Results for 'non-state actors'

970 found
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  1. The Non-State Actor and International Law: A Challenge to State Primacy?J. Howley - 2009 - Dialogue: Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. 7 (1):1-19.
    With the emergence of powerful non-state actors onto the international plane, it has been necessary for international law to adapt and recognise legal actors other than the sovereign state. This article contends that it is essential that international legal recognition now be extended to multinational corporations and nongovernmental organisations. This ensures that such actors cannot escape accountability for violations of international law but also that they granted legitimate rights as participants in the international system. Such (...)
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  2.  9
    Climate Justice and Non-State Actors: Corporations, Regions, Cities, and Individuals.Jeremy Moss & Lachlan Umbers (eds.) - 1920 - UK: Routledge.
    This book investigates the relationship between non-state actors and climate justice from a philosophical perspective. The climate justice literature remains largely focused upon the rights and duties of states. Yet, for decades, states have failed to take adequate steps to address climate change. This has led some to suggest that, if severe climate change and its attendant harms are to be avoided, non-state actors are going to have to step into the breach. This collection represents the (...)
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  3. Non state actors, freedom, and justice: Should Multinational Firms be Primary Agents of Justice in African Societies?Thierry Ngosso - 2023 - In Uchenna B. Okeja, Routledge Handbook of African Political Philosophy. New York, NY: Routledge.
     
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  4.  50
    How to Think about the Problem of Non-state Actors and Human Rights.Saladin Meckled-Garcia - 2008 - Proceedings of the Xxii World Congress of Philosophy 11:41-60.
    International Human Rights Law is clear in holding only states or state-like entities responsible for human rights abuses, yet activists and philosophers alike do not see any rational basis for this restriction in responsibility. Multi-national corporations, individuals and a whole array of other 'non‐state actors' are capable of harming vital human interests just as much as states, so why single-out the latter as human rights-responsible agents? In this paper I distinguish two ways of looking at human rights (...)
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  5.  27
    The Role of Non-state Actors in International Relations and Social Change.Prof Claudia Rossi - 2023 - Journal of Philosophical Criticism 6 (2):218-234.
    _ This scholarly article explores the dynamic and evolving role of non-state actors in shaping international relations and fostering social change. Non-state actors, ranging from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations to grassroots movements, have become influential players on the global stage. The article examines their impact on diplomatic processes, policy formulation, and societal transformations, emphasizing the significance of their involvement in contemporary international affairs. Through a comprehensive analysis of case studies and theoretical frameworks, the article (...)
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  6.  6
    Harnessing the Power of Social Media for Promoting Transparency in Collaborative Governance through Non-State Actors: A Comparative Case Analysis of South Africa and Zimbabwe.Kapesa Tonderai & Dorasamy Nirmala - forthcoming - Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture.
    Objective: Collaborative governance is an innovative approach to address complex societal challenges, involving partnerships between state and non-state actors. Consequently, social media is powerful tools for promoting transparency and accountability. Methodology: The study examines the role of non-state actors in leveraging social media to enhance transparency in collaborative governance initiatives. The research analyses two case studies - the #FeesMustFall campaign in South Africa and the #Tajamuka/Sesijikile campaign in Zimbabwe. Results: Through a qualitative analysis of the (...)
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  7.  23
    Non-state actors within the dynamics of hybrid global labour law.Ulrich Mückenberger - 2015 - International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics 10 (3/4):248.
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  8.  42
    The Principle of Sovereign Equality with Respect to Wars with Non-State Actors.Hadassa A. Noorda - 2013 - Philosophia 41 (2):337-347.
    The desire to defend a state against attacks by a non-state actor requires thinking about counter-attacking without violating the sovereign equality of the territorial state because targeting a non-state actor on the territory of that state may violate its sovereignty. This paper evaluates the main views on self-defense by states against non-state actors by studying the Just War Theory and argues that self-defense against a non-state actor is allowed if the counter-attack complies (...)
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  9.  29
    Right to health and social justice in Bangladesh: ethical dilemmas and obligations of state and non-state actors to ensure health for urban poor.Sohana Shafique, Dipika S. Bhattacharyya, Iqbal Anwar & Alayne Adams - 2018 - BMC Medical Ethics 19 (S1).
    Background The world is urbanizing rapidly; more than half the world’s population now lives in urban areas, leading to significant transition in lifestyles and social behaviours globally. While offering many advantages, urban environments also concentrate health risks and introduce health hazards for the poor. In Bangladesh, although many public policies are directed towards equity and protecting people’s rights, these are not comprehensively and inclusively applied in ways that prioritize the health rights of citizens. The country is thus facing many issues (...)
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  10.  64
    How to Think About Cyber Conflicts Involving Non-state Actors.Phillip McReynolds - 2015 - Philosophy and Technology 28 (3):427-448.
    A great deal of attention has been paid in recent years to the legality of the actions of states and state agents in international and non-international cyber conflicts. Less attention has been paid to ethical considerations in these situations, and very little has been written regarding the ethics of the participation of non-state actors in such conflicts. In this article, I analyze different categories of non-state participation in cyber operations and undertake to show under what conditions (...)
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  11.  28
    George Andreopoulos, Zehra F. Kabasakai Arat, and Peter Juviler (eds.), Non-State Actors in the Human Right Universe.Adamantia Pollis - 2008 - Human Rights Review 9 (2):275-276.
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  12. Book Review: Noam Lubell, Extraterritorial Use of Force against Non-State Actors[REVIEW]Hadassa A. Noorda - 2011 - Journal of Conflict and Security Law 16 (1):207-222.
    Book Review: Noam Lubell, Extraterritorial Use of Force against Non-State Actors.
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  13.  64
    Occupation courts, jus ad bellum considerations, and non-state actors: Revisiting the ethics of military occupation.Alejandro Chehtman - 2015 - Legal Theory 21 (1):18-46.
    ABSTRACTThis article provides a normative appraisal of the law of military occupation by looking into occupation courts and their legitimacy. It focuses on two cornerstones of the current regulation of war: the principle of equality of belligerents, that is, the potential relevance ofjus ad bellumconsiderations on thein bellorights of occupants, and the normative force of the traditional distinction between states and non-state armed groups, specially in conflicts not of an international character. Against the currently predominant neoclassical position in just (...)
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  14. International Soft Law, Human Rights and Non-state Actors: Towards the Accountability of Transnational Corporations? [REVIEW]Elena Pariotti - 2009 - Human Rights Review 10 (2):139-155.
    During this age of globalisation, the law is characterised by an ever diminishing hierarchical framework, with an increasing role played by non-state actors. Such features are also pertinent for the international enforceability of human rights. With respect to human rights, TNCs seem to be given broadening obligations, which approach the borderline between ethics and law. The impact of soft law in this context is also relevant. This paper aims to assess whether, and to what extent, this trend could (...)
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  15.  30
    Return of the Barbarians: Confronting Non-State Actors from Ancient Rome to the Present, Jakub J. Grygiel , 221 pp., $84.99 cloth, $28.99 paper, $23 eBook. [REVIEW]Rory Cox - 2018 - Ethics and International Affairs 32 (4):501-503.
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  16. The Place of Persecution and Non-State Action in Refugee Protection.Matthew Lister - 2016 - In Alex Sager, The Ethics and Politics of Immigration: Core Issues and Emerging Trends. Rowman & Littlefield International. pp. 45-60.
    Crises of forced migration are, unfortunately, nothing new. At the time of the writing of this paper, at least two such crises were in full swing – mass movements from the Middle East and parts of Africa to the E.U., and major movements from Central America to the Southern U.S. border, including movements by large numbers of families and unaccompanied minors. These movements are complex, with multiple causes, and it is always risky to attempt to craft either general policy or (...)
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  17. Devoted actor versus rational actor models for understanding world conflict presented to the national security council at the white house, september 14, 2006.Scott Atran - unknown
    Ever since the end of the Second World War, Rational Actor models have dominated strategic thinking at all levels of government policy and military planning. In the confrontation between states, and especially during the Cold War, these models were insightful and useful in anticipating a wide array of challenges and in stabilizing the world peace enough to prevent nuclear war. But now our society faces a whole new range of challenges from non-state actors who are committed to die (...)
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  18.  81
    The state, democracy, and development in southern Africa.Khabele Matlosa - 2007 - World Futures 63 (5 & 6):443 – 463.
    Development cannot be left to the "magic wand" of market forces alone. This observation has been vindicated by the dismal failure of the IMF/World Bank policies in Africa since the 1970s/80s. That development needs an active state participation and some deliberately dirigiste policies brooks no controversy. Interestingly, even the World Bank has begrudgingly come to accept the centrality of the state in development after peddling policies premised on market fundamentalism for decades. Consensus is now emerging in development discourses (...)
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  19.  29
    Ethical Foreign Policy.Onora O’Neill - 2003 - European Journal of Political Theory 2 (2):227-234.
    Human rights have been the principal ethical ingredients of ‘ethical foreign policy’. Some human rights promulgated in UN and other Declarations are more aspirational than achievable; others are of variable importance. So we need to look behind the Declarations to see which human rights claims should be taken most seriously. I shall argue that we take rights seriously only if we take the counterpart obligations seriously, and can take obligations seriously only if we connect them to the capabilities of the (...)
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  20.  32
    Global actors and public power.Barbara Buckinx - 2012 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 15 (5):535-551.
    Prominent recent scholarship in global political justice has focused on creating conceptual space for international NGOs ? and sometimes also corporations and states ? as fully-fledged participants in global governance. While acknowledging the achievements of international non-state actors, I argue that core global governance tasks ? of global distribution, regulation or administration ? should not be assigned to them. Drawing from neo-republican theory, I contend that such actors fall short of the formal criteria that are necessary for (...)
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  21.  44
    State Power: Rethinking the Role of the State in Political Corporate Social Responsibility.Judith Schrempf-Stirling - 2018 - Journal of Business Ethics 150 (1):1-14.
    Key accomplishments of political corporate social responsibility scholarship have been the identification of global governance gaps and a proposal how to tackle them. Political CSR scholarship assumes that the traditional roles of state and business have eroded, with states losing power and business gaining power in a globalized world. Consequently, the future of CSR lies in political CSR with new global governance forms which are organized by mainly non-state actors. The objective of the paper is to deepen (...)
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  22.  33
    An Actor's Knowledge and Intent Are More Important in Evaluating Moral Transgressions Than Conventional Transgressions.Carly Giffin & Tania Lombrozo - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (S1):105-133.
    An actor's mental states—whether she acted knowingly and with bad intentions—typically play an important role in evaluating the extent to which an action is wrong and in determining appropriate levels of punishment. In four experiments, we find that this role for knowledge and intent is significantly weaker when evaluating transgressions of conventional rules as opposed to moral rules. We also find that this attenuated role for knowledge and intent is partly due to the fact that conventional rules are judged to (...)
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  23. Legitimacy beyond the state: institutional purposes and contextual constraints.N. P. Adams, Antoinette Scherz & Cord Schmelzle - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (3):281-291.
    The essays collected in this special issue explore what legitimacy means for actors and institutions that do not function like traditional states but nevertheless wield significant power in the global realm. They are connected by the idea that the specific purposes of non-state actors and the contexts in which they operate shape what it means for them to be legitimate and so shape the standards of justification that they have to meet. In this introduction, we develop this (...)
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  24. Finlay on Legitimate Authority: A Critical Comment.Uwe Steinhoff - manuscript
    Christopher J. Finlay claims “that a principle of moral or legitimate authority is necessary in just war theory for evaluating properly the justifiability of violence by non-state entities when they claim to act on behalf of the victims of rights violations and political injustice.” In particular, he argues that states, unlike non-state actors, possess what he calls “Lesser Moral Authority.” This authority allegedly enables states to invoke “the War Convention,” which in turn entitles even individual soldiers on (...)
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  25.  53
    Gang-related asylum claims: An overview and prescription.Matthew J. Lister - 2008 - University of Memphis Law Review 38 (4).
    Over the last several years asylum cases relating to activities of criminal gangs have greatly increased in frequency. Cases involving Central American gangs, the so-called maras, have attracted the most attention but similar cases have arisen out of South Eastern and Eastern Europe as well. Applicants in such cases face a number of difficulties as their cases do not fit into paradigm categories for asylum claims. These cases almost always involve non-state actors, for example, acting for reasons that (...)
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  26.  11
    The state between interdependence and power in the contemporary world: a reassessment.Elena Aoun & Pierre Vercauteren (eds.) - 2018 - Bruxelles: P.I.E. Peter Lang.
    This book analyzes the evolutions confronting the state in the contemporary international system from the double perspective of power and interdependence in a complex environment characterized by the rise of new, non-state actors, the globalization, and the impact their interactions have on both the state and earlier configurations of power.
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  27.  17
    Greater State Capacity, Lesser Stateness:: Lessons from the Peruvian Commodity Boom.Juan Pablo Luna, Andreas E. Feldmann & Eduardo Dargent - 2017 - Politics and Society 45 (1):3-34.
    This article analyzes the evolution of state capacity in Peru during the recent commodity boom. Peru’s economic growth happened in a context in which inclusive democratic institutions were at play for the longest period ever registered in the country and at a time when political elites decided to invest considerable resources in developing state capacity. This case illustrates how boom-led economic growth can lead to the institutional strengthening of a weak state. However, state capacity continues to (...)
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  28.  15
    Responsibility for Human Rights: Transnational Corporations in Imperfect States.David Jason Karp - 2014 - Cambridge University Press.
    Responsibility for Human Rights provides an original theoretical analysis of which global actors are responsible for human rights, and why. It does this through an evaluation of the different reasons according to which such responsibilities might be assigned: legalism, universalism, capacity and publicness. The book marshals various arguments that speak in favour of and against assigning 'responsibility for human rights' to any state or non-state actor. At the same time, it remains grounded in an incisive interpretation of (...)
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  29.  36
    ‘Creative destruction’: States, identities and legitimacy in the Arab world.Lisa Anderson - 2014 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 40 (4-5):369-379.
    In the modern Middle East, the public institutions associated with the internationally recognized states of the region are rarely viewed as trustworthy or reliable. Born in the demise of the Ottoman Empire, midwifed by European imperial powers who paid lip service to the development of the inhabitants, and nurtured in the cold war by superpowers largely indifferent to the well-being of the peoples of the region, the existing states came to be associated with expectations of welfare provision and structures of (...)
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  30.  18
    Practicing Accountability, Challenging Gendered State Resistance: Feminist Legislators and Feminicidio in Mexico.Paulina García-Del Moral - 2020 - Gender and Society 34 (5):844-868.
    In the late 1990s, Mexican feminists mobilized transnationally to demand state accountability for the feminicidios of women in Ciudad Juarez. Feminicidio refers to the misogynous killing of women and the state’s complicity in this violence by tolerating it with impunity. Drawing on debates of the Mexican Federal Congress and interviews with feminist state and non-state actors, I examine feminist legislators’ response to transnational activism, which was to pass the “General Law on Women’s Access to a (...)
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  31.  97
    Accountability and global governance: challenging the state-centric conception of human rights.Cristina Lafont - 2010 - Ethics and Global Politics 3 (3):193-215.
    In this essay I analyze some conceptual difficulties associated with the demand that global institutions be made more democratically accountable. In the absence of a world state, it may seem inconsistent to insist that global institutions be accountable to all those subject to their decisions while also insisting that the members of these institutions, as representatives of states, simultaneously remain accountable to the citizens of their own countries for the special responsibilities they have towards them. This difficulty seems insurmountable (...)
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  32.  47
    Moral dilemmas and conflicts concerning patients in a vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: shared or non-shared decision making? A qualitative study of the professional perspective in two moral case deliberations.Conny A. M. F. H. Span-Sluyter, Jan C. M. Lavrijsen, Evert van Leeuwen & Raymond T. C. M. Koopmans - 2018 - BMC Medical Ethics 19 (1):1-12.
    Patients in a vegetative state/ unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) pose ethical dilemmas to those involved. Many conflicts occur between professionals and families of these patients. In the Netherlands physicians are supposed to withdraw life sustaining treatment once recovery is not to be expected. Yet these patients have shown to survive sometimes for decades. The role of the families is thought to be important. The aim of this study was to make an inventory of the professional perspective on conflicts in (...)
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  33.  59
    Cyber Force and the Role of Sovereign States in Informational Warfare.Ugo Pagallo - 2015 - Philosophy and Technology 28 (3):407-425.
    The use of cyber force can be as severe and disruptive as traditional armed attacks are. Cyber attacks may neither provoke physical injuries nor cause property damages and still, they can affect essential functions of today’s societies, such as governmental services, business processes or communication systems that progressively depend on information as a vital resource. Whereas several scholars claim that an international treaty, much as new forms of international cooperation, are necessary, a further challenge should be stressed: authors of cyber (...)
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  34.  45
    Public attitude influences actors’ visual orientation.Alban Lemasson, Daria Lippi, Laura Hamelin, Stéphane Louazon & Martine Hausberger - 2020 - Interaction Studies 21 (3):428-439.
    Human emotions guide verbal and non-verbal behaviour during social encounters. During public performances, performers’ emotions can be affected directly by an audience’s attitude. The valence of the emotional state (positive or negative) of a broad range of animal species is known to be associated with a body and visual orientation laterality bias. Here, we evaluated the influence of an audience’s attitude on professional actors’ head orientation and gaze direction during two theatrical performances with controlled observers’ reactions (Hostile vs (...)
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  35.  34
    Credibility, Trauma, and the Law: Domestic Violence-Based Asylum Claims in the United States.Christina Gerken - 2022 - Feminist Legal Studies 30 (3):255-280.
    In 2018, Attorney General Jeff Sessions, in Matter of A-B-, attempted to bar victims of non-state actors—such as intimate partners and local gangs—from obtaining asylum in the United States. This article focuses on domestic violence-based asylum claims that made it to the US Circuit Court of Appeals during the Trump administration and the first five months of the Biden administration. My interdisciplinary approach goes beyond analysing the effect that Matter of A-B- has had on the outcomes of cases (...)
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  36.  23
    Retributivism, State Misconduct, and the Criminal Process.Adiel Zimran & Netanel Dagan - 2023 - Criminal Justice Ethics 42 (1):20-37.
    State agents’ misconduct (SAM), such as the violations carried out by the police or prosecution, may harm an offender’s rights during the criminal process in various ways. What, if anything, can retributivism, as an offense-focused theory that looks to the past, offer in response to SAM? The goal of this essay is to advance a retribution-based framework for responding to SAM within the criminal process. Two retribution-based arguments are provided. First, a retribution-based response to SAM aims to protect the (...)
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  37. Containing the Atom: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and Nuclear Power in the United States and South Korea.Sheila Jasanoff & Sang-Hyun Kim - 2009 - Minerva 47 (2):119-146.
    STS research has devoted relatively little attention to the promotion and reception of science and technology by non-scientific actors and institutions. One consequence is that the relationship of science and technology to political power has tended to remain undertheorized. This article aims to fill that gap by introducing the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries. Through a comparative examination of the development and regulation of nuclear power in the US and South Korea, the article demonstrates the analytic potential of the imaginaries (...)
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  38.  7
    The Role of Oil in Iraqi Politics: From Independence to the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century.Ahlam Mohi Naoum Marji Al-Rikabi - forthcoming - Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture.
    This study reviewed how oil affected Iraq's internal and foreign policies throughout contemporary history, as it sought in its goal to identify the role of oil in Iraqi politics from independence until the beginning of the twenty-first century, and to achieve the goal of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was relied on, and the historical method, in order to identify the scene of Iraqi politics and the impact of oil and its role in the political practices of the Iraqi (...)
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  39.  15
    Agency without actors?: new approaches to collective action.Jan-Hendrik Passoth, Birgit Maria Peuker & Michael W. J. Schillmeier (eds.) - 2012 - New York: Routledge.
    Agency without Actors? New Approaches to collective Action is rethinking a key issue in social theory and research: the question of agency. The history of sociological thought is deeply intertwined with the discourse of human agency as an effect of social relations. In most recent discussions the role of non-humans gains a substantial impact. Consequently the book asks: Are nonhumans active, do they have agency? And if so: how and in what different ways? The volume offers a critical (...)-of-the-art debate of internationally and nationally leading scholars within Sociology, Social Anthropology and STS on agency (Latour, Law, Michael, Rammert etc.). It fosters the productive exchange of empirical settings and theoretical views by outlining a wide range of novel accounts that link human and non-human agency. It tries to understand social-technical, political and environmental networks as different forms of agency that produce discrete and identifiable entities like humans, animals, technical artifacts. It also asks how different types of (often conflicting) agency and agents actors are distinguished in practice, how they are maintained and how they interfere with each other. (shrink)
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  40. Responding to Covid-19 in India: Reducing Risk or Increasing Domination?Kritika Maheshwari - 2022 - In Jens O. Zinn & Patrick Brown, Covid-19 and the Sociology of Risk and Uncertainty. Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 29-52.
    During times of emergency like the pandemic itself, governments are often seen as exercising “exceptional power”. Given the state of growing urgency in responding to the pandemic, there is a worry that governments may resort to exercising their exceptional power arbitrarily—either willingly, unintentionally or perhaps even negligently. When power is exercised by states or even by non-state actors arbitrarily over a person or group, that is, at their own will in the absence of appropriate institutional checks and (...)
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  41.  19
    The Impact of the Fight Against Terrorism on the ius ad bellum.F. Naert - 2004 - Ethical Perspectives 11 (2):144-161.
    Following an introduction to international law regarding the use of force, the author examines the impact of post-9/11 practice, focusing on the right of self-defence. After critically reviewing operation Enduring Freedom, the U.S. National Security Strategy, the ‘Yemen strike’ and the war in Iraq, including the justifications offered for these actions and the international responses to them, as well as developments in NATO and the EU, he concludes that there is a tendency towards a broader interpretation of the right of (...)
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  42.  66
    Inclusion or Exclusion? Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform.Timothy Donais - 2009 - Studies in Social Justice 3 (1):117-131.
    This paper explores the dynamics of security sector reform (SSR), a term used to refer to efforts made to reform the security structures of states emerging from conflict or authoritarianism. While "local ownership" is increasingly viewed as a necessary element of any sustainable SSR strategy, there remains a significant gap between international policy and practice in this area. In practice, the SSR agenda continues to be driven largely by international actors, with minimal input, let alone ownership, on the part (...)
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  43.  34
    Terror in and out of power.Dustin Ells Howes - 2012 - European Journal of Political Theory 11 (1):25-58.
    This article explores the relationship between terror, power and the rule of law. First, tracing Burke's use of the term terror back to ancient Greek usage, I argue that being terrified is incommensurable with the experience of acting together with others. In this way, terror and power are distinct. However, most acts of terror aim to terrify some people while inoculating others from terror. Witnesses to the terror of others may feel empowered by the destruction of the power of others. (...)
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  44.  13
    Governing Homelessness through Running.Bryan C. Clift - 2019 - Body and Society 25 (2):88-118.
    In the context of social welfare austerity and non-state actors’ interventions into social life, an urban not-for-profit organization in the United States, Back on My Feet, uses the practice of running to engage those recovering from homelessness. Promoting messages of self-sufficiency, the organization centralizes the body as a site of investment and transformation. Doing so calls to the fore the social construction of ‘the homeless body’ and ‘the running body’. Within this ethnographic inquiry, participants in recovery who ran (...)
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  45.  9
    (1 other version)Matters of International Insecurity.Anzera Giuseppe - 2017 - Governare la Paura. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10 (1).
    Security in International Relations has undergone profound changes since the end of the Cold War. After the end of bipolarism the system of International Relations has experienced three main variations concerning structure, provision and perception of security. First of all, the international arena must deal with the consequences of the progressive decline of sovereignty and the shifting from a statocetric to a multicentric model of global relations; secondly, non-state actors are emerging as brand-new providers of security in many (...)
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  46.  40
    Privatized wars and world order conflicts.Andreas Herberg-Rothe - 2006 - Theoria 53 (110):1-22.
    In an attempt to capture the unexpected forms taken by excessive violence since the epochal years of 1989-91, Robert Kaplan has argued that these developments indicate a coming anarchy, which has to be prevented. This statement is based on the assumption that the level at which wars are being fought has shifted from the level of the state to a 'lower' level. It is argued that in most of these conflicts, non-state actors are involved on at least (...)
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  47.  36
    The outsider: the rogue scientist as terrorist.Roderick John Flower - 2014 - Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (4):282-283.
    Professor Roderick John Flower, Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; r.j.flower@qmul.ac.ukJohn O'Neill, a molecular biologist in Frank Herbert's 1982 novel ‘The White Plague’,1 seeks retributive justice for the death of his wife in a terrorist bomb blast by infecting those he holds responsible with an engineered pathogen that kills only women. The eponymous plague soon spreads uncontrollably with predictable catastrophic global consequences.When (...)
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  48.  64
    Anticipatory self-defence and international law - a re-evaluation.Amos N. Guiora - unknown
    Traditional state v. state war is largely a relic. How then does a nation-state protect itself - preemptively - against the unseen enemy? Existing international law - the Caroline Doctrine, UN Charter Article 51, Security Council Resolutions 1368 and 1373 - do not provide sufficiently clear guidelines regarding when a state may take preemptive or anticipatory action against a non-state actor. This article proposes rearticulating international law to allow a state to act earlier provided (...)
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  49.  46
    Non-governmental organizations, strategic bridge building, and the “scientization” of organic agriculture in Kenya.Jessica R. Goldberger - 2008 - Agriculture and Human Values 25 (2):271-289.
    This paper contributes to the growing social science scholarship on organic agriculture in the global South. A “boundary” framework is used to understand how negotiation among socially and geographically disparate social worlds (e.g., non-governmental organizations (NGOs), foreign donors, agricultural researchers, and small-scale farmers) has resulted in the diffusion of non-certified organic agriculture in Kenya. National and local NGOs dedicated to organic agriculture promotion, training, research, and outreach are conceptualized as “boundary organizations.” Situated at the intersection of multiple social worlds, these (...)
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  50.  68
    Clausewitz's 'wondrous trinity' as general theory of war and violent conflict.Andreas Herberg-Rothe - 2007 - Theoria 54 (114):48-73.
    Since the 1990s various influential authors have argued that Clausewitz’s theory is no longer applicable, not only in relation to contemporary conflicts, but also in general. Some have suggested that it is harmful and even self-destructive to continue to use this theory as the basis for understanding and as a guide to political action, given the revolutionary changes in war and violence occurring in the world’s communities.2 Clausewitz, it is proposed, was only concerned with war between states employing regular armies, (...)
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