The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the tourism industry in various ways, including tourists’ travel motivations and intentions. Unlike previous studies that have focused on the dark side of the pandemic, this study adds the dimension of perceptions of positive information on COVID-19 to the Theory of Planned Behavior to explore their influence on travel motivation and intention. A total of 470 valid questionnaires were collected from a sample of Chinese university students. The results showed that the students’ perceptions of positive (...) COVID-19 information positively impacted their travel intentions through the variables of perceived behavioral control, travel attitudes, and travel motivations. Perceived behavioral control was the mediating variable that most explained the impact of perceptions of positive COVID-19 information on travel motivation and intention. This study contributes to the understanding of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism and of university students’ travel motivations and intentions. It also offers implications for the tourism industry to formulate relevant recovery strategies during and after the pandemic. (shrink)

本书论述了简单命题演绎推理,复合命题演绎推理、模态、命题演绎推理等的推理特点、规则、方法及其作用。.

本书收30多篇文章,共分6部分:“中西哲学会通篇”、“审美意识新论篇”、“语言的哲学思考篇”、“人生境界解析篇”、“杂感琐谈篇”和“学术自述篇”。.

Philosophical work on self-respect has distinguished between various kinds of self-respect. In this paper, Shiying Li begins by introducing important kinds of self-respect and exploring the conceptual and empirical relations among them. She then discusses the value and political significance of social bases of self-respect for both individuals and society. While political theory on this topic, especially from the Rawlsian tradition, has focused on the social bases of self-respect in a well-ordered society, Li takes on the task of uncovering (...) the social bases of self-respect in an unjust society marked by structural injustices such as racism, sexism, social stigmas, and economic and other social inequalities. She provides arguments, including public reason arguments, for the political priority and urgency of securing robust self-respect for all in an unjust society, and thus paves the way for a discussion of the role that education, especially schooling, can and should play in securing robust self-respect. Li concludes by offering reasons to direct special attention to specific aspects of schooling and by making suggestions regarding a curriculum and pedagogy aimed at securing robust self-respect for all. (shrink)

自己思考過後找到的答案，往往跟自己有關。 這個屬於自己的答案，當然比別人給的更特別，更好。__褚士瑩 褚士瑩師事法國哲學老師奧斯卡‧柏尼菲，從這一位「非典型」老師身上經歷了前所未有的思考練習與震撼教育。 世界上這麼多東西可以學，為什麼一定要學哲學？而且值得學的老師那麼多，為什麼偏偏是奧斯卡？ 褚士瑩形容奧斯卡是「搶走禮物的聖誕老人」，甚至因為幫忙安排諮商行程，竟然收到律師函，成為被告上法庭…… 但是褚士瑩卻在學習哲學思考的過程中，變成一個被「挑戰」問題時超開心，被「質疑」問題時興奮無比的人。 問，為什麼人生不能想做什麼就做什麼？ 問，為什麼學思考，就等於學做人？ 問，為什麼被挑戰、被質疑，反而會高興？ 問，為什麼謹慎小心不好？ 問，為什麼有錢人不會成為物質的奴隸？ 問，為什麼我不能幫爸媽安排他們的人生？ 問，為什麼要學習「享受」問題，而不是「解決」問題？ 人生階段百百問，但是如果我們開始動腦思考，其實就已經踏入改變自己的第一步。 《我為什麼去法國上哲學課？》實踐篇最大的特點在於，本書將強調如何使用思考的技巧，幫助我們每一天的生活。而最好的方法就是從觀察開始，任何生活裡的小事，都可以去問「為什麼會這樣？」「為什麼會有這個現象？」 不論是跟人一句短短的對話，還是我們聽到的一句話，都可以觀察自己的反應與情緒。 如此一來「每一件事情都可以想，世界上沒有任何一件不可以想的事情，從此以後我沒有任何一個時刻是無聊的，因為就算聽到很無聊的話，也可以觀察這個人為什麼會說這麼無聊的話？他真的相信說的這些話嗎？如果他不相信 ，為什麼他覺得他要說呢？」 本書也等於透過實例舉證，讓讀者像是親臨「哲學諮商」的實境，在每一個生活上會產生的問題，如人與人之間的溝通、對未來的徬徨與抉擇、金錢的價值觀，最重要的是釐清複雜的人際關係，學習相處與成長。當我們將問題透 過「哲學思考」來一層一層推理，最終我們都回到最原始的關鍵上，那就是：「我是一個 什麼樣的人？」「我認識我自己嗎？」「我了解自己嗎？」「我愛自己嗎？」 本書特色 工作無法趁心如意，對未來茫然不知方向，到底該轉職？還是繼續忍耐熬？ 你其實想大吼：人生難道不能想做什麼就做什麼嗎？ 越想完美經營人脈，越抓不到重點，你有沒有想過自己對「人際關係」很貪心？ 好了，現在下決心脫離舒適圈，好像自由高飛了， 但你也許在「更保守的國外」原地踏步繞圈圈…… 以上問號絕對不是「跟著感覺走」就能夠得到答案，也不是別人的答案，可以先偷來用。 你如何找到屬於自己的路？ 哲學思考實踐→尋找適合自己的思考方法 ★用第三者的角度來看自己。 ★學習享受問題，而不是解決問題。 ★善用「刪去法」知道自己不要什麼。 ★「跟著感覺走」不是真思考。 ★人生充滿未知，請不要過度準備。 ★把每一個意外，都當成一個禮物。 ★不斷練習，養成有紀律的思考習慣。.

★2017年好書大家讀「年度最佳少年兒童讀物獎」 ★第73梯次好書大家讀入選圖書 (國小高年級~國中適讀) 經歷思考的強烈颱風，心甘情願把自己打掉重練…… 法國哲學圈的頭痛人物──奧斯卡‧柏尼菲 出版暢銷全世界的哲學童書繪本，一個難搞的老頑童 自家設立「哲學踐行學院」，褚士瑩成為入門弟子的挑戰衝擊…… 人氣俠客律師 呂秋遠 專文推薦 「思考不需要是天賦！只要透過學習，任何人都可以變得會思考。 面對人生、工作的瓶頸，變成一個不害怕思考、不害怕問題的人。」__褚士瑩 褚士瑩寫作超過20年，每年演講場次逼近上百場，NGO國際經驗15年以上， 有一天發現再也無法繼續工作下去了…… 為了突破瓶頸，他跟著法國老師奧斯卡‧柏尼菲上哲學課。 結果上課第一天完完全全被打回原形！ 沒有任何課程規劃，沒有特定主題，從早上到午夜，一切要自主思考。 你沉默，你答非所問，你模稜兩可，就會被老師追問得「體無完膚」…… 為什麼要誠實表達自己？為什麼要犀利面對自我？ 知道一點點，究竟是知道還是不知道？說不知道會很丟臉嗎？ 愛你一點點，到底是愛還是不愛？說不愛會很傷人嗎？ 離開同溫層的第一步？是學會說真話？ 這一趟魔鬼訓練的震撼，一切從頭拆解！ 褚士瑩突然想起在幼稚園的舞台上，群體中那個傲慢的自己； 從咀嚼說出的每一個字，驚覺過去引以為豪的禮貌用語是思考敵人； 從身體展現的每一個動作，挖掘隱藏的自我，承認無知是獲得知識的開始； 雖然比想像還要困難好幾倍，割裂慣性思維千萬次， 但思考沒有「無痛分娩」，是可以找到幾條清晰路徑， 塑造自己，延伸自己，最後大喊：我要帶著哲學活下去！重新啟程！.

Early in Aristotle's terminology, and ever since, "essence" has been conceived as having two meanings, namely "universality" and "individuality". According to the tradition of thought that has dominated throughout the history of Western philosophy, "essence" unequivocally refers to "universality". As a matter of fact, however, "universality" cannot cover Aristotle's definition and formulation of "essence": Essence is what makes a thing "happen to be this thing." "Individuality" should be the deep meaning of "essence". By means of an analysis of some relevant (...) Western thoughts and a review of cultural realities, it can be concluded that the difference between the attitudes toward things of the natural sciences and the humane sciences mainly lies in the fact that the former focus on the pursuit of universal regularity, whereas the latter go after the value and significance of human life. The movement from natural things to cultural things is a process in which essence shifts from universality to individuality. It is the author's contention that what should be stressed in the fields of human culture and society is the construction of an ideal society that is "harmonious yet not identical", on the basis of respecting and developing individual peculiarity and otherness. /// "本质" 最早在亚里士多德的用语中包含有两重含义: 是指 "普遍的东 西" ("共相")，一是指 "个体的东西" ("这个")。在西方哲学史上民期占统治 地位的思想片面地认为: "本质" 就是指 "普遍的东西"。但实际上"普遍的东 西" 并不能涵盖亚里士多德对 "本质" 的界定和表述t 本质是使一事物 "恰恰地是 这个事物"的东西。"本质" 的深层含义应是 "个体性"。通过对西方一些相关思 想观点的分析和文化现实的考察，可以得出结论z 自然科学与人文科学对待事物的 态度的区别在于z 前者重普遍性规律的追求，后者重个体性的人生价值意义的追求。 从自然物到文化物是一个由以普遍性为本质到以个体性为本质的转化过程。在人文 社会领域应该强调的是z 在尊重和发扬个人的独特性和差异性的基础上，建立 "和而 不同"的理想社会。. (shrink)

本书收30多篇文章,共分6部分:“中西哲学会通篇”、“审美意识新论篇”、“语言的哲学思考篇”、“人生境界解析篇”、“杂感琐谈篇”和“学术自述篇”。.

In this paper, I present a new analysis of the meaning of the phase in quantum mechanics. First, I give a simple but rigorous proof that the global phase is not real in $$\psi$$ -ontic quantum theories. Next, I argue that a similar strategy cannot be used to prove the reality of the global phase due to the existence of the tails of the wave function. Finally, I argue that the relative phase is not a nonlocal property of two regions (...) together, and adding a relative phase to one local branch of a superposition only changes the local properties at the boundary of the region of the branch. (shrink)

Since environmental ethics research started in China in the 1980s, it has been deeply influenced by environmental ethics theory in the United States. Some Chinese environmental philosophers have adopted the key concept of intrinsic value to construct Chinese environmental ethics. However, in recent decades, the concept of intrinsic value has been criticized by scholars in both the United States and China. Many Chinese have found that environmental ethics in the United States that is founded on the concept of intrinsic value (...) is incompatible with Chinese philosophy and culture. They have begun a new effort that is aimed at developing a localized environmental ethics based on traditional Chinese philosophy. However, the Chinese scholars’ theoretical effort neglects the important concept of wilderness that is emerging from preservation and conservation practices in China. In this context, the emotion of wonder and its interrelationship with intrinsic value is the new paradigm for constructing a Chinese environmental ethics. (shrink)

Laozi zhe xue -- Zhuangzi zhe xue za lun -- Xian Qin zhu zi yan jiu wen xian mu lu.

Di 1 juan. Zhe xue di chuang xin -- di 2 juan. Zhe xue di ao mi -- di 3 juan. Zhe xue si wei fang shi bian ge -- di 4 juan. Chuan tong zhe xue dao xian dai zhe xue -- di 5 juan. Zhe xue ti xi gai ge -- di 6 juan. Zhe xue zai zou xiang wei lai.

Estas páginas reúnen una serie de escritos personales, testimoniales o autobiográficos del filósofo, traductor, escritor y profesor José Gaos, uno de los pensadores de la lengua española más importantes e influyentes del siglo xx. Nace el presente libro de la necesidad práctica de tener un conjunto de textos suyos que contribuyan a dibujar su enérgico y rico perfil intelectual, filosófico y literario; y a la de explicar en cierto modo la fecundidad de la reflexión crítica diseminada en el orbe de (...) la lengua española, de la cual él mismo es en parte responsable, gracias a su misión y vocación intelectuales. El libro se abre con una introducción de Adolfo Castañón, académico de número de la Real Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, poeta, ensayista, editor, crítico literario y bibliófilo. En 2009 fue ganador del Premio Xavier Villaurrutia de 2008, máximo galardón para las letras mexicanas, por Viaje a México. Ensayos, crónicas y retratos, publicado por Iberoamericana Vervuert. El colofón corre a cargo de Ángeles Gaos de Camacho, quien evoca la imagen de su padre, en un emotivo monólogo. (shrink)

We study the possible connection between self-consciousness and quantum process. It is shown that the self-consciousness function can help to measure the collapse time of wave function under some condition, while the usual physical device without self-consciousness can't. Furthermore, we show that the observer with self-consciousness can distinguish the definite state and the superposition of definite states under some stronger condition. This provides a practical physical method to differentiate man and machine, and will also help to find the possible existence (...) of self-consciousness in the animal kingdom. We finally give some further discussions about these new results. (shrink)

Based on self-determination theory, we conceptualized the effect of empowering leadership on employee’s voice via harmonious passion. This paper further explored the moderating effect of job characteristics in voice process, and proposed a moderated mediation model. Using a sample of 674 supervisor-subordinate dyads, we found that (1) empowering leadership was positively related to employees’ harmonious passion and voice behavior, (2) harmonious passion played a mediating role in the relationship between empowering leadership and employee voice, and (3) job autonomy strengthened the (...) effect of harmonious passion on employee voice, which, in turn, enhanced the mediated relationship between empowering leadership and employee voice via harmonious passion. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice. (shrink)

Marx's theory of alienation has some elements of an epistemology, but it is primarily a methodology. This is because alienation and the supersession of alienation are nothing but negation and a negation of the negation, a kind of historical dialectics. In using this methodology to analyze the contradictions between human existence and essence, Marx thoroughly exposed and criticized the callousness of relationships among humanity in capitalist society. On this basis, he considered socialist revolution and socialist production to be the means (...) for eliminating human alienation and for realizing human freedom, and thereby set forth an epistemology. (shrink)

We investigate the meaning of the wave function by analyzing the mass and charge density distributions of a quantum system. According to protective measurement, a charged quantum system has effective mass and charge density distributing in space, proportional to the square of the absolute value of its wave function. In a realistic interpretation, the wave function of a quantum system can be taken as a description of either a physical field or the ergodic motion of a particle. The essential difference (...) between a field and the ergodic motion of a particle lies in the property of simultaneity; a field exists throughout space simultaneously, whereas the ergodic motion of a particle exists throughout space in a time-divided way. If the wave function is a physical field, then the mass and charge density will be distributed in space simultaneously for a charged quantum system, and thus there will exist gravitational and electrostatic self-interactions of its wave function. This not only violates the superposition principle of quantum mechanics but also contradicts experimental observations. Thus the wave function cannot be a description of a physical field but a description of the ergodic motion of a particle. For the later there is only a localized particle with mass and charge at every instant, and thus there will not exist any self-interaction for the wave function. Which kind of ergodic motion of particles then? It is argued that the classical ergodic models, which assume continuous motion of particles, cannot be consistent with quantum mechanics. Based on the negative result, we suggest that the wave function is a description of the quantum motion of particles, which is random and discontinuous in nature. On this interpretation, the square of the absolute value of the wave function not only gives the probability of the particle being found in certain locations, but also gives the probability of the particle being there. We show that this new interpretation of the wave function provides a natural realistic alternative to the orthodox interpretation, and its implications for other realistic interpretations of quantum mechanics are also briefly discussed. (shrink)

Personnage central de la littérature mondiale, prix Nobel 2000, Gao Xingjian est également peintre, dramaturge, chorégraphe, cinéaste et photographe. En quête de l'art total, tel Leonardo, il développe avec une infinie rigueur la théorie de l'engagement du créateur dans le réel au delà de toute ingérence politique. Avec quelques-unes des grandes figures de la culture internationale il engage le débat sur l'éthique et l'esthétique au cours d'un mémorable colloque organisé à Marseille dans le cadre surréel d'une incroyable Année Gao. Tous (...) les textes de cet ouvrage de référence sont des jalons précieux pour qui veut discerner les grandes alternatives de l'histoire de l'art au croisement des siècles et des millénaires de l'histoire des hommes. (shrink)

The ontological model framework provides a rigorous approach to address the question of whether the quantum state is ontic or epistemic. When considering only conventional projective measurements, auxiliary assumptions are always needed to prove the reality of the quantum state in the framework. For example, the Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph theorem is based on an additional preparation independence assumption. In this paper, we give a new proof of psi-ontology in terms of protective measurements in the ontological model framework. The proof does not rely (...) on auxiliary assumptions, and also applies to deterministic theories such as the de Broglie-Bohm theory. In addition, we give a simpler argument for psi-ontology beyond the framework, which is based on protective measurements and a weaker criterion of reality. The argument may be also appealing for those people who favor an anti-realist view of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

A recent issue of Topics in Cognitive Science featured 11 thoughtful commentaries responding to our article “What happened to cognitive science?” (Núñez et al., 2019). Here, we identify several themes that arose in those commentaries and respond to each. Crucial to understanding our original article is the fundamental distinction between multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary endeavors: Cognitive science began (and has stayed) as multidisciplinary but has failed to move on to form a cohesive interdisciplinary field. We clarify and elaborate our original argument (...) and reiterate the importance of a data‐driven evaluation of the current status of the field, which exhibits a marked disciplinary imbalance, a lack of a coherent conceptual core, and a striking absence of a consistent curriculum in the institutions that grant degrees in this domain. Half a century after the creation of cognitive science, it may now be a good time to revisit goals and visions for how to best approach the ever‐fascinating scientific study of the mind(s). (shrink)