Dans le cadre de la Théorie de la Relation Interlocutive, nous proposons que l’interprétation sémantique et pragmatique de excuse me et sorry, qui ne sont pas, par essence, des marqueurs d’excuse, s’effectue en fonction de deux types de relation interlocutive différents qui conduisent à plusieurs interprétations possibles d’un événement perturbateur. Excuse me est considéré comme marqueur duophonique, c’est-à-dire comme une forme qui impose un désaccord entre un pôle émetteur et un pôle récepteur. On pourra y voir (...) une demande de coopération de l’allocutaire par politesse, pour tenter de réparer un manquement à l’étiquette, ou, bien au contraire, un moyen d’accentuer la nature conflictuelle d’une situation dans un contexte autre qu’un contexte d’excuse. A l’inverse, nous faisons l’hypothèse que sorry est une forme monophonique qui s’emploie pour rétablir l’harmonie interlocutive entre les deux pôles. Avec ce marqueur, la coopération de l’allocutaire est considérée comme acquise, ce qui a pour effet de minimiser le conflit dans des situations d’excuse ou autres. (shrink)

This article critically engages with debates on uneven and combined development and particularly the lack of attention given in this literature to accounts of spatial diversity in capitalism’s outward expansion as well as issues of Eurocentrism. Through interlocutions with Antonio Gramsci on his theorising of state formation and capitalist modernity and the notion of passive revolution, we draw out the internal relationship between the structuring condition of uneven and combined development and the class agency of passive revolution. Interlocuting with passive (...) revolution places Antonio Gramsci firmly within a stream of classic social theory shaping considerations of capitalist modernity. As a result, by building on cognate theorising elsewhere, passive revolution can then be established as a lateral field of causality that necessarily grasps spatio-temporal dynamics linked to both state and subaltern class practices of transformation in social property relations, situated within the structuring conditions of uneven and combined development. (shrink)

Cet article souhaite montrer que les modèles spatiaux, physiques ou expérientiels, proposés généralement pour rendre compte du fonctionnement des particules verbales en anglais, posent de nombreux problèmes. En particulier, il s’avère impossible de réduire le signifié de UP à l’expression d’un « mouvement vertical vers le haut » et les valeurs non spatiales sont très nombreuses. L’alternative décrite ici, dans le cadre général de la Théorie de la Relation Interlocutive, consiste à rechercher dans le fonctionnement même du système (...) linguistique les causes et les motifs à la fois de la structuration spatiale et non spatiale. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une définition systémique du langage fondée sur l’auto-référence et l’auto-organisation, plutôt que sur des stimuli environnementaux qui seraient plus ou moins « évidents ». (shrink)

Les auxiliaires modaux anglais sont généralement présentés comme la prise en charge subjective de l’énoncé. Cela complète avantageusement les catégories logiques classiques par la prise en compte de faits axiologiques et intersubjectifs. Cependant, s’il n’y a que des prises en charge subjectives, comment expliquer en contrepartie l’objectivité relative du sémiotique? Cet article essaie d’apporter des réponses en évitant la circularité de l’histoire ou de la convention. L’objectivité n’est pas un héritage du passé, mais un produit de l’activité communicationnelle en contexte (...) présent. Il convient donc de distinguer soigneusement l’interprétation subjective du signe en contexte effectif de sa construction et de son adaptation dans la langue. Une définition dynamique du système du langage telle que la propose la Théorie de la Relation Interlocutive (Douay & Roulland 2014) permet d’expliquer ensemble et de relier les deux versants de l’Acte de langage, l’usage d’un côté et la construction systémique de l’autre. Le système modal anglais est particulièrement révélateur à cet égard. (shrink)

La question de l’alternance ou de la répartition de / que en position de « marqueur du standard » est l’une des plus débattues de la littérature sur la comparaison en espagnol. Dans cette étude, on se propose de reprendre cette question à la lumière d’une approche en chronosyntaxe interlocutive, qui étudie la contribution des signifiants à la dynamique de construction du sens pour les effets qu’ils produisent sur l’interprétant à l’instant de leur survenance. On propose la formulation d’une (...) contribution opératoire de de et de que en termes de « cadre réceptif » qu’installent ces signifiants dans la relation interlocutive, et on montre ensuite la façon dont ce cadre réceptif sous-tend les divers effets de sens que recensent les grammaires pour más de et más que. (shrink)

Cet article souhaite montrer que les modèles spatiaux, physiques ou expérientiels, proposés généralement pour rendre compte du fonctionnement des particules verbales en anglais, posent de nombreux problèmes. En particulier, il s’avère impossible de réduire le signifié de UP (vs DOWN) à l’expression d’un « mouvement vertical vers le haut » et les valeurs non spatiales sont très nombreuses. L’alternative décrite ici, dans le cadre général de la Théorie de la Relation Interlocutive (Douay & Roulland 2014), consiste à rechercher (...) dans le fonctionnement même du système linguistique les causes et les motifs à la fois de la structuration spatiale et non spatiale. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une définition systémique du langage fondée sur l’auto-référence et l’auto-organisation, plutôt que sur des stimuli environnementaux qui seraient plus ou moins « évidents ». (shrink)

Cet article souhaite montrer que les modèles spatiaux, physiques ou expérientiels, proposés généralement pour rendre compte du fonctionnement des particules verbales en anglais, posent de nombreux problèmes. En particulier, il s’avère impossible de réduire le signifié de UP à l’expression d’un « mouvement vertical vers le haut » et les valeurs non spatiales sont très nombreuses. L’alternative décrite ici, dans le cadre général de la Théorie de la Relation Interlocutive, consiste à rechercher dans le fonctionnement même du système (...) linguistique les causes et les motifs à la fois de la structuration spatiale et non spatiale. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une définition systémique du langage fondée sur l’auto-référence et l’auto-organisation, plutôt que sur des stimuli environnementaux qui seraient plus ou moins « évidents ». (shrink)

La relation entre la métaphysique et le christianisme a fait l’objet, tout au long du XXe siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui, de nombreux et puissants conflits d’interprétations, les unes tendant à régionaliser le christianisme dans les thèmes et les concepts de la métaphysique grecque, d’autres plaçant le discours théologique en position de science récapitulative de la quête métaphysique, d’autres encore estimant pouvoir déclarer l’hétérogénéité des deux traditions philosophique et théologique. Etienne Gilson avait certes montré tôt la part que le christianisme a (...) effectivement prise dès avant le Moyen Age dans le destin de la métaphysique et relevé les modalités par lesquelles la métaphysique avait pu favoriser l’auto-intelligibilité du christianisme. Sans doute ne suffit-il plus aujourd’hui de discuter les thèses contrastées d’une métaphysique «postchrétienne» ou d’un christianisme «postmétaphysique» ; il convient, en amont, de poser la question des conditions par lesquelles la métaphysique, surmontant ses apories théoriques et redéfinissant ses attendus, peut renouveler son interlocution avec le christianisme et réciproquement. (shrink)

Les Écrits anthropologiques de Francis Jacques rassemblent treize articles publiés de 1978 à 2000. Ils retracent le parcours d'une recherche originale qui va d'une philosophie du dialogue à une philosophie du texte et de l'intersubjectivité. Parcours qui commence il y a plus de vingt ans avec les textes majeurs de Dialogiques. Recherches logiques sur le dialogue et L'espace logique de l'interlocution, qui ont profondément marqué la philosophie analytique française, et s'est poursuivi en parallèle dans de nombreux articles. Ces Écrits ont (...) pour horizon notamment la question de la relation interpersonnelle. Loin de nous l'idée de rendre compte de textes aussi riches en quelques pages. Nous tenterons simplement d'en dégager quelques idées directrices. Le Liminaire articule une même recherche sur ce qui fonde une anthropologie proprement humaine, respectueuse de la réalité totale de l'humain. Les multiples champs de la pensée sont distingués comme autant d'anthropologies irréductibles, car fortes de leur questionnement et de leur dynamique propre. L'unité différenciée de ces anthropologies se construit en partie à travers les concepts de personne et de relation. La relation interlocutive se place au fondement du déploiement des compétences interrogatives, car la capacité d'interroger selon différents modes s'acquiert notamment dans la relation pragmatique, dans le dialogue. C'est en ce sens que ces compétences sont conditions de possibilité de toute pensée. Ces articles procèdent ainsi d'une démarche critique renouvelée qui s'interroge sur les conditions pragmatiques et a priori de la signification, de la compréhension, et de l'objectivation et en dernière analyse de l'intersubjectivité. (shrink)

The predominant conception of the status of race is that race is a social construction. But what does it mean to say that a group, racially defined, is a social construct? How we understand the process of constitution and related identities is important beyond the conceptual reality or non-reality that defines the group. To this end, this dissertation explores two models of group constitution employed by Jean-Paul Sartre, the first from Anti-Semite and Jew, which bases group constitution and identity on (...) the gaze of the dominant Other, and the second from his later work, Critique of Dialectic Reason, Vol.1, which places the group as a prominent facilitator of history that produces itself in the domain of the Other. Both models show that the existence of group and group identity are constructed and as a result both reject claims of essentialism that may be ascribed to the group. However, I argue that the more nuanced conception of the social construction of the group, found in the Critique, envisages a more complex and dynamic account of group formation and identification, an account that acknowledges the need for group identities particularly among those who are historically oppressed as members of a group. ;My dissertation attempts to reconcile two fundamental and distinct approaches to race---ontology and experience---through what I hope the reader will appreciate as a series of dialogues between Sartre and various interlocuters. These interlocuters include contemporary authors such as Ian Hacking, K. Anthony Appiah, and Naomi Zack whose works refer to some aspect of Sartrean thought. Additionally, I explore textual dialogues between Sartre and both Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Frantz Fanon, existentialists authors themselves, whose works provide insights into the possibilities and problems that Sartre faced in his attempts to attend to colonialism, racism, race and class consciousness, individual and group freedom. Thus, a secondary goal of this dissertation is to show Sartre's continued relevance to our contemporary discourse of race in particular and contemporary philosophy in general. (shrink)

"On ne cesse d'oublier d'aller jusqu'au fondement. On ne pose pas assez profond les points d'interrogation", écrivait Wittgenstein. L'oeuvre de Francis Jacques est une franche réplique à cette "remarque". Aussi occupe-t-elle une place originale dans la philosophie de notre temps. L'entreprise était audacieuse ; et elle devait être innovante. Les obstacles philosophiques étaient nombreux ; il fallait les reconnaître et les interroger jusqu'à leurs plus profondes racines. La démarche analytique, en l'occurrence, a fait merveille. Elle ne fut qu'un point de (...) départ. Mais il était décisif parce qu'il conduisait à bouleverser l'échiquier sur lequel la tradition des siècles avait construit ses systèmes philosophiques. Sur le chemin ainsi frayé, l'espace logique de l'interlocution a supplanté le subjectivisme-roi des philosophies de la conscience. L'exploration du dialogisme communicationnel a été la voie d'un questionnement approfondi qui, d'un point de vue métaphysique, a découvert la relation comme source originaire et fondationnelle de la pensée. À cette source pure puise l'exigence transcendantale qui, alliée aux structures formelles du travail de la pensée, commande l'érection du sens. En faisant du questionnement patiemment poursuivi l'activité génétique et critique de la pensée, l'interrogation radicale est devenue, en raison de sa portée ontologique, une élévation spirituelle. Aussi la sagesse peut-elle désormais défier les pathologies qui gangrènent les manifestations de l'existence. L'horizon s'éclaire de la lumière divine : il est un lieu de confiance et d'espérance. Au processus de "dé-construction" généralisée que développent aujourd'hui tant d'ouvrages, l'oeuvre de Francis Jacques oppose le mouvement d'une reconstruction spirituelle que commande, outre l'alliance hardie de la logique et de la métaphysique, l'écoute de la théologie. En fouillant les puissances originaires de l'interrogativité dont l'intégralité et la radicalité font la noblesse de la pensée, elle trace l'itinéraire au long duquel elle propose, contre la désespérance d'un temps de crise, de philosopher autrement pour retrouver les repères effacés et reconquérir, sur le chemin de l'Absolu, l'humanité perdue de l'homme. C'est un recommencement. (shrink)

Cette édition numérique a été réalisée à partir d'un support physique, parfois ancien, conservé au sein du dépôt légal de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, conformément à la loi n° 2012-287 du 1er mars 2012 relative à l'exploitation des Livres indisponibles du XXe siècle. Pages de début Avant-propos Première recherche - Autrui, présence sans concept Présentation 1 - L'état de la question : de l'anthropologie à la philosophie de la notion d'autrui 2 - Aporétique de l'altérité personnelle 3 - La (...) problématique de la proximité et la seconde personne 4 - Une catégorie linguistique de la personne? 5 - Connaissance ou reconnaissance d'autrui? L'illusion spéculative 6 - Une formulation linguistique du problème de l'altérité personnelle 7 - Vers une éthique des relations interpersonnelles par l'exercice de la parole 8 - L'hypothèse transcendantale 9 - La parole tronquée faire échec à la peur et à la violence : la réciprocité du signe Deuxième recherche - Essai pour introduire en pragmatique les concepts de rétro-référence et de co-référence Présentation I - Questions de méthode II - L'état de la question III - La référence aux interlocuteurs IV - Les conditions dialogiques de la référence au monde Troisième recherche - Eléments pour une pragmatique du dialogue. Le dialogue référentiel Présentation I - L'espace logique de l'interlocution II - L'intégration des théories existantes III - Le dialogue régulier IV - Pour une typologie du dialogue Quatrième recherche - L'enjeu épistémique du dialogue : avoir une croyance commune Présentation 1 - Les trois voies de l'analyse : une homologie 2 - Du registre modal de la croyance à sa dynamique interne : vers un élargissement des référentiels 3 - Le dialogisme de la croyance commune 4 - Individuation et identification le problème posé par l'identification bilatérale des individus 5 - Caractère réflexif de la croyance commune la convention des critères et les hypothèses restrictives 6 - Les phases du dialogue et le travail de quantification logique une objection dirimante? 7 - « Fixer la référence » des termes singuliers remarques sur l'interprétation de Saul Kripke 8 - Le recours à la théorie des jeux de stratégie notion de règle stratégique 9 - De la logique du dialogue à l'idée d'une logique fondée sur le dialogue 10 - La métaphore secourable du jeu compétitif compétition et coopération dans le jeu dialogique 11 - Le consensus pragmatique : notion de confrontation épistémique le dynamisme novateur de la relation dialogique 12 - Triple relativité de la référence 13 - Questions en suspens : figuration et symbolisation l'opinion droite 14 - L'appel à une sémantique de l'action Cinquième recherche - Le système sublogique des phrases en « nous » Présentation 1 - Clore le dialogue : réussite, échec, contrefaçons 2 - La mise en communauté de l'énonciation équivocité, plurivocité, polysémie 3 - Le dialogisme de la compréhension remarques critiques sur l'instance transcendantale 4 - Variables logiques et variables pronominales 5 - Le « nous » comme sujet apparent d'une double prédication 6 - Degrés de dépendance à l'égard du contexte pragmatique 7 - La pluralisation de « je » : pluriel objectif et pluriel personnel 8 - L'autodétermination du « nous » 9 - Les supplétifs stylistiques 10 - La parole heureuse matrice de la relation humaine de mutualité NotesIndex des noms propres Index analytique Pages de fin. (shrink)

While popular debate grapples with the legality of gay marriage, networks of medical, political, and juridical discourses produce and situate sexuality in a field of knowledge that is constantly under examination and administration. The rationalization of sexuality, and its dispersion into multiple fields of knowledge, has become part of a system of power relations that produces identities and manages them. Within this context, this paper places Horkheimer and Adorno's excursus on Sade's Juliette in conversation with Foucault's first volume of the (...) History of Sexuality. It explores how instrumental reason and power/knowledge relationships produce discourses of sexuality, which have come to dominate Western society. It also explores possible sites of resistance, through the notion of performativity, that exist within these modes of rationalization and power. I argue that this interlocution of Horkheimer and Adorno with Foucault helps us see sexuality as a site of both domination and resistance. It also shows how sexuality is produced in a field of contestation where possibilities of practices of freedom are always circumscribed by modes of rationalization and networks of power. (shrink)

Au cours des dernières décennies, les théoriciens des actes de discours ont amorcé l’analyse des discours afin de décrire la logique qui gouverne l’usage et la compréhension du langage en contexte d’interlocution. Cet article s’inscrit dans la foulée de ces études. Il interroge la fécondité de la notion d’actes de discours en pragmatique littéraire, analyse quelques genres littéraires et propose une typologie des discours composée de huit catégories génériques qui font état des relations logiquement possibles entre les discours factuels et (...) fictionnels, en guise de réponse à une question qu’un théoricien littéraire a posé autrefois aux théoriciens des actes de discours. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophy and Rhetoric 37.1 (2004) 72-91 [Access article in PDF] Passing Theories through Topical Heuristics: Donald Davidson, Aristotle, and the Conditions of Discursive Competence Stephen R. Yarbrough Department of English The University of North Carolina at Greensboro What are the conditions of discursive competence? In "A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs" Donald Davidson explains how it is possible that in practice we can, with little effort, understand and appropriately respond (...) to linguistic anomalies such as the malapropism—anomalies because, by definition, the "language" cannot account for how we understand them. Such anomalies, Davidson concludes, are the exceptions that do not prove but refute the traditional rule that antecedent linguistic systems govern discursive meaning. If that is so, then meanings are not a property of a linguistic system and are not "governed by learned conventions or regularities" (1986, 436); therefore, learning and sharing such conventions, what we traditionally call "language," is not a necessary condition of successful communication. He shows this by arguing that two conditions must be met for successful interlocution and that meeting these sufficiently allows successful interlocution to take place. A third condition—that the interlocutors share a language, an organized set of learned conventions or regularities "learned in advance of occasions of interpretation" (436) for which phenomena such as malapropisms would be anomalous—is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition of discursive competence.What I hope to show in this paper is that the two conditions Davidson argues interlocution must meet in order to succeed both involve the interlocutor's implicit knowledge of what since Aristotle the rhetorical tradition has called topical heuristics. Although Davidson himself seems unaware of it, his philosophy places invention in a new light, one that allows us to understand that the invention process is not merely a supplement to discourse, useful only for professional speakers and writers, but intrinsic to all intercourse, and that the topics are not merely formal but pragmatic relations that develop from the processes of our interactions with others and with objects of our common concern in a world we can come to share. [End Page 72] Inferential method Davidson argues that the first condition necessary for successful interlocution is that "the interpreter can learn the semantic role of each of a finite number of words or phrases and can learn the semantic consequences of a finite number of modes of expression" (1986, 437). "For this to be possible," says Davidson, "there must be systematic relations between the meanings of utterances" (436). Here he is not talking about grammatical systems but about systematic relations between and among the interlocutors' discursive actions and the world with its objects to which their actions refer. As I'll explain more fully shortly, these are topical relations. What makes these relations possible, Davidson argues, is that the interlocutors share, not a set of learned conventions, but a "recursive characterization of the truth conditions of all possible utterances of the speaker" (437).Such a theory of truth can be something like a Tarski truth definition, the explanation of which can be extremely convoluted (see Davidson 1984), but it boils down to saying that an utterance is true if the anticipations raised by a belief in an interpreted utterance are met by the consequences of believing the utterance; or, to put it another way, if the utterance is an answer to the question that solicited it or a solution to the problem to which it responds. Thus, an example of such a truth definition would be "The grass is green (an utterance made by someone, somewhere, somewhen, under certain conditions) is true if and only if the grass is green (to that person, at that place, at that time, under those conditions)." The force of a Tarski truth definition is that to understand what an utterance means is to understand the conditions that make it true (to the speaker). This, in turn, implies that in order for the interpreter to learn the semantic roles of the speaker's words and phrases and the semantic consequences of her modes of expression, the... (shrink)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is first, to explore communicative practice in conflict resolution in its unitary and pluralistic forms; and second, to highlight ways in which interpersonal conflict negotiation and resolution may be recapitulated in organisational or international experiences of conflict resolution.Design/methodology/approachThe methods of research are qualitative discourse analysis in the new critical paradigm. The approach to the topic is one of reflective interlocution of defined topic areas.FindingsA tension exists between unitary and pluralistic components of rational arguments in organisational (...) communication. This is observable in the claims to relational authenticity in both scientific arguments and in the management of conflict negotiations. The main drivers of this tension are the scalability of arguments and the contexts in which they occur. Determining the ontological validity and mutually understood “reference points” of participant perspectives are essential in reaching understandings that have elements of successful communication, clarity and mutuality.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is theoretical in design and mimetically reflects developments in pedagogy and practice in its designated area.Practical implicationsScientists, media commentators need to be mindful of argumentational bias. Conflict resolution negotiators will have a better understanding of the ethical dynamics of their interaction and processes.Social implicationsAs the title suggests, the article highlights tensions between the unitary and pluralistic components of rational arguments and conflict resolution in organisational communication.Originality/valueThe originality and value of the paper is its analysis and juxtaposition of the communication ethics of rational arguments used by scientists, and conflict resolution negotiators. (shrink)

While popular debate grapples with the legality of gay marriage, networks of medical, political, and juridical discourses produce and situate sexuality in a field of knowledge that is constantly under examination and administration. The rationalization of sexuality, and its dispersion into multiple fields of knowledge, has become part of a system of power relations that produces identities and manages them. Within this context, this paper places Horkheimer and Adorno's excursus on Sade's Juliette in conversation with Foucault's first volume of the (...) History of Sexuality. It explores how instrumental reason and power/knowledge relationships produce discourses of sexuality, which have come to dominate Western society. It also explores possible sites of resistance, through the notion of performativity, that exist within these modes of rationalization and power. I argue that this interlocution of Horkheimer and Adorno with Foucault helps us see sexuality as a site of both domination and resistance. It also shows how sexuality is produced in a field of contestation where possibilities of practices of freedom are always circumscribed by modes of rationalization and networks of power. (shrink)

RESUMO Neste artigo pretendemos refletir acerca da constituição do sujeito político a partir de dois conceitos específicos: rosto e cena de dissenso. Nosso argumento pretende evidenciar como, ao “aparecerem”, os indivíduos produzem uma cena polêmica de enunciação na qual se desencadeia um processo de subjetivação política e de criação de formas dissensuais de comunicação e performance que inventam modos de ser, ver e dizer, configurando outras interfaces entre experiência estética e política. Tal processo potencializa a invenção de novas visualidades e (...) interlocuções nas quais se inscreve o rosto, definido aqui como o vestígio de um lugar do outro que se transforma na promessa do meu próprio lugar, assumindo caráter político e comunicacional, num processo incessante de subjetivação política em que ética e estética se tangenciam. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to ponder on the constitution of the political subject from two specific concepts: the face and the scene of dissensus, in order to show how the “appearance” of the individuals can produce a controversial scene of dissensus, trigger a process of political subjectivation and the creation of dissensual forms of expression and communication that invent new ways of being, seeing and saying, configuring new ways of collective enunciation and interconnections between aesthetic experience and politics. This is related to the invention of new visualities and interlocutions in which the face is inscribed. Face is defined here as the vestige of a place of the other that is transformed into the promise of my own place, assuming a political and communicational character, in an incessant process of political subjectivation where ethics and aesthetics are related. (shrink)

Many of the figures in Thurnauer’s paintings who fix us with their gaze have been borrowed from the work of Manet, the artist who organized so many of his paintings around a face-to-face confrontation of viewer and work. The painting returns the viewer’s gaze with total impartiality, making us see our own motives and investments more than the illusion that the figure in the painting will accommodate them. Issues of language often surface literally in paintings by Thurnauer; written language appears (...) sometimes as part of the material fabric in which human figures move or recline. The textual elements are not superimposed on the figures but appear to exist in the world they inhabit, requiring the painter to relate figure to ground in a process of interlacing. When the viewer’s eye traverses the painting it falls under the magnetic influence of the text to the extent that viewing must succumb in some degree to the operations of reading with its specific rhythms and expectations. In these paintings, visual and verbal languages provide us with different maps of the same territory; and Thurnauer’s hybridized representations argue that the world can only be rendered through a dialogue, an interlocution of different forms, genres, media. We approach her work, not as viewers whose function is predicated through a gaze regulated according to the distorting demands of consumption or control, but as readers engaged in a critical activity seeing around the edges of historically produced versions of the self. (shrink)

This chapter offered in hommage to Jacques Taminiaux’s long and fruitful career reflecting on ontological, political, and aesthetic issues, starts following the lead of his reading of Heidegger’s interpretation of these issues, as following the same “Platonic filiation” as in most of German Idealism’s representatives. Namely, Heidegger seems to interpret praxis beyond all relation to interaction and interlocution, but also that his revaluation of the role of art in politics is because he confers the utmost importance upon poiêsis as (...) an “internal potency in the human understanding of Being, of the Lichtblick,” namely, as a “high-ranked theôria.” It primarily addresses the question of how theôria-Sophia, praxis-phronêsis, poiêsis-technê in their relatedness and oppositions, are connected with the “ethical” (practical) dimension of transcendental reduction, following some hints from Taminiaux’s (2004) reflections on Heidegger’s “metamorphosis” of Husserl’s phenomenological reduction (both eidetic and transcendental), as having proved that “reduction was at the core of Husserl’s theoretical project.” However, Taminiaux thinks that “it is not an exaggeration to claim that the contrast” he has just sketched “entails as many difficulties as those implicit in Husserl’s concept of reduction” (Taminiaux 2004, 44). Thus, the primal motivation for this text’s proposal stems from its interest in finding out whether this appealing and well-argued reading of the Greek and Platonic connivance between theôria-poiêsis in contrast to the fragility and contingency of human practical judgments and the human intrigue of our worldly abode—a reading retrieved by modern and contemporary German philosophers, including Heidegger—is in seamless accordance with the canonical contemporary interpretation of Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology and reduction. Or whether an alternative reading could be risked. What has characterized the success of Taminiaux’s original and piercingly acute reading of the history of philosophy is his close and severe scrutiny of texts transmitted by the tradition in dialogue with our experience of the “matters themselves.” Hence, in the wake of this essential and everlasting teaching, this text risks an alternative reading of the phenomenological reduction, specifically of its transcendental version, as an eminently practical—namely, ethical—achievement (Leistung), driven by a practical virtue, responsibility. (shrink)

Levinas distances himself from Kierkegaardian analyses by suggesting that It is not I who resist the system, as Kierkegaard thought; it is the other. This seems an obvious misreading of Kierkegaard. Resistance, for Kierkegaard, never legitimately arises from the I, but from a God-relationship that breaks through the sphere of immanence and disturbs the system. But, for Levinas it is problematic to suggest a God-relationship distinct from interhuman relationships. Transcendent interhuman relations, Levinas contends, give theological concepts [their] sole signification. Yet, (...) similarities in their accounts of ethical subjectivity and conscience may tempt one to suggest, as a recent commentator does, that appropriation of the Kierkegaardian framework by Levinas is problematic insofar as it is misapplied to interhuman relationships... .; I resist this understanding of the problem. Levinas is not only concerned with denying the interlocutor (i.e., God) in Kierkegaard's description of the transcendent awareness that grounds conscience. Levinas also questions the nature of interlocution implied by Kierkegaard. Levinas' criticisms of Kierkegaard set an important agenda for the study of Kierkegaard by demanding that one address the difficulties that the problematics of hearing raise for Kierkegaard's account of conscientious subjectivity. His challenge could profoundly affect and, in my opinion, enrich the Kierkegaardian account. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The first part of this article relies on a number of well-known notions drawn directly from Bakhtin's work, while bringing to bear others inspired by the Bakhtinian perspective. The second part proposes a study dealing with the diverse kinds of verbal interactions rooted in Bakhtin's notion of responsive act. These include interdiscursivity, interlocution, and intralocution, elaborated by Jacques Brès among others, as well as moves and shifts, which we owe to Frédéric François. In the third part, this body of (...) notions is tested on a corpus of verbal interactions between young children and adults, and between two or more children. The study stresses the diversity and early use of these different kinds of dialogical relations in children's language practices. It also shows how a Bakhtinian approach can contribute to research on language acquisition. (shrink)

Resumo: O objetivo desse artigo foi analisar e refletir se a produção científica em periódicos nacionais tem abordado a constituição da identidade docente como vocação ou profissão nas formações docente, além de inferir se o PIBID tem contribuído perante essa questão na formação de professores de Ciências. A pesquisa foi qualitativa do tipo “Estado da Arte” e os artigos analisados com base na Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que há uma lacuna de pesquisas que visam identificar como os professores (...) da área de Ciências da Natureza têm se identificado com a docência e quais fatores os têm motivado a ingressarem e permaneceram nos cursos, bem como, quais ações têm sido orquestradas visando estimular a atratividade pela carreira docente. Quanto as contribuições do PIBID os artigos analisados focaram nos saberes relacionados às práticas pedagógicas, sendo que as discussões relacionadas à profissão professor não tem sido abordadas. Nesse sentido, não foi possível fazer um paralelo entre esses resultados no sentido de reconhecer se os licenciandos dos cursos de Ciências percebem a docência como vocação ou ofício. Ou seja, não há uma discussão inerente sobre essa interlocução o que poderia ser foco de futuras pesquisas que clarificassem essa percepção. Palavras-chave: Formação De Professores De Ciências; Identidade Docente; PIBID Vocation or trade? The constitution of the teaching identity of science teachers: the contribution of PIBID Abstract: The objective of this article was to analyze and reflect on whether scientific production in national journals has addressed the constitution of teaching identity as a vocation or profession in teacher formation, in addition to inferring whether PIBID has contributed to this issue in the training of Science teachers. The research was qualitative of the “State of the Art” type and the articles were analyzed based on Content Analysis. The results indicated that there is a lack of research aimed at identifying how science teachers have identified themselves with teaching and what factors have motivated them to enter and remain in the courses, as well as what actions have been orchestrated to stimulate their attractiveness for the teaching career. The publications of PIBID are more focused on knowledge related to pedagogical practices, and discussions related to the teaching profession have not been addressed. In this sense, it was not possible to make a parallel between these results in the sense of recognizing whether undergraduate students of Science courses perceive teaching as a vocation or craft. That is, there is no inherent discussion about this interlocution, which could be the focus of future research that would clarify this perception. Keywords: Science Teacher Education; Teacher Identity; PIBID ¿Vocación o oficio? La constitución de la identidad docente de los profesores de Ciencias: la contribución de PIBID Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar y reflexionar si la producción científica en revistas nacionales ha abordado la constitución de la identidad docente como vocación o profesión en la formación docente, además de inferir si el PIBID ha contribuido a este tema en la formación de profesores de ciencias. La investigación fue cualitativa del tipo “Estado del Arte” y los artículos fueron analizados a partir del Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados indicaron que existe un vacío en la investigación orientada a identificar cómo los docentes del área de Ciencias Naturales se han identificado con la docencia y qué factores los han motivado a inscribirse y permanecer en los cursos, así como, qué acciones se han orquestado con el fin de estimular el atractivo de la carrera docente. Las publicaciones del PIBID están más dirigidas al conocimiento relacionado con las prácticas pedagógicas, y no se han abordado discusiones relacionadas con la profesión docente. En ese sentido, no fue posible hacer un paralelismo entre estos resultados en el sentido de reconocer si los estudiantes de pregrado de las carreras de Ciencias perciben la docencia como una vocación o un oficio. Es decir, no existe una discusión inherente sobre esta interlocución, que podría ser el foco de futuras investigaciones que aclararían esta percepción. Palabras clave: Formación Docente De Ciencias; Identidad Docente; PIBID Data de registro: 29/06/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

La réelle généralisation du téléphone en France, outil technique de médiation de la communication interpersonnelle ordinaire, date, après une longue gestation, d’une génération. Revisiter les enquêtes et analyses sur les usages sociaux du téléphone pendant le quart de siècle écoulé facilite, en prenant du recul, le suivi de l’évolution d’une appropriation, par les Français, qui ne fut pas seulement technique mais culturelle. Ce travail de remémorisation et de synthèse d’une révolution invisible préalable à la visibilité soudaine du téléphone portable dans (...) les médias et les espaces publics s’appuie sur les jalons suivants : processus de diffusion dans la société ; alternative au courrier et au face-à-face ; représentations sociales ; mécanismes de compétence interlocutoire ; normes et tactiques d’usage ; différenciation du genre masculin vs féminin ; usages privés sur le lieu de travail ; visite à distance ; réseaux de sociabilité ; répondeur ; téléphone mobile.In France, the telephone, a technical interpersonal communication tool, underwent a long gestation period and became widely used one generation ago. A study of the surveys and analyses of the social uses of the telephone in the last 25 years makes it easier to follow the evolution of its appropriation by the French, which was not merely technical but also cultural. The present history and analysis of the invisible revolution that took place prior to the sudden emergence of the mobile phone in the media and in public places focuses on the following themes : spreading process in society ; alternative to mail or to face-to-face communication ; social representations ; speaking skill mechanisms ; rules and tactics of usage ; differences between sexes ; private uses in the workplace ; remote visits ; social networks ; answering-machines ; mobile phones. (shrink)

Barbarism was by no means unique to the past 100 years, Jonathan Glover tells us, but ''it is still right that much of 20th-century history has been a very unpleasant surprise.'' This was the century of Passchendaele, Dresden, Nanking, Nagasaki and Rwanda; of the Final Solution, the gulag, the Great Leap Forward, Year Zero and ethnic cleansing -- names that stand for killings in the six and seven figures and for suffering beyond comprehension. The technological progress that inspired the optimism (...) of the Victorians turned out also to multiply the effects of old-fashioned evil and criminal stupidity. (shrink)

The philosophies of education serve as the guide of the teachers in handling the teaching-learning process. However, a belief will remain as a belief unless it is practiced. This study aimed to find the relationship between the philosophical beliefs and practices of the 30 teachers of the schools in San Roque, Mabini, Bohol - San Roque Elementary School and San Roque National High School, S.Y. 2019-2020. The study utilized a quantitative method descriptive survey research design. The research instrument used was (...) a self-constructed questionnaire in which the reliability was tested by a Cronbach’s Alpha using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software. Simple percentage and weighted mean were some of the statistical treatments used. Kendall’s tau_b, a non-parametric test, was used to determine the correlation between philosophical beliefs and their equivalent pedagogical practices. All of the statistical treatments were also run using the SPSS software. Further, the researcher assured the proper observation of the research ethics protocol. Based on the results, the philosophies of Progressivism (3.63) and Perennialism (3.31) were the most and least prevailing philosophical beliefs, respectively. On the other hand, the most and least prevailing philosophies practiced are Progressivism (3.69) and Essentialism (3.19), respectively. Moreover, research findings revealed that there was a significant relationship between the philosophical beliefs of teachers and their pedagogical practices. In conclusion, this study claims that teachers’ pedagogical practices are dependent to their philosophical beliefs; and as the teachers believed on a particular philosophy of education, they practice it accordingly to the extent of their adherence to the belief. (shrink)

I provide a characterization of weakly pseudo-rationalizable choice functions---that is, choice functions rationalizable by a set of acyclic relations---in terms of hyper-relations satisfying certain properties. For those hyper-relations Nehring calls extended preference relations, the central characterizing condition is weaker than (hyper-relation) transitivity but stronger than (hyper-relation) acyclicity. Furthermore, the relevant type of hyper-relation can be represented as the intersection of a certain class of its extensions. These results generalize known, analogous results for path independent choice functions.

This paper is concerned with what I call the ‘problem of unity’ . This is the puzzle of how Armstrong‐like states of affairs are unified. The general approach is ‘relational internalism’: the unifier of such a state of affairs is a relation of some sort in it. A view commonly associated with relational internalism is that if such a relation satisfies a certain ‘naive’ expectation to a relation – that it is related to its relata – then (...) Bradley's regress results. As I argue, for one very natural species of relational internalism, this is indeed the case. Influential writers on the topic have therefore maintained that this relation is not related to its relata. But, as we shall see, while this ‘classic’ relational internalism obviously avoids Bradley's regress, intuitively, it fails completely to solve the problem of unity. I argue, however, that given the rejection of a natural, but unfounded, assumption of conventional relational internalism, a unique relation can unify states of affairs without leading to Bradley's regress. I consequently propose a novel version of relational internalism on which states of affairs are unified by such an entity. (shrink)

One of the most dominant approaches to semantics for relevant (and many paraconsistent) logics is the Routley-Meyer semantics involving a ternary relation on points. To some (many?), this ternary relation has seemed like a technical trick devoid of an intuitively appealing philosophical story that connects it up with conditionality in general. In this paper, we respond to this worry by providing three different philosophical accounts of the ternary relation that correspond to three conceptions of conditionality. We close (...) by briefly discussing a general conception of conditionality that may unify the three given conceptions. (shrink)

We confirm a conjecture, about neat embeddings of cylindric algebras, made in 1969 by J. D. Monk, and a later conjecture by Maddux about relation algebras obtained from cylindric algebras. These results in algebraic logic have the following consequence for predicate logic: for every finite cardinal α ≥ 3 there is a logically valid sentence X, in a first-order language L with equality and exactly one nonlogical binary relation symbol E, such that X contains only 3 variables (each (...) of which may occur arbitrarily many times), X has a proof containing exactly α + 1 variables, but X has no proof containing only α variables. This solves a problem posed by Tarski and Givant in 1987. (shrink)

La vulnérabilité dans la relation de soin est manifeste du côté de la personne malade. Il s’agit ici de mettre à jour l’impensé de cette relation : la vulnérabilité du soignant, exposé non seulement à la souffrance, mais à toute l’existence d’autrui, jusqu’à sa mort. À partir d’une expérience de bénévolat en soins palliatifs, cet article présente quelques aspects de ce que Ricœur appelle une « phénoménologie du soi affecté par l’autre que soi », afin de montrer que (...) la reconnaissance de cette vulnérabilité peut devenir une vertu relationnelle. Juste milieu entre l’impuissance et la toute-puissance, elle ouvre à la sollicitude, qui révèle les capacités et permet une action ajustée à la situation. Reconnue comme « fonds commun » entre soignant et soigné, elle permet de corriger l’asymétrie de la relation pour y introduire une dimension de réciprocité. (shrink)

I argue that the phenomenon underlying Bernard Williams’ (1976) “agent-regret” is considerably broader than appreciated by Williams and others. Agent-regret— an anguished response that agents have for harms they have caused, even if faultlessly— I maintain, is a species of a more general response to harms that need not be one’s fault, but which nonetheless impact one’s practical identity in a special way. This broader genus includes as a species what I call “relation-regret”, a pained response to harm caused (...) by a person to whom one is intimately related, as a co-member of a group partly constitutive of one’s practical identity (e.g. one’s family). After providing an account of the moral psychology of relation-regret, I attend to its normative significance, proposing in particular that acceptance of relation-regret provides us with reasons for accepting a novel form of moral luck, namely associative luck: the luck of being vulnerable to responsibility-responses in virtue of one’s attachments to others, despite one’s personal faultlessness. (shrink)

In ____Womanizing Nietzsche,__ Kelly Oliver uses an analysis of the position of woman in Nietzsche's texts to open onto the larger question of philosophy's relation to the feminine and the maternal. Offering readings from Nietzsche, Derrida, Irigaray, Kristeva, Freud and Lacan, Oliver builds an innovative foundation for an ontology of intersubjective relationships that suggests a new approach to ethics.

An old conservative criticism of egalitarianism is that it is nothing but the expression of envy. Egalitarians respond by saying envy has nothing to do with it. I present an alternative way of thinking about the relation of envy to distributive justice, and to Rawlsian justice in particular. I argue that while ideals of justice rightly distance themselves from envy, envy plays a role in facing injustice. Under nonideal circumstances, less attractive features of human nature may play a role (...) in motivating the action necessary to push an unjust society in a more just direction. (shrink)

Agents are often assumed to have degrees of belief (“credences”) and also binary beliefs (“beliefs simpliciter”). How are these related to each other? A much-discussed answer asserts that it is rational to believe a proposition if and only if one has a high enough degree of belief in it. But this answer runs into the “lottery paradox”: the set of believed propositions may violate the key rationality conditions of consistency and deductive closure. In earlier work, we showed that this problem (...) generalizes: there exists no local function from degrees of belief to binary beliefs that satisfies some minimal conditions of rationality and non-triviality. “Locality” means that the binary belief in each proposition depends only on the degree of belief in that proposition, not on the degrees of belief in others. One might think that the impossibility can be avoided by dropping the assumption that binary beliefs are a function of degrees of belief. We prove that, even if we drop the “functionality” restriction, there still exists no local relation between degrees of belief and binary beliefs that satisfies some minimal conditions. Thus functionality is not the source of the impossibility; its source is the condition of locality. If there is any non-trivial relation between degrees of belief and binary beliefs at all, it must be a “holistic” one. We explore several concrete forms this “holistic” relation could take. (shrink)

How should one describe the irreducible relationships in photopoetry observed in intermedial literary photobooks? According to most authors, in literary photobooks, the verbal sign system is linked to the photographic image as a bidirectional interaction, creating a coupled system that can be seen as a new sign system. Mutually modulatory influences link verbal text and photography. But the nature of such influences needs to be explained in detail and with accuracy. What kind of relation are we dealing with? Many (...) authors have tried to explain this phenomenon through several epistemic metaphors. The problem is that these metaphors are rarely subjected to any general theory of meaning. Surprisingly, this is not even mentioned as a problem. In this article, we propose a general semiotic model to describe the irreducible photography-poetry relation, derived from C. S. Peirce’s pragmatic theory of signs, and we also present some preliminary results of the analysis of Quarenta Clics em Curitiba, a photobook by Paulo Leminski and Jack Pires. Our purpose here is to introduce and explore this model to describe the photography-poetry relationship in coupled systems. This relationship is decomposed, in the functional roles occupied by poems and photographs, into a sign-object-interpretant relation. The triadic irreducibility that characterizes semiosis (à la Peirce) is the main property applied to photograph-poetry coupling in Quarenta Clics em Curitiba. (shrink)

This is the second volume of Professor Macmurray's Gifford Lectures on The Form of the Personal. The first volume, The Self as Agent, was concerned to shift the center of philosophy from thought to action. Persons in Relation, starting from this practical standpoint, sets out to show that the form of personal life is determined by the mutuality of personal relationship, so that the unit of human life is not the "I" alone, by the "You and I.".

The properties colored and red stand in a special relation. Namely, red is a determinate of colored, and colored is determinable relative to red. Many other properties are similarly related. The determination relation is an interesting topic of logical investigation in its own right, and the prominent philosophical inquiries into this relation have, accordingly, operated at a high level of abstraction.1 It is time to return to these investigations, not just as a logical amusement, but for the (...) payoffs such investigation can yield in solving some basic metaphysical problems. The goal in what follows is twofold. First, I argue for a novel understanding of the determination relation. Second, this understanding is applied to yield insights into property instance (e.g., trope) individuation, how different property types can share an instance, the relation between property types and property instances, as well as applications to causation (mental causation, in particular). (shrink)