The aim of this study was to investigate the ethical dilemma of prioritising financial resources to expensive biological therapies. For this purpose, the four principles of biomedical ethics formulated by ethicists Tom Beauchamp and James Childress were used as a theoretical framework. Based on arguments of justice, Beauchamp and Childress advocate for a health care system organised in line with the Danish system. Notably, our study was carried out in a Danish setting.

The Danish healthcare system must meet the need for easy and equal access to healthcare for every citizen. However, investigations have shown unfair prioritization of cancer patients and unfair prioritization of resources for expensive medicines over care. What is needed are principles for proper prioritization. This article investigates whether American ethicists Tom Beauchamp and James Childress’s principle of justice may be helpful as a conceptual framework for reflections on prioritization of expensive biological therapies in the Danish healthcare system. We present (...) an empirical study exploring the principles for prioritizing new expensive biological therapies. This study includes qualitative interviews with key Danish stakeholders experienced in antibody therapy and prioritizing resources for expensive medicines. Beauchamp and Childress’s model only covers government-funded primary and acute healthcare. Based on the interviews, this study indicates that to be helpful in a Danish context this model should include equal access for citizens to government-funded primary and acute healthcare, costly medicine, and other scarce treatments. We conclude that slightly modified, Beauchamp and Childress’s principle of justice might be useful as a conceptual framework for reflections on the prioritization of expensive biological therapies in the Danish healthcare system. (shrink)

We prove that every usco multimap $$\varPhi :X\rightarrow Y$$ Φ : X → Y from a metrizable separable space X to a GO-space Y has an $$F_\sigma$$ F σ -measurable selection. On the other hand, for the split interval $${\ddot{\mathbb I}}$$ I ¨ and the projection $$P:{{\ddot{\mathbb I}}}^2\rightarrow \mathbb I^2$$ P : I ¨ 2 → I 2 of its square onto the unit square $$\mathbb I^2$$ I 2, the usco multimap $${P^{-1}:\mathbb I^2\multimap {{\ddot{\mathbb I}}}^2}$$ P - 1 : (...) I 2 ⊸ I ¨ 2 has a Borel selection if and only if the Continuum Hypothesis holds. This CH-example shows that know results on Borel selections of usco maps into fragmentable compact spaces cannot be extended to a wider class of compact spaces. (shrink)

The post 9/11 environment has been characterized by domestic policy actors being incorporated into a globalizing defense industrial sector through the concept of civil-military integration. From administration to administration, the push for increased civil-military integration has spread beyond its original boundaries and has reached the frontlines of the American military. This begs the question, can the market-driven logic of the commercial sector be integrated into the objectives and values of the noncivilian, military sector? More precisely, is civil-military integration the appropriate (...) solution to the post 9/11 strategic shift? The purpose of this study is not to address the detailed merits or limitations of the increased reliance on private contractors. Rather, this study’s primary focus is to examine the policies that set into motion and continue to promote the cornerstone of civil-military integration: strategic outsourcing. This study argues that in today’s threat environment, the extent of civil-military integration poses unique challenges for U.S. strategic policy. With contactors on the battlefield, basic doctrinal issues emerge. The most basic of these is the notion that in a war zone military members are asked to risk their lives for their country. But, while people are willing to risk their lives for their country, they may not be willing to risk their lives for their company. (shrink)

This essay contends that the debate between subjectivism and objectivism in ethics is better understood as a dispute among three alternatives: subjectivism, objectivism, and intrinsicism. Ayn Rand has identified intrinsicism – the belief that certain things are good “in, by, and of” themselves – as the doctrine that is actually operative in many defenses of moral objectivity. What intrinsicism fails to appreciate, however, is the significant role of the subject, the person to whom and for whom anything can be valuable. (...) Objective value, in Rand's view, is relational. Its existence depends on contributions of both external reality and human consciousness. Values are not reducible to psychological states, as in subjectivism, but nor are they independent of them, as in intrinsicism. Objectivity in ethics is attained neither through revelation of the intrinsic property of goodness nor through the subject's creation of goodness, but through a rational procedure of evaluation that is governed by the method of objectivity. This essay is in three parts, explaining Rand's view of exactly what intrinsicism is; elaborating on her view of the nature of moral objectivity; and highlighting certain features that make plain the differences between an intrinsicist and an objectivist account of value. (shrink)

Interview of Veronica Pugach with Taras Lyuty about the project to support philosophical translation, launched by the Cultural Institution "Mizhvukhamy".

The article explores the phenomenon of symphonism in the written and other intellectual heritage of Hryhorii Skovoroda. The study reveals that the conclusion about systemic symphonismbeing a property of the thinker’s reflections can only be hypothetical at this stage. This is due tothe fact that the source base of the present study includes a significant number of diverse works by the philosopher that have not yet received a proper archaeographic description. The matter of archaeographic description of sources in the history (...) of philosophy research in Ukraine has not yet been positively resolved and is still in its formation. This article briefly presents the problematic range of source studies of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s works. It is, however, not limited to the suggested list and tends to expand. With this circumstance in mind, the boundaries of the research were limited to a selection of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s letters to various persons, which is contained in the most representative academic printed edition of his writings available today. The distinctive features of understanding the source heritage of the philosopher include its genre character and the way it was disseminated. All the major philosopher’s works were personally handwritten or replicated by other copyists in lists. This circumstance causes considerable difficulties in verifying the accuracy of the content of the original manuscript source in print. The presentation of the material is intentionally not systematic, but illustrative. The selection of extractsfrom the philosopher’s works contains the most distinctive examples of symphonicity, which illustrate the panorama of the growth of symphonic complexes from simpler to quantitatively more complex. The inherent polemical core of the study is to establish the correspondence between systemic symphonicity and dialogicity of the philosopher’s style of thinking. The conclusions about this could be drawn on the basis of historical and philosophical explication from certain sources. The author suggests that the development of dialogicity is preceded by a thorough justification of the principle of proper thinking by Hryhorii Skovoroda, which has a complex symphonic structure. From this perspective, dialogism does not contradict the fundamental symphonicity, but is rather one of its manifestations. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that the medical conceptualization of gender identity in the United States has entered a “new regime of truth.” Drawing from a mixed-methods analysis of medical journals, I illuminate a shift in the locus of gender identity from external genitalia and pathologization of families to genes and brain structure and individualized self-conception. The sexed body itself has also undergone a transformation: Sex no longer resides solely in genitalia but has traveled to more visible parts of the (...) body, implicating racialized aesthetic ideals in its new formulation. The re-imagining of gender identity as genetically and neurologically inscribed and the expanding locus of sex correspond to an inversion of the relationship between gender identity and the sexed body as well as shifts in medical jurisdiction. Whereas psychiatrists in the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s understood gender as stemming from genital sex, the less popular idea that gender identity precedes the sexed body has gained traction in recent decades. If gender identity once derived from the sexed body, the sexed body must now be brought into alignment with gender identity. The increasing legitimacy of self-defined gender identity, the expanding definition of racialized sex, and the inversion of the sex–gender identity relationship elevates the role of surgeons in producing racialized and sexed bodies. (shrink)

In this groundbreaking collection of articles, Tara Chatterjea brings Indian philosophy into proximity with contemporary analytic thought.

_Purpose:_ This study examined the relationship between the near dissociated phoria and disparity vergence eye movements. Convergence insufficiency (CI) patients before vergence therapy were compared to: (1) the same patients after vergence therapy; and (2) binocularly normal controls (BNC). _Methods:_ Sixteen subjects were studied—twelve BNC and four with CI. Measurements from the CI subjects were obtained before and after 18 h of vergence eye movement therapy. The near dissociated phoria was measured using the flashed Maddox rod technique. Vergence responses were (...) stimulated from 4° symmetrical disparity vergence step stimuli. The peak velocity of the vergence response and the magnitude of the fusion initiating component (FIC) from an independent component analysis (ICA) were calculated. A linear regression analysis was conducted studying the vergence peak velocity as a function of the near dissociated phoria where the Pearson correlation coefficient was computed. _Results:_ Before vergence therapy, the average with one standard deviation FIC magnitude of convergence responses from CI subjects was 0.29° ± 0.82 and significantly less than the FIC magnitude of 1.85° ± 0.84 for BNC ( p t -test reported that the FIC and near dissociated phoria before vergence therapy for CI subjects significantly increased to 1.49° ± 0.57 ( p p r = 0.87; p _Conclusion:_ The results have clinical translational impact in understanding the mechanism by which vergence therapy may be changing the vergence system leading to a sustained reduction in visual symptoms. (shrink)

Narrative Medicine in Hospice Care argues that the models of selfhood and care found in the work of Paul Ricoeur can serve as a framework for clinicians, caregivers, and end-of-life patients regardless of the patients’ verbal and cognitive capabilities.

У статті здійснено критичний розгляд концепції функціонального існування цінностей Манфреда Фрінґса, яка є спробою прояснення способу буття цінностей у феноменологічній аксіології Макса Шелера. У центрі уваги перебуває завдання дослідження онтологічних передумов інтерпретації Фрінґса, експлікації її внутрішніх суперечностей та проблематичних концептуальних наслідків. Показано, що інтерпретація Фрінґса не враховує принципове для феноменологічної аксіології розрізнення реального та ідеального аксіологічного вимірів; це неврахування й визначає дві основні тези Фрінґсової концепції – тезу про буття цінностей як досвідну даність і тезу про функціональне існування цінностей. Показано, (...) що послідовне відстоювання обох тез породжує неусувні суперечності. Редукція буття цінностей до даності в досвіді, а відтак заперечення ідеального виміру цінностей, унеможливлює леґітимну апеляцію до автономного морального принципу, руйнуючи таким чином ідею ціннісного абсолютизму, визначальну для етичного проекту Шелера; крім того, онтологічна іманентизація цінностей підважує статус сутностей, ставлячи під сумнів правомірність феноменологічних претензій на строге ейдетичне пізнання. Своєю чергою, інша теза Фрінґсової концепції – про функціональне існування цінностей – містить латентне припущення поза-досвідного буття цінностей, вступаючи у суперечність із попередньою тезою про їхнє суто досвідне буття. При цьому ідея функціонального існування має своїм наслідком змістове ототожнення «трансцендентних» та іманентних цінностей, що усуває ідею критеріологічної автономії, можливої лише за матеріальної та онтологічної нетотожності нормативного та фактичного. Стаття включає вступ, шість тематичних розділів і висновок. (shrink)

Cet article analyse les premiers exemples de testaments, actes de cession et autres documents notariés par lesquels des femmes réduites en esclavage puis libérées ont reçu des biens fonciers et des biens matériels à la fin du xviie et au début du xviiie siècle à la Barbade. Comme cette première période a été marquée par le développement de la société esclavagiste barbadienne et la croissance de la communauté des libres de couleur, ces documents donnent un aperçu des relations établies avec (...) les propriétaires d’esclaves et l’administration coloniale. L’une de ces séries documentaires concerne « Free Jenny » ou Jane Hallett qui résidait vers 1690-1740 dans la région connue sous le nom de « The Cameroons » ainsi que Sarah Hallett qui résidait à proximité de Halletts à Saint Michael. On y voit de quelle façon la terre se transmettait des élites blanches masculines à leurs familles blanches et non-blanches. On y voit aussi combien ces legs de terre étaient ténus. Mais ce type de document transmet également la voix des femmes libres ainsi que celle de certaines esclaves à travers les temps. (shrink)

Omar Khadr was arrested at the age of 15 by the U.S military and has remained in custody in Guantanamo for 8 years. Today, he plead guilty to five war crime charges. Despite stating in open court last summer that he would not plead guilty, today he muttered a confession. In accordance with the plea bargain, Khadr plead guilty to murder, attempted murder, conspiracy, providing material support to terrorists, and spying. Following this, a jury imposed the harshest possible sentence, 40 (...) years imprisonment. Khadr may receive parole after eight years. The first year of this sentence will be served in Gauntanamo, following which he may be repatriated. The government of Canada does not have to repatriate Khadr, nor is parole guaranteed. Rather than hypothesizing outcomes, I want to discuss the case philosophically. (shrink)

A 7-session Bible study for teens that examines each of the Persons of God individually--Father, Son, and Spirit. Students will gain a richer understanding of who God is that will transform how they relate to Him.

In the article of Diduh T. H. ―The position of the Catholic denominations in Ukraine in 1953–1964 gg: historiographical review of the problem‖ analyzed the works of domestic researchers on the history of Catholic denominations in Ukraine. Focuses on the analysis of historiographical works, which cover the position of the Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic churches in the area of the western regions of Ukraine for 1953–1964 years.

Social and Emotional Learning in Action is an easy to use sourcebook facilitated by teaching and/or counseling practitioners primarily in school settings. The pedagogical basis for these lessons are shaped around the research findings of the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, indicating that the inclusion of social and emotional development programs positively affect academic achievement.

Peak alpha frequency is known to vary not just between individuals, but also within an individual over time. While variance in this metric between individuals has been tied to working memory performance, less understood are how short timescale modulations of peak alpha frequency during task performance may facilitate behavior. This gap in understanding may be bridged by consideration of a key difference between individuals: sex. Inconsistent findings in the literature regarding the relationship between peak alpha frequency and cognitive performance, as (...) well as known sex-related-differences in peak alpha frequency and its modulation motivated our hypothesis that cognitive and neural processes underlying working memory—modulation of peak alpha frequency in particular—may differ based upon sex. Targeting sex as a predictive factor, we analyzed the EEG data of participants recorded while they performed four versions of a visual spatial working memory task. A significant difference between groups was present: females modulated peak alpha frequency more than males. Task performance did not differ by sex, yet a relationship between accuracy and peak alpha frequency was present in males, but not in females. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex as a factor in the study of oscillatory activity, particularly to further understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie working memory. (shrink)

ObjectivesPhysical activity has been shown to protect executive functions against the deleterious effects of poorer sleep among older adults ; however, it is unknown whether memory is protected too, and if this relationship differs by age. The present study investigated the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, sleep, and memory in both older and young adults.MethodsThis observational study recruited 26 OA and 35 YA. Participants completed the Rockport 1-mile walk test to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness. Participants wore an actigraph for 1 week to (...) measure habitual sleep and returned for a second visit to perform the memory tests. The interaction between cardiorespiratory fitness and sleep to predict memory was assessed separately in OA and YA.ResultsIn OA, cardiorespiratory fitness significantly moderated the relationship between memory and sleep quality, specifically number of nighttime awakenings, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset. Further analyses reveal that a high number of nighttime awakenings and low sleep efficiency significantly predicted worse memory performance in the low fit OA, but high fit OA. Notably, every nighttime awakening was associated with a nearly 4% decrease in memory in low fit OA, but not high fit OA. Wake after sleep onset did not significantly predict memory in either fitness group. No interaction was found when looking at sleep duration or self-report sleep quality in OA and no significant interactions were observed between fitness, sleep, and memory in YA.ConclusionOverall, the results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness may act as a protective buffer for memory in OA with poor sleep quality. These same was not true for YA suggesting that the protective effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on sleep-related memory impairments may be age specific. (shrink)

The article focuses on the historical, psychological, anthropological, and sociocultural aspects of the phenomenon of a double. Compared with other beings, a human is constantly forming strategies for the realization of his or her freedom. Therefore, human beings do not adapt to the world but create unusual projections of themselves. As a result, there are specific models of entering into the Being, based on a symbolic construction. Symbolism as the main component of duplication is the central point of the study. (...) The symbol allows us to intermediate various important formations of human existence, and to combine contradictory components. Reflection on the role of doubling in human existence is the main approach of this study. A human creates numerous symbolic images such as twins, a mask, a doll, the right and left hand, a mirror, a shadow. Since ancient times, people project themselves into other dimensions, go beyond the usual space and temporal coordinates, push their boundaries, and try to prolong their existence. Doubling helps individuals to assert themselves, find successful forms of life protection, get support in extreme situations, obtain new characteristics, exam the ideal modes of their prototypes. The appearance of a double does not necessarily mean a precise copy of oneself. Rather, it means exploration for a balance, a way to combine the opposites through continuous mediation, comparing oneself with the Other, and understanding one’s own alienation. Reduplication allows people to change, improve, overcome one- dimensionality, construct the identity, and achieve the fullness of their personality. This ability causes self-actualization, self-knowledge, self-awareness, and meaningful self-observation. Duality uncovers the physiological and mental asymmetry of the human being, helps to distinguish between real and virtual, facilitates social adaptation, promotes self-esteem, delineation, and localization of negative manifestations.Manuscript received 11.08.2020. (shrink)

The article is an attempt at a philosophical interpretation of the literary text. Its task is to identify the principles of the human self, which are presented in classical literature, in Homer’s “Iliad” and “Odyssey” and Dante’s “Divine Comedy”. The study provides an analysis of the archetypal narrative structure to which the model of human development with three components is applied. The correspondence of the heroes to this typology, which is not the final measure of the human, but resembles the (...) “ideal types” according to Max Weber, has been traced in the research. The dynamics of the development of the inner world of a human being, which corresponds to the plot of the journey, is analyzed. That is not a journey only in physical space, but an inner path too that a person overcomes in a gradual process of self-awareness. It has been found that the works of Homer and Dante can be interpreted as not implying a developed and independent personality. On the other hand, the characters demonstrate the key factors of change that occur within the one who forms the traits of self-sufficiency. The study succeeds in constructing a psychological map that allows outlining not a stable type, but rather different personality horizons. There are certain human aspirations of the man to be the creator of the self. However, such motivations involve not only a number of arbitrary manifestations of human beings but also the establishment of a measure for themselves. Initially, these intentions are carried out without self-absorption, reflection, and self-assessment. After all, unrestrained and unbalanced human temperament for a long time remains subject to higher forces and is significantly limited by this supreme power. Nevertheless, a human eventually comes to the need for self-knowledge and establishes a balance between rational and unconscious manifestations. People succeed in getting out of the circle of self-forgetfulness by overcoming various forms of alienation, loneliness, narcissism, self-contradiction, negligence, arrogance. Self-control is achieved by truth about oneself, overcoming fear, recognizing the effects of temptation and passion. The human attitude to the Other becomes possible due to freedom and love as cardinal manifestations of the active component of the self. (shrink)

The purpose of this panel is to engage an increasingly multidisciplinary audience in a developing conversation about the relationship between business and peace. Topics covered will include an overview of existing scholarship; an examination the connection between stakeholder thinking and a more robust understanding of the firm; an inquiry into workplaces, work, and workers; and an exploration of the multifaceted role of technology. Our goal is to provoke further discussion of these topics and others to become part of the ongoing (...) conversation and newly developing body of scholarship. (shrink)

People tend to show greater liking for expressions of sadness when these expressions are described as art. Why does this effect arise? One obvious hypothesis would be that describing something as art makes people more likely to regard it as fictional, and people prefer expressions of sadness that are not real. We contrast this obvious hypothesis with a hypothesis derived from the philosophical literature. On this alternative hypothesis, describing something as art makes people more inclined to appropriate it, i.e., to (...) see it as an expression of their own sadness. Study 1 found that describing the exact same sad text as art (e.g., a monologue) as opposed to not-art (e.g., a diary entry) led to increased liking for the work. Study 2 showed that this effect is not mediated by fictionality. Study 3 showed that the effect is mediated by appropriation. Study 4 looked at the impact of a manipulation of fictionality. Describing a work as fictional did lead to increased liking, but this effect was completely mediated by appropriation. These results provide at least some initial support for the appropriation hypothesis. (shrink)

Measures of student ethical sensitivity and their increases help to answer questions such as whether accounting ethics should be taught at all. We investigate different sensitivity measures and alternatives to the well-established Defining Issues Test (DIT-2, Rest, J. R. et al. [1999, Postconventional Moral Thinking: A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ]), frequently used to measure the effects of undergraduate accounting ethics education. Because the DIT measures cognitive development, which increases with age, the DIT scores for younger accounting students (...) are typically lower, have limited range, and are not likely to vary sufficiently with corresponding choices in ethical dilemmas. Since the DIT measures only the moral judgment component of ethical decision-making, we consider the multidimensional ethical scale (MES) to allow respondents to provide explanations for their moral and other judgments. The MES has been used to measure attitudes related to justice, utility, contractualism, egoism, and relativism. Unfortunately, the MES is not comparable in one-dimension to the DIT, and unlike the DIT, the MES has no theoretical or objective base. Therefore, we construct a comparable one-dimensional relative measure, a Composite MES Score, obtained from previous research on practicing accountants. We compare the reliability of this measure to the DIT in explaining the ethical choices of 54 specially chosen, somewhat homogeneous students, whose ages range from 18 to 19, and who are taking a second semester freshman accounting course at a private, religion-affiliated university. These particular students are relatively untrained in the formal use of questionable accounting choices. These students are less likely to recognize the dilemmas of the MES and are also less likely to demonstrate sufficient variation in their DIT scores, traditionally low for freshmen students. As freshmen, they are recent graduates of high school and more likely guided by other ethical influences including friends, family, or contractual obligations (some of the MES constructs) rather than higher cognitive development. This study confirms suspicions. We find the DIT scores do not vary sufficiently to explain the moral reasoning of freshmen. For eight dilemmas and 24 choices we find the DIT score correlates with only three choices, whereas the MES regression models have at least one significant construct for 23 out of 24 ethical choices. The Composite MES Score (a relative measure) also explains 23 out of 24 choices and is statistically related to the DIT in only one of the choices. Unlike the DIT, the Composite MES permits pretest and retesting with different dilemmas to evaluate changes in ethical sensitivity. These results argue for relative rather than absolute measures of sensitivity and guides beyond cognitive development (the DIT-score) to explain undergraduate student sensitivity. (shrink)

The rise of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has been astonishing, in particular for the arts and creative industries. The dominant discourse both in mainstream media and in academia today focuses predominantly on what this new technology can do for the art market rather than art itself. However, framing NFTs in art in the context of money and markets draws attention away from the more subtle and creative role of NFTs. Consequently, this article asks: What is the role of NFTs in art, (...) beyond the market? This research complements existing empirical work, by conducting a case study and interviews with members of DADA, a historic NFT art project which is particularly critical towards the role of the art market. The findings foregrounded five roles that NFTs play in art: as (1) a tool for systemic change, (2) a new way to community, (3) a ritual artefact, (4) a means for preservation and (5) a new medium. (shrink)

Today's sweatshops violate our notions of justice, yet they continue to flourish. This is so because we have not settled on criteria that would allow us to condemn and do away with them and because the poor working conditions in certain places are preferable to the alternative of no job at all. In this paper, we examine these phenomena. We consider the definitional dilemmas posed by sweatshops by routing a standard definition of sweatshops through the precepts put forward in the (...) literature on justice and virtue ethics. We conclude that fixing on definitions is pointless and misleading and that we are better off looking at whether or not a workplace violates the basic human rights of workers and whether or not the working conditions there cohere with situations on which we have already rendered judgments. In the end, we suggest guidelines for businesses that operate in the global workplace to help them avoid charges of running sweatshops. These recommendations account for the harsh living conditions in certain developing and emerging countries as well as the norms of societies in developed countries. (shrink)

Health equity is a global concern. Although health equity extends far beyond the equitable distribution of healthcare, equitable access to healthcare is essential to the achievement of health equity. In Canada, Indigenous Peoples experience inequities in health and healthcare access. Cultural safety and trauma‐ and violence‐informed care have been proposed as models of care to improve healthcare access, yet practitioners lack guidance on how to implement these models. In this paper, we build upon an existing framework of equity‐oriented care for (...) primary healthcare settings by proposing strategies to guide nurses in operationalizing cultural safety and trauma‐ and violence‐informed care into nursing practice at the individual level. This component is one strategy to redress inequitable access to care among Indigenous Peoples in Canada. We conceptualize barriers to accessing healthcare as intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural. We then define three domains for nursing action: practicing reflexivity, prioritizing relationships, and considering the context. We have applied this expanded framework within the context of Indigenous Peoples in Canada as a way of illustrating specific concepts and focusing our argument; however, this framework is relevant to other groups experiencing marginalizing conditions and inequitable access to healthcare, and thus is applicable to many areas of nursing practice. (shrink)

Background Doctors sometimes encounter parents who object to prescribed treatment for their children, and request suboptimal substitutes be administered instead. Previous studies have focused on parental refusal of treatment and when this should be permitted, but the ethics of requests for suboptimal treatment has not been explored. Methods The paper consists of two parts: an empirical analysis and an ethical analysis. We performed an online survey with a sample of the general public to assess respondents’ thresholds for acceptable harm and (...) expense resulting from parental choice, and the role that religion played in their judgement. We also identified and applied existing ethical frameworks to the case described in the survey to compare theoretical and empirical results. Results Two hundred and forty-two Mechanical Turk workers took our survey and there were 178 valid responses. Respondents’ agreement to provide treatment decreased as the risk or cost of the requested substitute increased. More than 50% of participants were prepared to provide treatment that would involve a small absolute increased risk of death for the child and a cost increase of US$<500, respectively. Religiously motivated requests were significantly more likely to be allowed. Existing ethical frameworks largely yielded ambiguous results for the case. There were clear inconsistencies between the theoretical and empirical results. Conclusion Drawing on both survey results and ethical analysis, we propose a potential model and thresholds for deciding about the permissibility of suboptimal treatment requests. (shrink)

As nursing professionals, we believe access to healthcare is fundamental to health and that it is a determinant of health. Therefore, evidence suggesting access to healthcare is problematic for many Indigenous peoples is concerning. While biomedical perspectives underlie our current understanding of access, considering alternate perspectives could expand our awareness of and ability to address this issue. In this paper, we critique how access to healthcare is understood through a biomedical lens, how a postcolonial theoretical lens can extend that understanding, (...) and the subsequent implications this alternative view raises for the nursing profession. Drawing on peer‐reviewed published and gray literature concerning healthcare access and Indigenous peoples to inform this critique, we focus on the underlying theoretical lens shaping our current understanding of access. A postcolonial analysis provides a way of understanding healthcare as a social space and social relationship, presenting a unique perspective on access to healthcare. The novelty of this finding is of particular importance for the profession of nursing, as we are well situated to influence these social aspects, improving access to healthcare services broadly, and among Indigenous peoples specifically. (shrink)

This book examines the question of why 'play' is a happy and benevolent verb in childhood, yet a subjective label of behaviour in adulthood. It studies the transformation of the positively labelled term 'child's play', used to refer to our early years, into an aberrance or deviation from normal social relationships in later life, when we speak of playing up or playing around. It answers the question by proposing play as a theory of learning, an ideology that circumscribes behaviour, and (...) a way of thinking. Written by scholars of early childhood through to further and higher education, the book presents research on play enacted in a way that arches beyond the specificity of age groups or predictive, normative patterns. It is international in its focus, moving beyond insular, inward and parochial educational standards and limitations in one city, province, state or nation. Finally, it demonstrates the value of play to educational policy and theories of learning.. (shrink)

Responsibility and professionalism are increasingly issues of concern for professional associations, employers and educators alike. When bad things happen, professionals are often held personally accountable for complex situations. Professional Responsibility and Professionalism advances our approaches to professional responsibility from individual-centred, virtue-based prescriptions towards understanding and responding effectively to the multifaceted challenges encountered today by professionals working in dynamic complexity. The author applies a sociomaterial examination to specific examples drawn from different professional contexts of practice. She examines important implications for what (...) professional responsibility and accountability might mean individually and collectively, and what it might be becoming when demands increasingly conflict, and when we accept that capacities for action are performed into existence in emergent and precarious webs of both human and non-human forces. The chapters explore some of the most prominent questions in professional responsibility, including: What does professional responsibility, and accountability, mean in the escalating complexities and conflicts confronting today's professionals? How does professional responsibility become developed and enacted, and through what social and material entanglements? How should responsibility be determined in multi-agency and interprofessional practice? What happens when professional decisions are delegated to software algorithms and diagnostic instruments? How are new governing regimes of professional work, such as innovation imperatives, excessive audit and logics of blame and scapegoating, reconfiguring responsibility? How can professionals respond simultaneously to individuals in need, the obligations of their profession, the demands of their employer and an anxious society? A major concern addressed by each chapter, and the book as a whole, is educating professionals in and for responsibility. Specific dilemmas and strategies are offered for educators in universities, workplaces and professional development contexts who seek new approaches to helping professionals learn to critically understand and practise responsibility today. This book will appeal to a wide audience of education researchers and post-graduate students studying professional practice, professionalism and education across a wide range of disciplines. Health professionals, professionals working in private practices, such as law, architecture and engineering, newer professions such as social work and policing, and educational professionals at all levels will find stories and strategies reflecting key issues of their practice in this detailed exploration of professional responsibility and accountability. (shrink)

В огляді подано головні переклади класики філософської літератури за попередні роки. Публікації здійснено у співпраці з фондом «Міжвухами» та видавництвом «Темпора». Головну увагу сфокусовано на творах Емануеле Северино, Ібн Сіни, Генрі Девіда Торо та Едмунда Гуссерля.