. Here the adjustments are for the most part necessitated by special features of function in material culture. These two parts of the project are held together by a trio of overarching themes: the relationship between individual and society, the problem of centralized control, and creativity. (shrink)

Jeffrey E. Brower presents and explains the hylomorphic conception of the material world developed by Thomas Aquinas, according to which material objects are composed of both matter and form. In addition to presenting and explaining Aquinas's views, Brower seeks wherever possible to bring them into dialogue with the best recent literature on related topics. Along the way, he highlights the contribution that Aquinas's views make to a host of contemporary metaphysical debates, including the nature of change, composition, (...) class='Hi'>material constitution, the ontology of stuff vs. things, the proper analysis of ordinary objects, the truthmakers for essential vs. accidental predication, and the metaphysics of property possession. (shrink)

Engages with the impact of modern technology on experimental physicists. This study reveals how the increasing scale and complexity of apparatus has distanced physicists from the very science which drew them into experimenting, and has fragmented microphysics into different technical traditions.

This paper focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments, generally referred to as argument scheme. After outlining our approach, denominated Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT, see Rigotti and Greco Morasso 2006, 2009; Rigotti 2006, 2008, 2009), we compare it to other modern and contemporary approaches, to eventually illustrate some advantages offered by it. In spite of the evident connection with the tradition of topics, emerging also from AMT’s denomination, its involvement in the contemporary dialogue on argument schemes should not be (...) overlooked. The model builds in particular on the theoretical and methodological perspective of pragma-dialectics in its extended version, reconciling dialectic and rhetoric; nevertheless, it also takes into account numerous other contributions to the study of argument schemes. Aiming at a representation of argument schemes able to monitor the inferential cohesion and completeness of arguments, AMT focuses on two components of argument scheme that could be distinguished, readapting pragma-dialectical terms, as procedural and material respectively. The procedural component is based on the semantic-ontological structure, which generates the inferential connection from which the logical form of the argument is derived. The material component integrates into the argument scheme the implicit and explicit premises bound to the contextual common ground (Rigotti 2006). In this paper, the comparison of the AMT to other approaches focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments and not on the typologies of argument schemes and on the principles they are based on, which the authors intend to tackle in a further paper. (shrink)

"Die Unterscheidung in Haupt- und Nebensache ist ein kulturabhängiges ästhetisches Konstrukt, das immer wieder neu ausgehandelt wird. Dieser Band erschließt die Ästhetik des Beiwerks in der Bild- und Textkultur des Quattrocento über den historischen Begriff Parergon (dt. Beiwerk) folglich auch innerhalb einer Normen- und Rezeptionsgeschichte. Der Topos von der potentiellen Gefährdung des Werkes durch übermäßiges Beiwerk prägt seit der Antike westliche kunsttheoretische, theologische und nicht zuletzt auch wissenschaftliche Diskurse. In eingehenden Analysen verfolgt dieser Band das Phänomen aus der Perspektive von (...) Künstlern des ausgehenden 15. Jahrhunderts, die das scheinbar Nebensächliche als konstitutiv anerkennen und dergestalt produktiv einsetzen. Maler wie Francesco del Cossa, Carlo Crivelli oder Vittore Carpaccio schöpfen aus dem prekären Verhältnis von Ergon und Parergon, indem sie dieses visuell reflektieren und dabei gerade im sakralen Tafelbild das Beiwerk als Ort elaborierter ästhetischer Auseinandersetzungen entdecken."--P. [4] of cover. (shrink)

It is natural to think that social groups are concrete material particulars, but this view faces an important objection. Suppose the chess club and nature club have the same members. Intuitively, these are different clubs even though they have a common material basis. Some philosophers take these intuitions to show that the materialist view must be abandoned. I propose an alternative explanation. Social groups are concrete material particulars, but there is a psychological explanation of nonidentity intuitions. Social (...) groups appear coincident but nonidentical because they are perceived to be governed by conflicting social norms. (shrink)

Philosophical dialetheism, whose main exponent is Graham Priest, claims that some contradictions hold, are true, and it is rational to accept and assert them. Such a position is naturally portrayed as a challenge to the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC). But all the classic formulations of the LNC are, in a sense, not questioned by a typical dialetheist, since she is (cheerfully) required to accept them by her own theory. The goal of this paper is to develop a formulation of the (...) Law which appears to be unquestionable, in the sense that the Priestian dialetheist is committed to accept it without also accepting something inconsistent with it, on pain of trivialism—that is to say, on pain of lapsing into the position according to which everything is the case. This will be achieved via (a) a discussion of Priest's dialetheic treatment of the notions of rejection and denial; and (b) the characterization of a negation via the primitive intuition of content exclusion. Such a result will not constitute a cheap victory for the friends of consistency. We may just learn that different things have been historically conflated under the label of 'Law of Non-Contradiction'; that dialetheists rightly attack some formulations of the Law, and orthodox logicians and philosophers have been mistaken in assimilating them to the indisputable one. (shrink)

I respond to P. McLaughlin and O. Schlaudt’s critique of my analysis of the cross-cultural origins of numbers, noting that my work draws extensively upon number systems as ethnographically attested around the globe, and thus is based only in part on the important Mesopotamian case study. I place the work of Peter Damerow in its historical context, noting its genesis in Piaget’s genetic epistemology and the problems associated with applying Piaget’s developmental theory to societies. While Piaget assumed numeracy involves invariant (...) mental transformations, ongoing research in numerical cognition has been largely unsuccessful in identifying specific brain-bound mechanisms for numerical structure. Accordingly, I suggest the extended mind paradigm from the philosophy of mind may be a more fruitful approach, and detail such an approach using Material Engagement Theory. (shrink)

Read in December 1905 at the Royal Society of London, Alfred North Whitehead’s memoir “On mathematical concepts of the material world” is not only, according to Whitehead’s own retrospective assessment, “the most original thing that he had done”; it also provides very interesting clues to understand Whitehead’s contemporary collaboration with Bertrand Russell, as well as his later philosophical – epistemological and metaphysical – work.

The project presents processes of working with material fragments in the context of newly designed artefact examples to demonstrate a capacity to explore and apply the expressive potential of material within my design practice.

O artigo apresenta uma visão de conjunto do pensamento de Lima Vaz, a partir de seu método original, caracterizado por seu cunho rememorativo, dialético e sistemático. Ele é aplicado particularmente na Antropologia Filosófica e na Ética, sintetizando a categoria de história com a de transcendência, superando assim a crise do pensamento moderno à luz da práxis ética.

A complete reissue of a notable lecture delivered by Broad as the Annual Philosophical Lecture before the Henriette Hertz Trust.

Peter van Inwagen's book Material Beings is centered on the special composition question: the question of when some simples constitute a complex object. Van Inwagen's answer to this question is that simples only constitute a complex object when they constitute an organism. I argue that van Inwagen's reasoning in favor of this conclusion is unconvincing, and also that the significance of the special composition question itself is doubtful.

In _Aesthetics and Material Beauty_, Jennifer A. McMahon develops a new aesthetic theory she terms Critical Aesthetic Realism - taking Kantian aesthetics as a starting point and drawing upon contemporary theories of mind from philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science. The creative process does not proceed by a set of rules. Yet the fact that its objects can be understood or appreciated by others suggests that the creative process is constrained by principles to which others have access. According to her (...) update of Kantian aesthetics, beauty is grounded in indeterminate yet systematic principles of perception and cognition. However, Kant’s aesthetic theory rested on a notion of indeterminacy whose consequences for understanding the nature of art were implausible. McMahon conceptualizes "indeterminacy" in terms of contemporary philosophical, psychological, and computational theories of mind. In doing so, she develops an aesthetic theory that reconciles the apparent dichotomies which stem from the tension between the determinacy of communication and the indeterminacy of creativity. Dichotomies such as universality and subjectivity, objectivity and autonomy, cognitivism and non-cognitivism, and truth and beauty are revealed as complementary features of an aesthetic judgment. (shrink)

How should we think about the “shape” of human history since the birth of cities, and where are we headed? Sociologist and historian John Torpey proposes that the “Axial Age” of the first millennium BCE, when some of the world’s major religious and intellectual developments first emerged, was only one of three such decisive periods that can be used to directly affect present social problems, from economic inequality to ecological destruction. Torpey’s argument advances the idea that there are in fact (...) three “Axial Ages,” instead of one original Axial Age and several subsequent, smaller developments. Each of the three ages contributed decisively to how humanity lives, and the difficulties it faces. The earliest, or original, Axial Age was a moral one; the second was material, and revolved around the creation and use of physical objects; and the third is chiefly mental, and focused on the technological. While there are profound risks and challenges, Torpey shows how a worldview that combines the strengths of all three ages has the potential to usher in a period of exceptional human freedom and possibility. (shrink)

Recently, archaeologists have been focusing on material relies as evidence of a historical consciousness. This article examines the Iliad and the Odyssey from the point of view of this 'archaeology of the past'. Various material objects, ranging from tombs to everyday objects, evoke the past in the epic poems, thereby enriching the narrative and providing reflections on the act of memory. In turn, Homeric evidence sheds new light on the hermeneutics of relies in archaic oral society.

A ADOÇÃO POR CASAIS HOMOAFETIVOS À LUZ DOS PRINCÍPIOS DA DIGNIDADE DA PESSOA HUMANA E DA IGUALDADE MATERIAL.

I argue that metaphysical views of material objects should be understood as 'packages', rather than individual claims, where the other parts of the package include how the theory addresses 'recalcitant data', and that when the packages meet certain general desiderata - which all of the currently competing views *can* meet - there is nothing in the world that could make one of the theories true as opposed to any of the others.