Despite the increased attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and regulatory changes in recent years, little is known about how apparel companies are implementing and communicating CSR practices to their stakeholders. To fill the gap, this study investigated the range and strategies of leading apparel specialty retailers’ CSR practices as communicated on their websites over a longitudinal period of 1 year. In total, 17 apparel specialty retailers were included in the analysis. The companies’ websites were content-analyzed in-depth using the coding (...) criteria focusing on labor and environmental issues developed for this study. The initial data were collected in November 2011 and the study was replicated in December 2012 to examine any changes in the CSR practices. As of 2011 only nine companies addressed CSR issues on their websites at different degrees despite their leadership positions in the industry. Environmental issues were addressed by only five companies, with different ranges of practices. In 2012, all 17 companies addressed labor issues on their websites with varying degrees of specificity. In terms of environmental issues, six companies (an increase of one company from 2011) addressed environmental initiatives on their websites with wider ranges of practices. Discussed are problems and opportunities, as well as the role of the government and stakeholders, for the effective communications of CSR policies and initiatives for the apparel industry. (shrink)

Modern schooling in Korea, which was officially established by law in 1949, is well known for its function as an engine of economic success in modern Korea. Although this fact seems to be world-wid...

Service providers working for a service organization are asked to express such positive emotions as joy, pleasure, and politeness required at the organizational level rather than their natural emotions they are experiencing at the moment. They cannot express their emotion they are actually going through and accordingly, their level of emotional labor and emotional dissonance influence on their job commitment and trust toward their organization. This study thus set out to investigate the effects of leading variables of emotional labor on (...) the level of emotional labor and the impact of emotional labor on organizational trust and organizational commitment with a subject group of college administrative staffs. Three underlying factors such as job stress, intimacy, and professionalism were identified as the determinants of emotional labor. Conceptual background about job stress, intimacy, emotional labor, and organizational effectiveness as the core variables of the study was investigated. Based on the conceptual background and our research questions, 5 research hypotheses and the proposed research model regarding the effects of emotional labor on organizational commitment and trust were developed. We also tried to include the moderating effects of work environment and gender of service providers on the research model. Unlike many different studies on emotional labor from the traditional perspective of service, this study also offers a practical implication by expanding and applying it to the field of college administrative service, which is an area where service providers are in the different working environment from the traditional company work environment. Finally, the managerial implications and the limitations of the study were also discussed. (shrink)

A majority of the countries in the world are still considered "developing," with a per capita income of less than U$1,000. Hahn (2008, Journal of Business Ethics 78, 711–721) recently proposed an ambitious business ethics research agenda for integrating the "bottom-of-the-pyramid" countries (Prahalad and Hart, 2002, Strategy and Competition 20, 22–14) through sustainable development and corporate citizenship. Hahn's work is among the growing field of research in comparative business ethics including the global business ethics index (Michalos, 2008, Journal of Business (...) Ethics 79(1), 9–19; Scholtens and Dam, 2008, Journal of Business Ethics 75(3), 273–284; Tsalikis and Seaton, 2008, Journal of Business Ethics 75(3), 229–238). This article is complementary to Hahn's work and it advocates an urgent need for business ethics researchers to globally integrate the bottom-of-thepyramid countries through a fundamental re-definition of the global economic triad, including the United States, Western Europe, and Japan [Ohmae, 1985, Triad Power: The Coming Shape of Global Competition (New York: Free Press)]. The definition that we propose is based on business systems and institutional perspectives that include the bottom-of-the-pyramid countries. We also propose to broaden the research in business ethics to enable comparisons across business systems indifferent income levels. (shrink)

In the United States, targeted school shootings have become a distinct genre of violence. In this essay, Bryan Warnick, Sang Hyun Kim, and Shannon Robinson examine the social meanings that exist in American society that might contribute to this phenomenon, focusing on the question: “Why are schools conceptualized as appropriate places to enact this form of gun violence?” The authors analyze the social meaning of American schooling by using empirical data, everyday observations, films, and poetry, and then connect these (...) points of meaning to stories of individual school shooters. Through this analysis, three aspects of school stand out. First, schools are places of both real and symbolic violence, where force and power often rule the day. Second, schools are places connected to expectations of hope and refuge, friendship and romance, and when these expectations are not met, bitter resentment flows against schools. Third, suburban schools are seen as places of expressive individualism, which, in rare cases, is manifest in terms of “expressive violence.” Together, these points of meaning can make schools, for some youth, seem like appropriate places to express violent intentions. The essay concludes by speculating about how this analysis can be applied to prevent school shootings. (shrink)

Drawing on conservation of resources theory, this study examined the moderating role of ethical leader behavior in the effects of daily perceived job insecurity on work outcomes the next day (i.e., work engagement and customer-directed helping) through occupational regret the next morning among frontline service employees working in adverse work situations (i.e., the coronavirus disease pandemic). Using experience sampling method, data were collected from 135 frontline service employees across five consecutive workdays. The results showed that daily perceived job insecurity had (...) a negative indirect effect on work engagement and customer-directed helping the next day through (increased) occupational regret the next day in the morning. In addition, ethical leader behavior moderated the negative indirect effect of daily perceived job insecurity on next-day work engagement and customer-directed helping through next-morning occupational regret. Specifically, these negative effects were especially stronger among employees who had observed low levels of ethical leader behavior the previous day. The theoretical implications of the present findings for researchers and their practical implications for managers are discussed. (shrink)

This descriptive study was undertaken to identify the degree of ethical sensitivity of staff nurses and to analyze the differences in ethical sensitivity in terms of both general and ethics-related characteristics. Participants were 236 staff nurses working in general hospitals in Korea. Ethical sensitivity was measured by means of an instrument developed by the researchers. The results showed that the mean score for the degree of ethical sensitivity was 0.71 out of a possible maximum score of 1 (range 0.30 to (...) 0.97). For general characteristics, there was a significant difference in ethical sensitivity according to age (F (df 2233)-3.99, P-0.02). For characteristics related to ethics, there was a significant difference in ethical sensitivity according to attitude towards the nursing profession (F (df 4231)-2.94, P-0.03). It is therefore recommended that a training program reflecting these variables be developed to enhance staff nurses’ ethical sensitivity. (shrink)

This longitudinal study examined the development of moral judgement in 37 nursing students attending a university in Suwon, Korea. The participants completed the Korean version of the Defining Issues Test to allow analysis of their level of moral judgement. The development of moral judgement was quantified using ‘the moral development score’ at each stage (i.e. the six stages detailed by Kohlberg) and the ‘P(%) score’ (a measure of the overall moral judgement level). The results were as follows: (1) the moral (...) development score for stage 5A was consistently the highest across the four years of the students’ course, showing significant differences in some sociodemographic factors including home, birth order and monthly income; and (2) the P(%) score was higher in fourth-year (47.47 ± 11.21) than in first-year (46.13±9.73) students. There was no significant difference in the P(%) score according to sociodemographic factors. Further studies will examine in detail the correlation between curriculum and moral judgement development. We suggest that courses in ethics education should be made more relevant. (shrink)

As documented by Darwin 150 years ago, emotion expressed in human faces readily draws our attention and promotes sympathetic emotional reactions. How do such reactions to the expression of emotion affect our goal-directed actions? Despite the substantial advance made in the neural mechanisms of both cognitive control and emotional processing, it is not yet known well how these two systems interact. Here, we studied how emotion expressed in human faces influences cognitive control of conflict processing, spatial selective attention and inhibitory (...) control in particular, using the Eriksen flanker paradigm. In this task, participants viewed displays of a central target face flanked by peripheral faces and were asked to judge the gender of the target face; task-irrelevant emotion expressions were embedded in the target face, the flanking faces, or both. We also monitored how emotion expression affects gender judgment performance while varying the relative timing between the target and flanker faces. As previously reported, we found robust gender congruency effects, namely slower responses to the target faces whose gender was incongruent with that of the flanker faces, when the flankers preceded the target by 0.1 s. When the flankers further advanced the target by 0.3 s, however, the congruency effect vanished in most of the viewing conditions, except for when emotion was expressed only in the flanking faces or when congruent emotion was expressed in the target and flanking faces. These results suggest that emotional saliency can prolong a substantial degree of conflict by diverting bottom-up attention away from the target, and that inhibitory control on task-irrelevant information from flanking stimuli is deterred by the emotional congruency between target and flanking stimuli. (shrink)

In this essay, I qualify Jean-Luc Marion's anti-ontological interpretation of Anselm's argument. Marion claims that the argument is not ontological but in line with Dionysian apophatic theology. To substantiate his anti-ontological reading, Marion suggests that the main regulative idea of the Proslogion is bonum. The final regulative idea, however, is gaudium, since gaudium, not bonum, leads the argument to the beatific vision. If we reformulate the Proslogion focusing on gaudium, we find that Marion's analysis misses the evident ontological aspects of (...) the argument, such as the tradition of prayer and hermeneutics. Since Anselm promulgated the argument within the Benedictine tradition of Bec, the practice of prayer or meditation is the legitimate context of the argument. However, because of his emphasis on the structure of call and response over the ontological and hermeneutical aspects of revelation, his analysis neglects the importance of the hermeneutic relation within which the Proslogion is born. (shrink)

A lire attentivement Descartes, on se surprend à constater que l'inventeur de la philosophie du sujet pensant emploie rarement le mot de " sujet ", si ce n'est au sens traditionnel et scolastique de sujet des accidents ou des qualités, ou encore de substance. Le but de ce volume est donc d'aborder à nouveaux frais la question à partir de l'inventaire du vocabulaire cartésien de la " subjectivité ". Devons-nous dire ainsi que l'ego du cogito est sujet? Ou bien la (...) res cogitans? Ou encore la mens? Y a-t-il un sujet corporel chez Descartes, ou alors l'union est-elle le sujet? Y a-t-il, de la même manière, un sujet des passions? Un ipse, une ipséité serait-elle enfin le sujet chez Descartes? Multiples formes de la question de savoir s'il y a bien une philosophie du sujet chez Descartes. (shrink)

There has been an intellectual debate at least since the 1960s in business ethics on the role of the media in relation to consumer choice driven by either habits or rationality. If consumers are totally rational, then the global media and global corporations provide just information and knowledge. If consumers are influenced by habit then large corporations and global media can greatly influence consumer choice and create problems of self-control (Ainslie, 1992, Pico Economics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States (...) Within the Person, Cambridge University press, Cambridge). In this article, we provide a synthesis and integrated approach to this continuing debate. We provide a more institutional approach to consumer choice based on social conventions, rather than just on individual habits and lapses in self-control. (shrink)

This paper is an empirical analysis of how culture, specifically tradition, affects well-being, i.e., happiness, life satisfaction, and financial satisfaction, along with socioeconomic factors in East Asia. Ordered probit regression model results show that women have higher happiness and satisfaction levels than men even in Confucian cultures in which men generally receive more favourable conditions than women. Additionally, marital status or the impact of religion had strong and positive effects on happiness and sometimes on life satisfaction but not on financial (...) satisfaction. Interestingly, tradition has a statistically significant and important effect on both life and financial satisfaction. Finally, the results show that individuals who value tradition greater also have higher levels of financial satisfaction. (shrink)

Unlike in Western academia, Japanese studies in Korea have not receded, but rather have rather vigorously refocused on Japan during the last two decades. This paper examines the rapid development and governing dynamics of the Japanese politics studies (JPS), with a particular focus on Japanese international relations studies (JIRS). It answers the following four questions. How does JIRS perceive, measure, and interpret Japan? What are the outstanding features of JIRS? What are the internal dynamics in the JPS community? How does (...) the JPS community interact with the real political world? The study results emphasize the policy-oriented research style, prevailing realistic nationalism, and vigorous interaction between academia and politics in JPS/JIRS behind the refocusing on Japan. (shrink)

Bidirectional trans‐synaptic signaling is essential for the formation, maturation, and plasticity of synaptic connections. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are prime drivers in shaping the identities of trans‐synaptic signaling pathways. A series of recent studies provide evidence that diverse presynaptic cell adhesion proteins dictate the regulation of specific synaptic properties in postsynaptic neurons. Focusing on mammalian synaptic CAMs, this article outlines several exemplary cases supporting this notion and highlights how these trans‐synaptic signaling pathways collectively contribute to the specificity and diversity (...) of neural circuit architecture. (shrink)

베스트셀러 《왓칭》의 후속작인생의 큰 착각에서 깨어난 26년차 베테랑 기자의 놀라운 체험! ◎ 도서 소개 “나는 나를 텅 비웠는가?”이 질문 속에 모든 답이 들어 있다! 우리는 별의별 것들을 ‘내 것’으로 착각한다. 화가 나도 그것을 내 것으로 착각해 머릿속에 집어넣고 살다가 화병을 만든다. 골치가 아파도 내 것으로 착각해 머릿속에 가둬놓고 만성 두통으로 키워낸다. 욕심도 절망도 슬픔도 몽땅 머릿속에 집어넣고 다닌다. 그러다 보니 우리는 어느새 걸어 다니는 화 덩어리, 고통 덩어리, 스트레스 덩어리, 절망 덩어리가 된다. 내 안에 가득한 모든 쓸모없는 생각들을 싹 비워버리는 (...) 비밀은 없을까? 26년차 앵커이자 기자인 저자는 베스트셀러 《왓칭》이후 더욱 깊은 취재, 명상, 체험을 거쳐 두 번째 저서 《마음을 비우면 얻어지는 것들》(김상운 지음, 21세기북스)을 펴냈다. 그는 이 책을 통해 내 안에 가득 쌓인 모든 것들이 사라지는 유일한 비밀은 ‘이 모든 것들이 내 것이 아니다’는 사실을 진심으로 깨닫고 나를 텅 비우는 것이라고 말한다. 그리고 다양한 사례와 자신의 체험을 바탕으로 인생의 착각에서 깨어나는 순간, 마음이 텅 비어지면서 심신의 병과 고민과 지능의 한계 등 인생의 모든 장애물들이 저절로 텅 비어버리는 우주의 원리를 알기 쉽게 소개한다. “인생은 착각이다. 착각에서 깨어나면 고통의 감옥에서도 벗어난다.”-노벨물리학상 수상자 아인슈타인 “착각에서 깨어나면 ‘불가능’이 돌연 ‘가능’으로 바뀐다.”-물리학자, 심리학자 아놀드 민델 “텅 빈 마음은 창조의 공간이다. 무엇이든 창조한다.”-노벨물리학상 수상자 하이젠베르크 “마음을 텅 비우면 모든 병도 텅 비어버린다.”-정신의학자 스탠리 블락 마음을 비우면 비로소 얻어지는 것들 차원을 높이면 ‘불가능’이 ‘가능’으로 바뀐다텅 빈 우주엔 목표 달성에 필요한 모든 정보와 에너지가 다 들어 있다. 즉, 마음이 텅 비는 순간 우주와 접속되면서 목표 달성에 필요한 모든 걸 얻게 되는 것이다. 만일 목표가 이뤄지지 않았다면 마음을 텅 비우지 못했다는 증거다. 이처럼 진공의 세계는 우리가 아는 현실과는 전혀 다른 차원의 세계다. 아무 걸림돌도, 시간도, 거리도 없는 텅 빈 무의 세계다. 이 공간에서는 도저히 불가능하게 생각됐던 일도 돌연 가능해진다. 이른바 기적이 일어난다. 마음이 텅 비는 순간 전혀 다른 차원이 되는 것이다. 사람은 육신과 영체의 합작품육신은 일시적인 겉모습에 불과하다. 참 생명은 영체에 있다. 육신은 음식을 못 먹으면 죽지만 영체는 음식을 안 먹어도 영원히 생존하는 사랑 덩어리이기 때문이다. 사랑으로부터 지능, 생명, 에너지 등 우리가 원하는 모든 것이 흘러나온다. 생각은 되돌려주지 않으면 파리처럼 달라붙는다‘담배를 피우고 싶다’는 생각이 달라붙어 있으면 골초가 된다. ‘술을 마시고 싶다’는 생각이 달라붙어 있으면 술고래가 된다. 걸핏하면 버럭버럭 화를 터뜨리는 사람들도 원래부터 그런 게 아니다. 단지 우주에서 빌려 썼던 화를 되돌려주지 않고 머릿속에 품고 있을 뿐이다. 과거나 미래의 생각으로 머리를 가득 채우는 것 역시 불행이다. 몸은 현재에 살고 있는데 머릿속은 과거나 미래의 생각들로 가득 차 있다면 ‘나’는 둘로 쪼개져 있는 것이다. 현재의 순간에 몰입하는 것이야말로 평화의 이르는 길이다. 인생은 분명한 목적을 가진 연극이다인생도 연극이라는 사실을 분명히 깨닫는 순간, 똑같은 변화가 일어난다. 무엇보다도 ‘내 것’에 대한 집착에서 벗어난다. 내 것도, 네 것도 없다는 생각에 인생살이는 지나치게 심각히 받아들이지 않게 된다. 자신의 인생을 마치 관객처럼 바라보게 된다. ◎ 본문 중에서 텅 빈 우주에 모든 정보가 들어 있는데 나는 왜 그 정보를 마음대로 꺼내 쓰지 못하는 걸까? 주파수가 맞지 않기 때문이다. 생각해보라. 텅 빈 우주와 주파수를 맞추려면 내 마음도 역시 텅 비워야 하지 않겠는가? 하지만 마음을 텅 비우는 게 그리 쉽지 않다.내가 눈 뜨고 있는 단 한 순간도 마음이 비지 않기 때문이다. (35쪽) 상한 음식을 먹으면 배탈이 난다. 배탈은 썩은 음식을 먹지 말라는 신호다. 그걸 무시하고 계속 상한 음식을 먹으면 심지어 목숨을 잃을 수도 있다. 영혼도 우리가 위험에 빠지면 끊임없이 신호를 보내준다. 영체를 통해 몸에 보내주기도 하고 온갖 크고 작은 장애물들을 여기저기 널려놓아 하던 일을 멈추라고 경고해주기도 한다. 그 무언의 경고는 우리가 진심으로 마음을 텅 비운 채 귀를 기울여야 비로소 제대로 들을 수 있다. (125쪽) 우주에는 무수한 생각이 떠다닌다. 다만 눈에 보이지 않을 뿐이다. 눈에 보이지 않는 수많은 TV와 라디오 주파수들이 공중에 떠다니는 것과 마찬가지다. 내가 나쁜 생각에 주파수를 맞춰 증폭시키면 나쁜 생각이 내 머릿속에 가득하고, 좋은 생각에 주파수를 맞춰 증폭시키면 좋은 생각이 가득하다. 이 무수한 생각은 인생이라는 연극을 위한 소품이다. 필요할 때 빌려 쓰고 나면 반드시 우주에 되돌려주어야 한다. 되돌려주는 데에는 어떤 특별한 노력도 필요하지 않다. 그저 머릿속에 가둬놓지 않으면 스스로 알아서 되돌아간다. (162쪽) “남이 내게 던지는 독을 받을 것인가, 말 것인가?”그건 전적으로 나의 선택이다. 왜냐하면 남이 내 머릿속에 뛰어들어 독을 집어넣을 수는 없기 때문이다. 만일 엉겁결에 남의 독이 이미 내 머릿속에 들어와 버렸다면 얼른 이렇게 되뇌어라.‘독아, 나한테 날아왔니? 내 머리는 활짝 열려 있으니 우주로 되돌아가렴.’ (179쪽) 인생도 연극이라는 사실을 분명히 깨닫는 순간, 똑같은 변화가 일어난다. 무엇보다도 ‘내 것’에 대한 집착에서 벗어난다. 내 것도, 네 것도 없다는 생각에 인생살이를 지나치게 심각히 받아들이지 않게 된다. 자신의 인생을 마치 관객처럼 바라보게 된다. 그래서 셰익스피어는 “세상은 무대다. 사람들은 등장인물들이다”라고 했다. (282쪽) 프롤로그_텅 비우지 못하는 게 문제다 1장. 진공묘유: 텅 비우면 오묘한 일이 일어난다 ‘나’를 열어놓는 것이 열쇠다│‘나’는 열면 열수록 넓어진다 1. 텅 빈 우주는 모든 정보로 가득하다 ‘목표와 나는 하나다’라고 생각하라│‘나’를 열면 남의 천재성도 빌릴 수 있다│모든 답도 우주에 들어 있다 2. 텅 빈 우주는 에너지로 가득하다 ‘나’를 열면 에너지가 흘러들어온다 3. 목표 달성 직전엔 반드시 진공이 있다 차원을 높이면 ‘불가능’이 돌연 ‘가능’으로 바뀐다 2장. 육신에 대한 집착 텅 비우기 나는 몸으로 조립된 존재인가?│사람은 육신과 영체의 합작품 1. 영체는 사랑이 양식이다 사랑이 막히면 병이 난다│사랑이 끊기면 지능도 끊긴다│사랑이 끊긴 아이는 로봇이 된다│사랑이 흐르면 생명도 흐른다 2. ‘진정한 나’는 누구인가? 영혼은 무엇이든 볼 수 있다│내 영혼은 어떤 능력을 갖추고 있을까?│빛으로부터 고도의 지능도 흘러나온다 3. 영혼의 존재를 부인할 수 없는 이유 4. 영혼이 내려주는 선물 마음의 상처를 치유해준다│위험을 경고해준다│직감을 준다│사랑을 베풀게 한다│자신의 내면을 바라보게 해준다│열정에 응답한다│진심으로 일을 사랑하면 반드시 기회를 준다 3장. 생각 텅 비우기 짓눌리면 튀어 오른다 1. 나는 생각으로 조립된 존재인가? 생각은 떼어낼 수 없는가?│생각은 사실인가?│되돌려주지 않으면 파리처럼 달라붙는다│달라붙은 생각이 인생을 망친다 2. 가둬놓지 않으면 저절로 날아간다 남의 독을 왜 내 머릿속에 가둬놓는가?│내 머릿속엔 독이 들어 있진 않은가?│머리를 활짝 열어놓으면 되돌아간다 3. 틀어박힌 생각과 대화하기 4. 왜 한 가지 생각에 파묻혀버릴까? 한 가지 생각에 빠져드는 속성│고정된 생각이 고정된 인생 트랙을 만들어낸다│무수한 ‘나’가 존재한다│나와 똑같은 사람이 했다면 나도 할 수 있다 5. 생각의 선택이 운명을 만든다 고미바다 어두운 선택을 하면 어두운 운명이 된다│고비마다 밝은 생각을 선택하면 밝은 운명이 된다│할 수 있는 것만 선택하면 무엇이든 할 수 있게 된다│생각을 바꾸면 그게 바로 ‘새로운 나’다 6. 평행우주에서 내가 원하는 나 선택하기 ‘달라진 나’ 속으로 뚜벅뚜벅 4장. 물질에 대한 탐욕 텅 비우기 일체유심조│초정밀 현미경으로 보면 실제로 비어 있다 1. 텅 비어 있는데 왜 보이나? 인생은 정말 꿈인가?│인생은 분명한 목적을 가진 연극이다│나를 바라보는 관찰자는 누구인가? 2. 인생의 설계도를 훔쳐보다 어떻게 족집게처럼 미래를 알아맞힐까?│모든 것의 설계도가 존재한다?│수십 년, 수천 년 앞도 훤히 내다본다│과거도 훤히 읽어낸다 3. 인생은 연극임을 깨닫는 순간 고통은 저절로 사라진다│고유의 배역을 찾게 된다│가슴이 끌리는 일이 나의 배역이다│배역을 찾으면 최고의 능력이 나온다│때로는 잔인한 배역도 있다│겉모습은 배역을 위한 가면일 뿐│세계 최고 부자들이 얻은 교훈 4. 인생은 돌고 돈다 모든 것이 낱낱이 기록된다│인생은 단 한 번으로 끝나지 않는다│윤회에는 정말 과학적 증거가 있는가? 5. 돌고 돌며 영혼을 갈고닦는다 불완전한 신체는 나 스스로 선택한 것│모든 고통에는 숨겨진 교훈이 있다│그녀가 바로 나다│착한 며느리, 나쁜 며느리│가족으로 만난 이유가 있다│배역은 매번 달라진다│남은 나의 거울이다 에필로그 - 나의 뒷모습을 보며 살아라. (shrink)