본 연구는 「제삼역팔괘도」인 「정역팔괘도」의 획괘 경위 및 근거를 통해 그것의 한국역학적 의의를 살핀 것이다. 기존의 「복희팔괘도」는 「설괘전」3장을 전거로 만물이 탄생되는 모습을, 낙서를 바탕으로 한 「문왕팔괘도」는 「설괘전」5장을 전거로 오황극을 중심으로 사상작용을 표상한다. 즉 「문왕팔괘도」는 건곤의 작용성을 상징하는 감리가 괘도의 중추를 이루어 탄생된 만물이 자라나는 모습을 표상한다. 왜냐하면 동방으로부터 탄생한 만물이 간괘에서 성인의 말씀이 이루어지는 것으로 설명하고 있기 때문이다. 이에 만물 탄생을 표상하는 「복희팔괘도」와 탄생된 만물이 자라는 과정을 표상하는 「문왕팔괘도」에 이은 제삼의 팔괘도, 즉 생장의 완성을 표상하는 괘도의 출현 가능성이 제기된다. 이 괘도 (...) 출현의 가능성은 주자이후 조선조후기까지 제기되지 않다가 19세기 말 김항(1826~1898)에 의해 비로소 발견되고 획괘(1879)되기에 이르렀다. 그러나 이 「제삼역팔괘도」는 구한말의 한국신흥종교운동에 종사하는 사람들에 의해 이용당했을 뿐 그것의 한국역학사적 의의가 드러나지 않았다. 이후 1950년 경 부터 이정호 교수는 『정역』을 학계에 소개할 뿐만 아니라 그의 여러 저서를 통해 「제삼역팔괘도」의 출현 가능성을 밝히고, 그것의 획괘 근거를 「설괘전」6장으로 제시하였다. 이어 그의 후학인 유남상 교수는 여러 편의 연구 논문을 통해 「제삼역팔괘도」획괘의 학문적 의의를 논증하였다. 이에 본고는 김항에 의해 획괘(1879)된 「정역팔괘도」가 이정호교수에 의해 재해석되었음을 밝힌 것이다. 이러한 고찰은 곧 「제삼역팔괘도」 획괘가 갖는 한국역학적 의의를 밝히는 일이다. (shrink)

This article investigates the original Chinese sources for two circular trigram arrangements that have played a crucial role in numerology associated with the Book of Changes since the Song dynasty. While attempting to clarify the nature and the origins of these and related diagrams, recent secondary literature on topic is reviewed, especially the influential articles by Schuyler Cammann.

본고는 『주역』의 文王八卦圖를 이론적 틀로 하여, 『동의수세보원』 제1권 「四端論」에서 핵심적으로 논하고 있는 四象人 臟局의 大小가 形成되는 원리를 고찰하였다. 동무는 『東武遺稿』 제3권 「성명론」에서 文王八卦圖를 통해 「성명론」을 직접 해석하고, 『격치고』 「유략」에서는 인간 본성의 이치가 文王八卦圖에 있다고 하여, 文王八卦圖가 『동의수세보원』을 해석할 수 있는 이론적 틀이 됨을 밝히고 있다. 「四端論」에서는 그 첫 머리에서부터 四象人 臟局의 大小에 대하여 선언하고, 그것의 所以(까닭)을 哀怒喜樂의 性과 情에 있음을 분명하게 밝히고 있다. 특히 「四端論」에서는 先秦儒學에서 인간의 마음작용인 情으로 논급된 喜怒哀樂을 창조적으로 재해석하여, 哀氣․怒氣․喜氣․樂氣의 생리적 氣를 통해 四象人 臟局의 大小 형성을 (...) 논하고 있다. 이는 동무의 四象哲學을 직접 四象醫學과 융합하는 것으로 사상의학을 이해하는 가장 근본적인 문제라 하겠다. 이에 논자는 文王八卦圖의 八卦에 배치되는 哀怒喜樂의 性氣와 情氣를 체용과 待對의 관계로 규정하여, 「四端論」에 숨겨진 四象人 臟局의 大小 형성에 대한 원리를 논하였다. 본 연구는 哀怒喜樂의 性情과 肺脾肝腎 大小의 형성에 대한 철학적 연구논문을 찾아 볼 수 없는 상황에서 사상의학의 철학적 원리를 밝히는 새로운 방법론이라 하겠다. 즉, 『주역』의 文王八卦圖에 哀怒喜樂의추 性氣와 情氣를 배치하여 그 작용을 고찰하고, 哀氣․怒氣․喜氣․樂氣의 흐름에 따른 四象人을 이해하는 방법론을 제시하고 있다는 점에서 四象醫學를 새롭게 해석할 수 있는 계기가 될 것이다. (shrink)

The computations involved in statistical learning have long been debated. Here, we build on work suggesting that a basic memory process, chunking, may account for the processing of statistical regularities into larger units. Drawing on methods from the memory literature, we developed a novel paradigm to test statistical learning by leveraging a robust phenomenon observed in serial recall tasks: that short‐term memory is fundamentally shaped by long‐term distributional learning. In the statistically induced chunking recall (SICR) task, participants are exposed to (...) an artificial language, using a standard statistical learning exposure phase. Afterward, they recall strings of syllables that either follow the statistics of the artificial language or comprise the same syllables presented in a random order. We hypothesized that if individuals had chunked the artificial language into word‐like units, then the statistically structured items would be more accurately recalled relative to the random controls. Our results demonstrate that SICR effectively captures learning in both the auditory and visual modalities, with participants displaying significantly improved recall of the statistically structured items, and even recall specific trigram chunks from the input. SICR also exhibits greater test–retest reliability in the auditory modality and sensitivity to individual differences in both modalities than the standard two‐alternative forced‐choice task. These results thereby provide key empirical support to the chunking account of statistical learning and contribute a valuable new tool to the literature. (shrink)

Traditional flat-structured bigram and trigram models of phonotactics are useful because they capture a large number of facts about phonological processes. Additionally, these models predict that local interactions should be easier to learn than long-distance ones because long-distance dependencies are difficult to capture with these models. Long-distance phonotactic patterns have been observed by linguists in many languages, who have proposed different kinds of models, including feature-based bigram and trigram models, as well as precedence models. Contrary to flat-structured bigram (...) and trigram models, these alternatives capture unbounded dependencies because at an abstract level of representation, the relevant elements are locally dependent, even if they are not adjacent at the observable level. Using an artificial grammar learning paradigm, we provide additional support for these alternative models of phonotactics. Participants in two experiments were exposed to a long-distance consonant-harmony pattern in which the first consonant of a five-syllable word was [s] or [∫] (“sh”) and triggered a suffix that was either [-su] or [-∫u] depending on the sibilant quality of this first consonant. Participants learned this pattern, despite the large distance between the trigger and the target, suggesting that when participants learn long-distance phonological patterns, that pattern is learned without specific reference to distance. (shrink)

In a series of three experiments, we explored the nature of implicit representations in change blindness . Using 3 × 3 letter arrays, we asked subjects to locate changes in paired arrays separated by 80 ms ISIs, in which one, two or three letters of a row in the second array changed. In one testing version, a tone followed the second array, signaling a row for partial report . In the other version, no PR was required. After Ss reported whether (...) a change had been detected and the PR had been completed , they were asked to identify a degraded letter trigram that was either novel, or from a previously shown row . Our findings indicate that when CB occurs, both the pre-change and post-change stimulus information primes despite its unavailability to consciousness. Surprisingly, findings also indicate that when change detection occurs only the post-change information primes. (shrink)

The claim that visually masked, unidentifiable words are analyzed at the level of whole word meaning has been challenged by recent findings indicating that instead, analysis occurs mainly at the subword level. The present experiments examined possible limits on subword analysis. Experiment 1 obtained semantic priming from pleasant- and unpleasant-meaning subliminal words in which no individual letter contained diagnostic information about a word’s evaluative valence; thus analysis must operate on information more complex than that contained in individual letters. Experiments 2 (...) and 3 showed that analysis must operate on information more complex than that represented by individual bigrams or trigrams . These findings suggest that while subliminal priming is driven by subword analysis, the effective units of analysis are distributed widely across at least short words. (shrink)

The article examines the influence of ancient Chinese philosophical concepts on the formation of modern piano art in China. Ancient Chinese materialistic philosophy is based on such teachings as Wu-xing and Yin-Yang, the Great Limit (Tai Chi), the eight trigrams and others. With the passage of time and the rapid development of science, these philosophical concepts not only did not lose their significance, but also had a powerful influence on the formation of modern Chinese piano creativity, deeply influenced the form (...) and cultural connotation of Chinese music, and also became the theoretical basis for the works of many modern composers. The philosophical and aesthetic Taiji system presented by composer Zhao Xiaosheng, integrated into the modern piano composition system, marked the beginning of a revolution in the field of piano art, combining the theoretical foundations of traditional Chinese philosophy and the principles of modern composition methods. The research methodology is based on philosophical and cultural analysis, musicological analysis, and semantic analysis. Of particular interest is the comparative analysis of the musical and philosophical "Tai chi composition system" by Zhao Xiaoshen, the dodecaphony of A. Schoenberg and the set theory of M. Babbitt and A. Fort, which the Chinese composer considers the sources of his creativity. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that a correlation is proposed between the key categories of ancient Chinese philosophy and modern experiments in the field of musical expression. The authors managed to demonstrate the high degree of influence of Chinese philosophy on music, to clearly show that the basic postulates of ancient Chinese philosophy have been encoded in the basis of traditional Chinese music since ancient times, and in the twentieth century they were the basis of modern Chinese theory of composition, while playing a colossal role in identifying the common foundations of modern composition of the West and East, while preservation of local features of the diverse sphere of these cultures. The emergence and formation of a philosophical and theoretical system of musical composition, based on the concepts of classical Chinese philosophy, organically refracted in the latest achievements of Western music composition, emphasizes the ontological significance of these concepts for both Eastern and Western culture. And the creation of appropriate musical works undoubtedly leads to positive trends in the development of modern Chinese music and classical Chinese philosophy. (shrink)

This paper investigates the effects of 10 factors on the choice between alternative ba sentences and SVO sentences in Mandarin Chinese. These factors are givenness, definiteness, animacy and pronominality of NP2s, NP2 length, VP length, verb sense, syntactic parallelism, dependency distance, and surprisal. Using corpus data and mixed-effects logistic regression modeling, we find that on the one hand, givenness, syntactic parallelism, and the log-transformed ratio of NP2 length and VP length are significant predictors of the choice between ba sentences and (...) SVO sentences. A new NP2, a large length ratio and a parallel construction predict an SVO sentence rather than a ba sentence. On the other hand, dependency distance and surprisal estimated by the trigram model are effective in predicting the choice between naturally occurring ba/svo sentences and their alternatives. Naturally occurring sentences are more likely to have shorter dependency distances and smaller surprisal values than the converted sentences. The effects of these five factors on syntactic choice are congruent with results of previous studies, which suggests that some determinants of syntactic choice are shared among languages. (shrink)

Hak San 鶴山 Yi Jeong-ho 李正浩 conceptualized and drew the “Hunminjeongeum-do” 訓民正音圖 (Diagram of Hunminjeongeum) using the basic initial consonants and 11 medial vowels of Hunminjeongeum 訓民正音 (It is the Korean alphabet, also called Hangeul). In the process, he added several strokes that were not part of the 28 letters of Hunminjeongeum to the “Hunminjeongeum-do” to emphasize the shapes of stars. This was intended to demonstrate the similarity between the “ Hunminjeongeum-do” and the “Jeongyeok Eight Trigrams Diagram” (正易八卦圖), thereby suggesting (...) that the Zhouyi 周易 philosophy embedded in the creation of Hunminjeongeum inherently contains the Jeongyeok 正易 (Correct Zhouyi) philosophy. Furthermore, he created the Celestial Diagram of Hunminjeongeum using the 28 Lunar Mansions of the ecliptic, which he referred to as the Jeongeum cheonmun-do 正音天文圖. In this diagram, he included the two central positions, elevated as the Emperor of Heaven and the Great Emperor, and applied a 30- day month calendar using all of these elements. In fact, it is based on the discussion in the Jeongyeok regarding the “Diagram of the 28 Lunar Mansions’ Energy Flow chart” (二十八宿運氣圖). The Jeongeum cheonmun-do can be found to contain similar concepts to those in the records of astronomical calendrical science from the Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋, written during the Warring States period in China, and the “ Yaodian” 堯典 chapter of the Shujing 書經. Moreover, it is closely related to the circular diagram of the Fuxi 64 Hexagrams and also shares commonality with the star illustrations found in the Cheonsang yeolcha bunyajido 天象列次分 野之圖, a celestial map engraved in the early Joseon Dynasty. Haksan sought to demonstrate through the Jeongeum cheonmundo that ‘the intention of King Sejong, the Sage King, to illuminate the Heavenly Way and care for the affairs of the people upon his ascension to the throne is revealed in the creation of the miraculous letters Hunminjeongeum, and that the spirit of its creation embodies the Confucian concept of the Heavenly Way.’. (shrink)

상해박초간 주역에는 지금까지의 주역 텍스트에서는 찾아볼 수 없었던 적색과 흑색의 특수부호가 존재한다. 상해박초간 주역을 처음 정리한 濮茅左는 이 부호를 “▧,, ■,,, ⊏”의 6종류로 나누고 음양사상을 도입하여 설명한다. 李尙信은 이 부호를 7종으로 나눈 후 이 부호를 통해 상해박초간 주역의 卦序는 현행본 주역의 괘서와 완전히 일치하며 역시 음양사상을 담고 있다고 한다. 夏含夷(Edward L. Shaughnessy)는 죽간의 물질적 상태를 분석하여 상해박초간 주역의 괘서와 현행본 『주역』의 괘서는 동일할 것이라고 추측한다. 近藤浩之(Kondo Hiroyuki)는 부호를 9종류로 나누어서 상해박초간의 괘서를 도출한 후, 상해박초간본의 괘서는 괘획 단위로 고안되었기 때문에 6爻로 (...) 이루어지는 大成卦를 문제로 삼고 있고, 3爻로 이루어지는 小成卦의 조합법은 고려되고 있지 않다고 한다. 이와 같은 여러 견해에는 모두 장단점이 있지만 아래의 두 가지 점은 공통된다. 첫째로 상해박초간 주역의 괘의 배열은 현행본과 매우 유사하다는 점. 둘째로 형식대립적 상반괘는 같은 부호를 사용한다는 점이다. 이 두 점으로부터 상해박초간 주역이 8괘 시스템을 기초로 만들어지지 않았다는 것을 추론해 낼 수 있다. 상해박초간 주역의 부호 체계는 8卦 시스템이 아닌 64卦(64 trigrams) 시스템을 상정할 때 가능한데 이는 일반적으로 인정받는 통설, 즉 8괘가 64괘보다 먼저 이루어졌다는 것에 대해 재검토를 요구한다. 출토자료와 문헌자료를 통해 8괘와 64괘의 성립 관계를 살펴보면 8괘 체계의 주역이 선행하여 존재하였고, 후에 64괘 체계의 주역이 등장하였다고 보기 힘들며 주역은 아마도 성립초기부터 64괘 체계였으리라고 생각된다. (shrink)

This volume, an assemblage of essays previously published in the Journal of Chinese Philosophy, conveniently and strategically brings together some of the trenchant interpretations and analyses of the salient, structural aspects of the philosophy of the Yijing. They reveal how the ancient Classic offers a graphically vivid and conceptually dynamic dramaturgy of the ways in which the natural world works in conjunction with the human one. Its cosmological architectonics and philosophical worldview continue to have enormous purchase on our current imagination, (...) even though readerly imperatives and responses have rendered this classic into a text of multiple significances, catering to pluralistic readerships and clienteles. Nonetheless, the essays in this volume lay bare some of the original authorly visions and insights of the Yijing, clearly showing that their apparent truthfulness to our cosmic and human conditions inspire philosophical and even theological questions. The Yijing's authorial designs of the eight trigrams and hexagrams, which encapsulate the primordial state of homo-cosmic phenomena and situations, together with the yin-yang forces and the dao, are taken for granted as integers in a grand universal equation, factored out to represent a ceaselessly changing cosmos in which heaven, earth and humanity commingle, such that the whole and unity can be found in the individual and the opposite, and vice versa. (shrink)

To maintain the competitive edge and evaluating the needs of the quality app is in the mobile application market. The user’s feedback on these applications plays an essential role in the mobile application development industry. The rapid growth of web technology gave people an opportunity to interact and express their review, rate and share their feedback about applications. In this paper we have scrapped 506259 of user reviews and applications rate from Google Play Store from 14 different categories. The statistical (...) information was measured in the results using different of common machine learning algorithms such as the Logistic Regression, Random Forest Classifier, and Multinomial Naïve Bayes. Different parameters including the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were used to evaluate Bigram, Trigram, and N-gram, and the statistical result of these algorithms was compared. The analysis of each algorithm, one by one, is performed, and the result has been evaluated. It is concluded that logistic regression is the best algorithm for review analysis of the Google Play Store applications. The results have been checked scientifically, and it is found that the accuracy of the logistic regression algorithm for analyzing different reviews based on three classes, i.e., positive, negative, and neutral. (shrink)

A little-known mendicant order, the Apostolic Clerics of St Jerome, better known as the ‘Jesuati’, was founded by Giovanni Colombini of Siena in the mid-fourteenth century, receiving formal recognition from Pope Urban V at Viterbo in 1367. The congregation flourished, particularly over the course of the fifteenth century when it established conventual houses in most major cities of central and northern Italy, but was eventually suppressed in 1668. Known for their piety, penance and service to the sick and dying, the (...) Jesuati played a significant role in the visual culture of later medieval and early modern Italy, and one that has subsequently been much neglected. This study will identify and discuss five categories in which the Jesuati intersected with the arts: church and convent architecture, images depicting the approval of the order by Urban V, altarpieces and other forms of church decoration, the trigram of the Holy Name of Jesus, and the manufacture of coloured glass and artists’ pigments, the latter including ultramarine azzurro that was highly prized. (shrink)

The existence of the Dao 道(the Way), according to the Yizhuan 易传 (the Commentary), is something intangible. The connotation of the Dao is the law of change caused by the interaction between yin and yang. The main functions of the Dao are "to change" and "to generate". The intangible refers to the law of change caused by the interaction between yin and yang, and the law is expressed by the divinatory symbolic system (卦爻符号, the trigrams or hexagrams). It is through (...) the unique permutation of yin and yang lines of a trigram or hexagram that the law of change is explained as a universal model uniting celestial, terrestrial and human laws. The symbolic system is used to express the universal nature of continual generation of life. (shrink)

Classic of Changes is a Chinese cultural classic born more than 3000 years ago. Its profound philosophical thoughts and the use of divination have brought Classic of Changes to a strong oriental mysticism. The view of the heaven and man of yin and yang and the five elements states of Classic of Changes are completely different from the Western elemental theory of ancient Greece. The latter gave birth to classical and modern scientific theories, and the yin and yang and the (...) eight trigrams symbol has become synonymous with oriental mysticism. In fact, the cosmology of the Holism of Classic of Changes is a precious scientific heritage of mankind. The axiomatization of the symbolic formal system of Classic of Changes aims to unveil the veil of oriental mysticism and provide oriental wisdom for the development of modern science. Transforming the symbolic system of Classic of Changes into a formal axiom system is the crystallization of the fusion of wisdom between the East and the West. The axiomatization of the symbolic formal system of Classic of Changes shows that the oriental and the western scientific tradition harmony but not sameness and there is no conflict. Classic of Changes can also be interpreted by the axiomatic system like Euclid’s Elements. The main contribution of this paper is that the author skillfully uses mathematical language to formulate the system of Classic of Changes, reconstructs the ideological system of Classic of Changes with the axiomatic method and realizes the scientificalization of Chinese classical natural philosophy. The formal axiom system of Classic of Changes may give us such a revelation: the gap between the oriental and western scientific traditions is mainly in the axiomatization, but the lack of oriental scientific tradition may be the bottleneck of the development of modern science. (shrink)

Although Dagur and Alsatian represent two typologically distant language families, they share several similarities: both languages are endangered, do not have a unified spelling system, and have few available digital corpora. Given these challenges, the main aim of this article is to compare the noise in corpora for these languages and its impact on part-of-speech (POS) annotation and tagging. We first discuss what strategies can be used to reduce the noise due to spelling inconsistencies observed during corpus collection, using Dagur (...) as an example. We then observe that the distributions of POS trigrams in the manually annotated Dagur and Alsatian corpora are similar to those of typologically related languages in UD v2.12, laying the foundations for experimenting with zero-shot transfer approaches for automatic POS tagging. We evaluate some simple noise reduction strategies for POS tagging using the example of the Alsatian dialects and relying on their proximity to standard German. The results obtained confirm the important role of linguistic proximity in automatic POS tagging and the effectiveness of the proposed data transformation method. However, they also invite further interpretation of the capacities of multilingual models. (shrink)