According to the concept of direct parameter specification, nonconsciously registered information can be processed to the extent that it matches currently active intentions of a person. This prediction was tested and confirmed in the current study. Masked visual information provided by peripheral cues led to reaction time effects only if the information specified one of the required responses . Information delivered by the same masked cues that did not match the intentions was not used. However, the same information influenced RT (...) if it was provided by visible cues . The results suggest that the processing of nonconsciously registered information is flexible because it is susceptible to the changing intentions of a person. Yet, these processes are apparently restricted, as nonconsciously registered information cannot be used as easily for purposes not corresponding to the currently active intentions as better visible information. (shrink)

Avery’s et al. ’s 1944 paper provides the first direct evidence of DNA having gene-like properties and marks the beginning of a new phase in early molecular genetics (with a strong focus on chemistry and DNA). The study of its reception shows that on the whole, Avery’s results were immediately appreciated and motivated new research on transformation, the chemical nature of DNA’s biological specificity and bacteria genetics. It shows, too, that initial problems of transferring transformation to other systems and prominent (...) criticism of its results nurtured skepticism. Avery’s experiment was downplayed and neglected particularly by many of those scientists who worked in the new fields of biochemical and biophysical genetics, genetic phage, and TMV research. This was not due to the fact that the implications of the paper could not be connected to generally accepted knowledge. Contrary to a widespread belief, the assumed uniformity of DNA as opposed to proteins was not used as an argument against the validity of Avery’s et al.’s finding. The indifference rather reflected, among other things, the disciplinary gap between the chemically oriented microbiologists and the old and new geneticists who remained committed to genetic and physical methods (in particular x-ray studies) and clung to the assumption that proteins were the sole carriers of biological specificity. The responses to Avery’s et al.’s paper show how different research interests in the areas between microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry interacted with the prejudices, dogmas, individual farsightedness or short-sightedness, and scientific authority during a pivotal period of early molecular biology. (shrink)

t. 1. Rasshiri︠a︡i︠u︡shchai︠a︡si︠a︡ vselennai︠a︡ absoli︠u︡ta -- t. 2. Kosmo-antropo-sot︠s︡io-prirodogenez cheloveka -- t. 3. Antropologicheskai︠a︡ istoriosofii︠a︡.

Ingolf U. Dalferth bietet in diesem Buch den Grundriss einer orientierungsphilosophischen Theorie der Hermeneutik, die Hermeneutik als Kunstlehre der Kunstpraxis des Verstehens in den Blick fasst und Verstehen als Tätigkeit und Vermögen von Menschen, sich durch das Kommunizieren mit anderen gemeinsam in den Sinn-Welten des menschlichen Lebens verlässlich zu orientieren. Das erste Kapitel bietet Grundlinien einer philosophischen Hermeneutik am Leitfaden der Frage nach dem Verstehen des Verstehens. Das zweite Kapitel skizziert eine Texthermeneutik, die dem Verstehen von Sinn in der Kommunikation (...) durch Texte nachgeht. Das dritte Kapitel verankert dieses Sinnverstehen in einer Daseinshermeneutik, in der Verstehen als ein grundlegender Modus menschlicher Orientierung in den Sinn-Welten des Lebens in den Blick genommen wird. Das vierte Kapitel bietet Grundzüge einer theologischen Hermeneutik des christlichen Glaubens, der als Resultat der Kommunikation des Wortes Gottes durch Texte analysiert wird und sein Verstehen als hermeneutische Dynamik des Mehrfachsinns, die durch das Setzen orientierender Unterscheidungen zum Aufbau der Sinn-Welten des Glaubens führt. (shrink)

Boldly focusing on sexuality as a crucial definer of social order, Being and Symptom argues that there is an "M theory" -- a master theory of theories -- not only in Quantum Physics, but also in Continental Philosophy, Psychoanalysis, and Sociology, disclosing how the ontological structure of the "fantastic four" ingredients of metaphysics (potentiality, impotentiality, actuality, completion) has recurred through time. Öğüt also seeks to turn Thomas Hobbes's political philosophy into a social theory within the fields of sexuality and sovereignty (...) and to locate parallels among Aristotle, Ibn Khaldun, Kant, Hegel, Heidegger, Foucault, Lacan, Agamben, Nash, Derrida, Girard, Kristeva, and Žižek, with a special emphasis on how Žižek has adapted Lacanian psychoanalysis into social theory. Öğüt conveys a highly original analysis of the unconscious of our social (sexual) relations, subjectivities, and politics. (shrink)

Due to the potential ethical and psychological implications of screening, and especially inregard of screening on children without available and acceptable therapeutic measures, there is a common view that such procedures are not advisable. As part of an independent research- and bioethical case study, our aim was therefore to explore and describe bioethical issues among a representative sample of participant families (n = 17,055 children) in the ABIS (All Babies In South-east Sweden) research screening for Type 1 diabetes (IDDM).The primary (...) aim is the identification of risk factors important for the development of diabetes and other multifactorial immune-mediated diseases. Four hundred, randomly chosen, participant mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire exploring issues of information, informed consent, bio-material, confidentiality and autonomy, and of prevention/intervention. 293 completed the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 73.3%. The majority of questions had the form of 6-point Likert-type response scales (1–6).We found that the majority of respondents felt calm in regard of samples and written material, and also concerning the possibility of their child in the future being identified as having high risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. An important finding concerning access and control of mainly biological data was indicated, with the respondents expressing concern for potential future use. We believe our findings indicate that this kind of empirical studies can substantially contribute to our understanding of bioethical issues of medical research involving genetics. Issues, such as safeguards ensuring theethical criteria of autonomy and respect, were emphasised by our respondents. We believe theissues brought up may promote further discussion, and do suggest issues for consideration by, among others, researchers, bioethicists and Institutional Review Boards. (shrink)

Hoffnung ist nicht primär ein Zukunftssinn, sondern unser Sinn für die Möglichkeit des Guten. Diese Studie analysiert das facettenreiche Phänomen des Hoffens aus den unterschiedlichen Theorieperspektiven der europäischen Denkgeschichte, um die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Hoffens kritisch zu erkunden und haltbare von fragwürdigen Formen des Hoffens zu unterscheiden. Argumente gegen das Hoffen werden ebenso diskutiert wie Argumente für das Hoffen. Es werden die Auffassungen des Hoffens als Tugend, als Passion, als Streben nach Glückseligkeit untersucht (Plato, Aristoteles, Thomas von Aquin, Descartes, (...) Hobbes, Hume, Spinoza, Leibniz, Wolf). Es wird die Frage nach dem Recht der Hoffnung diskutiert (Kant) und der Versuch Kierkegaards analysiert, Hoffen als Modus der Liebe zu bestimmen. Es wird der philosophische Versuch rekonstruiert, Hoffnung als Prinzip zu denken (Ernst Bloch), und sein theologisches Pendant, eine Theologie der Hoffnung zu entwickeln (Jürgen Moltmann). Die These ist, dass Hoffen ein Grundphänomen des menschlichen Lebens ist, bei dem es nicht primär um die Zukunft geht, sondern das am besten als Sinn für die Möglichkeit des Guten verstanden werden kann. (shrink)

A comprehensive understanding of participants’ motives to complete web-based surveys has the potential to improve data quality. In this study we tested the construct validity of a scale developed to measure motivation to participate in webbased surveys. We expected that 7 different motivations observed in our previous study will form a 3-factor structure, as predicted by Self-Determination Theory. This web-based questionnaire study comprised 257 participants completing the Voluntary Participation in Online Studies Scale. Their responses to 21 items underwent a principal (...) component analysis and confi rmatory factor analysis. As we expected, three factors were identifi ed: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation. In line with Self-Determination Theory there are three distinct groups of motives among web-surveys participants with amotivation as an understudied motivational state. We discuss the results suggesting which types of motivation might lead to higher quality of data with an emphasis on possible negative effects of amotivation. (shrink)

Vizantiĭsʹkyĭ neoplatonizm i︠a︡k predmet relihii︠e︡znavchoho ta istoryko-filosofsʹkoho doslidz︠h︡enni︠a︡ -- Formuvanni︠a︡ vizantiĭsʹkoho neoplatonizmu u tvorakh Ĭoana Filopona (Dionisii︠a︡ Areopahita) -- Filosofii︠a︡ butti︠a︡ Maksyma Spovidnyka--kulʹminat︠s︡ii︠a︡ rozvytku vizantiĭsʹkoho neoplatonizmu -- Vizantiĭsʹkyĭ neoplatonichnyĭ esent︠s︡ializm kint︠s︡i︠a︡ VII-pochatku XIV stolitʹ -- Palamizm i︠a︡k osoblyva forma vizantiĭsʹkoho neoplatonizmu.

Traces the rise of Confucianism as a religion and philosophy, revealing the ways in which it has shaped and dominated Chinese thought.