In this paper I offer an anti-Humean critique to Williamson and Russo’s approach to medical mechanisms. I focus on one of the specific claims made by Williamson and Russo, namely the claim that micro-structural ‘mechanisms’ provide evidence for the stability across populations of causal relationships ascertained at the (macro-) level of (test) populations. This claim is grounded in the epistemic account of causality developed by Williamson, an account which—while not relying exclusively on mechanistic evidence for justifying causal judgements—appeals nevertheless to (...) mechanisms, and rejects their anti-Humean interpretation in terms of capacities, powers, potencies, etc. By using (and expanding on) Cartwright’s basic critique against Humean mechanisms, I suggest that, in order to move beyond the level of plausibility, Williamson and Russo’s position is in need of a clarification as to the occurent reading of the components, functioning and interferences of mechanisms. Relatedly, as concerns Williamson’s epistemic account of causation, I argue that this account is in need of a more straightforward answer as to what truth-makers its causal claims should have. (shrink)

Abstract In this paper I offer an anti-Humean interpretation of the causal interactions in somatic medicine. I focus on life-threatening pathological states and show how Nancy Cartwright’s capacities can offer a plausible epistemology for medical processes and the singular causal claims advanced in medical diagnoses. I argue that the capacities manifested in the emergence of symptoms and signs could be tracked down if healthy organisms are construed as nomological machines and suggest that the causal reasoning from current medical practice bears (...) a tacit adherence to anti-Humean assumptions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-28 DOI 10.1007/s12136-011-0141-1 Authors Stefan Dragulinescu, Drumul Taberei 20, Bucharest, Romania Journal Acta Analytica Online ISSN 1874-6349 Print ISSN 0353-5150. (shrink)

Moral development has become an integral part in military training and the importance of moral judgment and behavior in military operations can hardly be overestimated. Many armed forces have integrated military ethics and moral decision-making interventions in their training programs. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these interventions. This study examined the effectiveness of a 1-week training program in moral decision making in the Swiss Armed Forces. The program was based on a strategy-based interactional moral dilemma approach. Results (...) of this quasi-experimental intervention study showed significant improvements in content-related (moral and instrumental awareness, quality of moral information processing, development of compensatory actions) as well as process-related (situational analysis, development and evaluation of alternative solutions, justification of decision) aspects in moral decision making. Results of a follow-up test indicated positive long-term effects with regard to moral and instrumental awareness and process-related aspects. Findings are discussed, and consequences for leadership development programs and further research are explored. (shrink)

Synthesizing important research traditions in information theory, structuralist semiotics, and generative linguistics, at least three main types of semiotic indeterminacy must be distinguished: Kolmogorov’s notion of randomness defined as sequential incompressibility, de Saussure’s principle of contingency of sign which ensures the possibility of translation between different sign systems, and Chomsky’s idea of indefiniteness in generative mechanisms as a requirement for the explanation of semiotic creativity. These types of semiotic indeterminacy form an abstract system useful for the description of concrete sign (...) processes in their syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic dimension. In his philosophical reflections on modern biology, Jacques Monod used the conceptual opposition chance versus necessity to analyse several phenomena of indeterminacy (especially in molecular biology). The biosemiotic approach to life permits to apply the suggestedsystem of semiotic indeterminacy on these phenomena. (shrink)

Let us by ‘first-order beliefs’ mean beliefs about the world, such as the belief that it will rain tomorrow, and by ‘second-order beliefs’ let us mean beliefs about the reliability of first-order, belief-forming processes. In formal epistemology, coherence has been studied, with much ingenuity and precision, for sets of first-order beliefs. However, to the best of our knowledge, sets including second-order beliefs have not yet received serious attention in that literature. In informal epistemology, by contrast, sets of the latter kind (...) play an important role in some respectable coherence theories of knowledge and justification. In this paper, we extend the formal treatment of coherence to second-order beliefs. Our main conclusion is that while extending the framework to second-order beliefs sheds doubt on the generality of the notorious impossibility results for coherentism, another problem crops up that might be no less damaging to the coherentist project: facts of coherence turn out to be epistemically accessible only to agents who have a good deal of insight into matters external to their own belief states. (shrink)

In this article, we explore to what extent parents should be ‘educators’ of their children. In the course of this exploration, we offer some examples of these practices and ways of speaking and thinking, indicate some of the problems and limitations they import into our understanding of the parent–child relationship, and make some tentative suggestions towards an alternative way of thinking about this relationship.

This chapter provides an overview of Bernard Bolzano’s views about grounding. On Bolzano’s account, grounding is an objective priority relation among true propositions that has certain explanatory features. The chapter briefly highlights historical influences on Bolzano’s account of grounding and subsequently provides an overview of the most important aspects of it. Bolzano’s account resembles current accounts of metaphysical grounding in many respects and can thus easily be related to many positions in the current debate. The chapter investigates some Bolzanian ideas (...) about grounding that differ from the current orthodoxy but may constitute interesting additions, challenges or inspirations for those working in the current debate. It is striking that Bolzano accepts a number of principles that seem to be motivated by the same kind of intuition that underlies present work on the logic of ground. Bolzano’s thought is that, for instance, general mathematical truths will never be grounded in truths concerned with any individual concrete object in particular. (shrink)

Ethics and Education, Volume 6, Issue 2, Page 101-108, July 2011.

We share the authors' general approach to the study of perception and action, but rather than singling out a particular level of “late perceptual” and “early motor” processing for sensorimotor interactions, we argue that these can arise at multiple levels during action preparation and execution. Recent data on action-perception transfer are used to illustrate this perspective.

States of emergency are declared frequently in all parts of the world. Their declaration routinely implies a suspension of basic constitutional rights. In the last half century, it has become the norm for constitutions to contain an explicit ‘emergency constitution’, i.e., the constitutionally safeguarded rules of operation for a state of emergency. In this paper, I ask whether inclusion of an emergency constitution can be legitimized by drawing on social contract theory. I argue that there are important arguments, both against (...) and in favor of constitutionalized emergency provisions, and that social contract theory—as applied by economists—can be of some help when deciding whether to have, or not to have an emergency constitution. This paper introduces a novel argument for justifying emergency constitutions. It argues that they can serve as a commitment mechanism protecting both citizens and politicians from overreacting to rare but significant threats. (shrink)

Elected politicians—legislators and, in some systems, members of the executive—can choose to exercise authority themselves or to delegate that authority to any number of agencies. Such delegation of power can occur at the constitutional stage, but is most common at the post-constitutional stage. Two categories of delegation can be distinguished: domestic delegation to agencies within the legislators’ jurisdiction, and international delegation to supranational or international bodies. While some research has been done on domestic delegation, especially in the context of delegation (...) to administrative agencies in the U.S., as well as on delegation to supranational bodies, especially with regard to the E.U., these activities have not been analyzed within a unified framework. This paper attempts to inquire into these issues and provide a general picture of the decision-making process regarding whether to delegate authority and to which body to transfer the authority. The past decade has been a period of rapid change in Central and Eastern Europe. Almost all of these countries have either passed entirely new constitutions or substantially modified the old ones. This is a unique situation in which constitutional delegation of powers can be performed almost simultaneously with post-constitutional delegation. The constitutional process in Israel is very different. It has been underway for fifty years. However, it can also be characterized by simultaneous constitutional and post-constitutional choices. In this paper, we examine such delegation choices in nine countries. We describe the main differences among these countries with regard to delegation of power, try to trace their origins and analyze their effects on delegation of powers. One question raised is what are the ramifications of a quasi-simultaneous constitutional and post-constitutional choice? Have constitutional rules been chosen in anticipation of the necessary compatibility with the rules of international organizations that one wants to join? Has membership in international organizations led to a boost in credibility of those governments concerned? (shrink)

Spatestens seit dem emotional turn in den Kulturwissenschaften zu Anfang dieses Jahrhunderts ist die Leibphanomenologie von Hermann Schmitz kein Geheimtipp mehr. Die Zahl der Studien, die sich mit ihr auseinandersetzen, ist heute kaum uberschaubar. Der Band versucht nach knapp einem halben Jahrhundert Wirkungsgeschichte eine Art Zwischenbilanz zu ziehen. Er fragt, inwiefern und in welchen Kontexten sich die von Schmitz erarbeiteten Kategorien des eigenleiblichen Spurens bewahrt haben. Die Beitrage erortern die gespurte Leiblichkeit in ihrer Verflechtung mit Sachverhalten wie Geschichte, Kultur, Person, (...) Geschlecht sowie als Aktionsfeld leiblicher Kommunikation und zeugen davon, dass das von Schmitz begonnene Projekt uber die Philosophie hinaus auch von anderen Wissenschaften stetig erganzt und weiterentwickelt wird. Vor dem Hintergrund eines sich am Leitmodell des sicht- und tastbaren Korpers orientierenden Denkens konnten sprachliche Ausdrucke fur leibliches Erleben nur als Skandal der Metapher (Strub) begriffen werden. Die Leibphanomenologie bietet dagegen einen alternativen Zugang, dem aber der Korper, wie Schmitz sagt, zum Skandal wird. Diesem schwierigen Verhaltnis von Leib und Korper geht der Band nach, um das Skandalose theoretisch einzuholen. Mit Beitragen von Kerstin Andermann, Undine Eberlein, Thomas Fuchs, Ute Gahlings, Robert Gugutzer, Christian Julmi / Ewald Scherm, Steffen Kammler, Gudula Linck, Gesa Lindemann, Isabella Marcinski, Jan Slaby, Hermann Schmitz und Jens Soentgen. (shrink)

Quantum mechanics of a particle in an infinite square well under the influence of a time-dependent electric field is reconsidered. In some gauge, the Hamiltonian depends linearly on the momentum operator, which is symmetric but not self-adjoint when defined on a finite interval. In spite of this symmetric part, the Hamiltonian operator is shown to be self-adjoint. This follows from a theorem by Kato and Rellich which guarantees the stability of a self-adjoint operator under certain symmetric perturbations. The result, which (...) has been assumed tacitly by other authors, is important in order to establish the equivalence of different Hamiltonian operators related to each other by quantum gauge transformations. (shrink)

What is the contribution of pragmatism to the sociology of morality? I answer to the points raised by the essays in this symposium on Moral Entanglements: Conserving Birds in Britain and Germany by outlining what the work of John Dewey adds to recent discussions on the question how values change over time and how individuals develop moral commitments.

Im subjektphilosophischen Denken J.-J. Rousseaus treten sie einander als streng separierte Größen gegenüber. Für ein Denken jenseits von Seins- und Subjektphilosophie präsentiert sich die musikalische Situation als Spielwerk.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie antik-jüdische Apokalyptik liefert einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erschließung einer Biblischen Theologie, insofern man von einem offenen Kanon ausgeht, der Quellen auch jenseits seiner Grenzen berücksichtigt. Unter Einbeziehung der historisch-kritischen Methode zeigen sich in der apokalyptischen Literatur »Strukturen«, deren Sinn- und Wirkzusammenhang für eine gesamtbiblische Theologie von konstitutiver Bedeutung ist. Als wichtiger Baustein einer Biblischen Theologie fungiert die Apokalyptik. Und zwar auch deshalb, weil etwa die beiderseits auswertbare Struktur der »Verkehrung« im apokalyptischen Transzendierungskonzept eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Zum Erweis dient (...) als material-exegetisches Paradigma die alttestamentliche Gerichtsprophetie in Verbindung mit der Einsicht, dass ihre Aussagen zu »Schuld« und »Gericht« neutestamentlich erst über einen »apokalyptischen Filter« rezipiert worden sind. Relevante Motive sind die Rede von der Verkehrung der »Bitternis«, der personifizierte Tod und der Herrscher- bzw. Satanssturz, wie sie in den antik-jüdischen Texten des Testaments Abrahams und des äthiopischen Henochbuchs verarbeitet werden. Zwar greift das Diktum Käsemanns von der »Apokalyptik als Mutter aller christlichen Theologie« zu weit, mahnt aber zugleich, die apokalyptische Dimension Biblischer Theologie erst wieder zu entdecken. (shrink)

There are more types and kinds of referendum so for all forms of referendum, the Constitutional Court is the one confirming the results and certifying the accuracy of the procedure for organization and holding of a referendum. Also there are many criteria and species of referendum.

Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund der gegenwärtigen soziologischen Theoriebildung zum Event zeigt der Artikel am Beispiel des II. Ökumenischen Kirchentags in München, wie nicht nur ein einheitliches Erleben des konkreten Events selbst, sondern darüber hinaus auch eine holistische Erlebnisqualität hergestellt wird. Die Erzeugung dieses auch als entgrenzend zu beschreibenden Erlebens wird durch die Konzepte Mediatisierung/hybridisierung, Gleichzeitigkeit/verdichtung und Sukzession analysiert und nachgezeichnet. Das holistische Erlebnis – und damit gleichzeitig das Gesamtevent ÖKT – wird dann im Sinne einer Praxis der Konstitution einer spezifisch (...) postmodernen Subjektivität zur Debatte um die Moderne und den Ort der Religion in derselben in Beziehung gesetzt. Dabei wird vor allem das überkommene Paradigma der funktionalen Ausdifferenzierung als Bestimmungsmerkmal einer prekären Moderne hinterfragt und stattdessen die Alternative eines in der alltagsweltlich- populären Kultur verankerten, holistischen Modells aufgezeigt. (shrink)

Das ägyptische Investiturritual. By Martin Bommas. BAR International Series, vol. 2562. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2013. Pp. xvi + 244, illus. £41.

Forschung in der Papyrussammlung: Eine Festgabe für das Neue Museum. Edited by Verena M. Lepper. Ägyptische und Orientalische Papyri und Handschriften des Ägyptischen Museums und Papyrussammlung Berlin, vol 1. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2012. Pp. 512. $238.

This book analyzes the identity crisis found in nineteenth-century post-Romantic literature. By mirroring several Antihumanist theories through the Jungian theory of the shadow, the author argues that this literature anticipates our contemporary “internal conflict.”.

We are currently witnessing the emergence of a ‘third culture’, driven by unprecedented developments that are changing the playing field. These include advances in AI, big data analysis and robotics. The traditional ‘two cultures’ view (S. P. Snow) distinguishes between the sciences and the humanities. The wisdoms these two cultures offer are separated from each other, with little to no interaction or mutual comprehension. However, over the past two decades, and for the first time in human history, a new, third (...) culture has appeared. This new culture, rooted in new technologies, not only pursues its own form of rationality but also supports advances in the original two cultures, deepening and expanding our individual and collective consciousness so that we can see more and do better. It will eventually give rise to new forms of consciousness based not on biochemical signals, but on copper wires and lithium chips. These new machine intelligences will change the world and force us to realise: we are no longer alone. The human species’ position in the twenty-first century will be fundamentally redefined: not as a conductor leading the orchestra, but a single string player within it. (shrink)

The issue of anxiety has been thoroughly debated in Kierkegaardian scholarship from multiple standpoints and traditions, but not so much when it comes to the hermeneutic undertone. This article is primarily concerned with tackling the concept of anxiety as a hermeneutical concept, or working with it through hermeneutical lenses; nevertheless, the implications go deeper—making a case for an original hermeneutic anxiety, an agonistic trait of hermeneutics. By exploring the hermeneutical dimensions of the Kierkegaardian anxiety we unravel a whole genealogy of (...) the agonistic phenomena—a hermeneutical way that thrives in the paradox. The scope of it all is to break with the conciliatory ways of an epistemic hermeneutics, by regaining the Kierkegaardian hermeneutics of anxiety: preferring the fertile struggle over the passionless synthesis, paradox over soundness and agony over apathy. (shrink)

This paper focuses on highlighting the way in which the spirit of Protestantism, ultimately expressed through the conceptual spectrum of anxiety and despair is the essence of modernity. Within this line of thought there will be explored and challenged the very tension that the Protestant discourse has brought into the public life and the new dynamics of faith. Finally, the goal of this paper is to resuscitate this paradigmatic shift and its effects on post-modernism by immersing into the orbit of (...) death. This line of thought is based on the works of Kierkegaard, in which the Protestant is found at paroxysm intuiting the Postmodern nuances of anxiety and rethinking a Christian discourse within the coordinates of the Absurd. (shrink)

Clarke and Beck argue that the ANS doesn't represent non-numerical magnitudes because of its second-order character. A sensory integration mechanism can explain this character as well, provided the dumbbell studies involve interference from systems that segment by objects such as the Object Tracking System. Although currently equal hypotheses, I point to several ways the two can be distinguished.

This article argues for the thesis that there is only one basic form of rationality, which is applied in different areas. First of all, there is one meaning of the term "rational" which applies to all situations in which the term is used: "justified." If "rational" means simply "justified", then rationality can be broken down into as many types as there are kinds of justification. Two distinctions between kinds of justification seem particularly plausible: 1. relative vs. absolute justifications and 2. (...) theoretical justifications of opinions vs. practical justifications of actions. Taken together, these two distinctions yield a division into four types of rationality. I maintain, however, that these two distinctions collapse upon more careful examination. In this article I will simply assume that no form of ultimate justification is convincing; thus, the first distinction does not apply. Against the second distinction I try to argue in this paper that theoretical rationality represents a form of practical rationality. The idea of an optimal choice of aims, actions, and opinions, which nonetheless differs from the orthodox model of practical rationality, thus proves to be the comprehensive central ingredient of the concept of rationality. (shrink)