Results for 'Ruth Kannai'

932 found
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  1.  76
    Modeling the Evolution of Legal Discretion. An Artificial Intelligence Approach.Ruth Kannai, Uri Schild & John Zeleznikow - 2007 - Ratio Juris 20 (4):530-558.
    Much legal research focuses on understanding how judicial decision-makers exercise their discretion. In this paper we examine the notion of legal or judicial discretion, and weaker and stronger forms of discretion. At all times our goal is to build cognitive models of the exercise of discretion, with a view to building computer software to model and primarily support decision-making. We observe that discretionary decision-making can best be modeled using three independent axes: bounded and unbounded, defined and undefined, and binary and (...)
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  2.  79
    Intelligent Computer Evaluation of Offender’s Previous Record.Uri J. Schild & Ruth Kannai - 2005 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 13 (3-4):373-405.
    This paper considers the problem of how to evaluate an offender’s criminal record. This evaluation is part of the sentencing process carried out by a judge, and may be complicated in the case of offenders with a heavy record. We give a comprehensive overview of the approach to an offender’s past record in various (Western) countries, considering the two major approaches: desert-based and utilitarian. The paper describes the determination of the parameters involved in the evaluation, and the construction of a (...)
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  3. Varieties of Meaning: The 2002 Jean Nicod Lectures.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2004 - MIT Press.
    How the various things that are said to have meaning—purpose, natural signs, linguistic signs, perceptions, and thoughts—are related to one another.
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  4. Against relativism: cultural diversity and the search for ethical universals in medicine.Ruth Macklin - 1999 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    This book provides an analysis of the debate surrounding cultural diversity, and attempts to reconcile the seemingly opposing views of "ethical imperialism," the belief that each individual is entitled to fundamental human rights, and cultural relativism, the belief that ethics must be relative to particular cultures and societies. The author examines the role of cultural tradition, often used as a defense against critical ethical judgments. Key issues in health and medicine are explored in the context of cultural diversity: the physician-patient (...)
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  5. Biosemantics.Ruth Millikan - 2007 - In Brian McLaughlin, Ansgar Beckermann & Sven Walter, The Oxford handbook of philosophy of mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
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  6. Bioethics, vulnerability, and protection.Ruth Macklin - 2003 - Bioethics 17 (5-6):472--486.
    What makes individuals, groups, or even entire countries vulnerable? And why is vulnerability a concern in bioethics? A simple answer to both questions is that vulnerable individuals and groups are subject to exploitation, and exploitation is morally wrong. This analysis is limited to two areas. First is the context of multinational research, in which vulnerable people can be exploited even if they are not harmed, and harmed even if they are not exploited. Second is the situation of women, who are (...)
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  7. Neuroscience and teleosemantics.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2020 - Synthese 199 (1-2):2457-2465.
    Correctly understood, teleosemantics is the claim that “representation” is a function term. Things are called “representations” if they have a certain kind of function or telos and perform it in a certain kind of way. This claim is supported with a discussion and proposals about the function of a representation and of how representations perform that function. These proposals have been retrieved by putting together current descriptions from the literature on neural representations with earlier explorations of the features common to (...)
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  8. Varieties of Meaning: The 2002 Jean Nicod Lectures.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2007 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 75 (3):674-681.
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  9. Interpreting quantification.Ruth Barcan Marcus - 1962 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 5 (1-4):252 – 259.
    Alternative readings of quantification are considered. The absence of an unequivocal translation into ordinary speech is noted. Some examples are cited which, in the opinion of the author, are a result of equivocal readings of quantification, or unnecessarily restrictive readings which obscure its primary function.
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  10. Compare and contrast Dretske, Fodor, and Millikan on teleosemantics.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 1990 - Philosophical Topics 18 (2):151-61.
  11. Introducing substance concepts.Ruth G. Millikan - 2000 - In Ruth Garrett Millikan, On Clear and Confused Ideas: An Essay About Substance Concepts. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  12. Biofunctions: Two paradigms.Ruth Millikan - 2002 - In André Ariew, Robert Cummins & Mark Perlman, Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 113-143.
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  13. Extensionality.Ruth Barcan Marcus - 1960 - Mind 69 (273):55-62.
  14.  87
    Meaning and Mental Representation.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 1992 - Philosophical Review 101 (2):422.
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  15. (1 other version)Comment on Artiga’s “Teleosemantics and Pushmi-Pullyu Representations”.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2021 - Erkenntnis 88 (1):1-9.
    “Teleosemantics and Pushmi-Pullyu Representations” (call it “TP-PR,” this journal 2014 79.3, 545–566) argues that core teleosemantics, particularly as defined in Millikan (Language, thought and other biological categories, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1984, J Philos 86(6):281–297, 1989, White queen psychology and other essays for Alice, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1993, Philosophical perspectives, Ridgeview Publishing, Alascadero, 1996, Varieties of meaning, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2004–2008), seems to imply that all descriptive representations are at the same time directive and that directives are at the same time (...)
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  16.  46
    With Commentary.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 1989 - Biology and Philosophy 4 (2):172.
  17. Content and vehicle.Ruth G. Millikan - 1993 - In Spatial Representation. Cambridge: Blackwell. pp. 256–68.
     
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  18.  35
    Aristotle's Modal Syllogisms.Ruth Barcan Marcus & Storrs McCall - 1965 - Philosophical Review 74 (4):539.
  19. The Cambridge companion to William James.Ruth Anna Putnam (ed.) - 1997 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    William James (1842-1910) was both a philosopher and a psychologist, nowadays most closely associated with the pragmatic theory of truth. The essays in this Companion deal with the full range of his thought as well as other issues, including technical philosophical issues, religious speculation, moral philosophy and political controversies of his time. The relationship between James and other philosophers of his time, as well as his brother Henry, are also examined. By placing James in his intellectual landscape the volume will (...)
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  20. Nominalism and the Substitutional Quantifier.Ruth Barcan Marcus - 1978 - The Monist 61 (3):351-362.
    It has been suggested that a substitutional semantics for quantification theory lends itself to nominalistic aims. I should like in this paper to explore that claim.
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  21.  95
    Iterated deontic modalities.Ruth Barcan Marcus - 1966 - Mind 75 (300):580-582.
  22. Dispensing with Possibilia.Ruth Barcan Marcus - 1975 - Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 49:39 - 51.
  23.  91
    (1 other version)Moral science and the concept of persons in Locke.Ruth Mattern - 1980 - Philosophical Review 89 (1):24-45.
  24.  86
    (3 other versions)What has Natural Information to do with Intentional Representation?Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2001 - Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 49:105-125.
    ‘According to informational semantics, if it's necessary that a creature can't distinguish Xs from Ys, it follows that the creature can't have a concept that applies to Xs but not Ys.’ There is, indeed, a form of informational semantics that has this verificationist implication. The original definition of information given in Dretske'sKnowledge and the Flow of Information, when employed as a base for a theory of intentional representation or ‘content,’ has this implication. I will argue that, in fact, most of (...)
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  25. On mentalese orthography.Ruth G. Millikan - 1993 - In Bo Dahlbom, Dennett and His Critics. Cambridge, Mass., USA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  26.  32
    (1 other version)Ethical dimensions in the health professions.Ruth B. Purtilo - 1981 - Philadelphia: Saunders. Edited by Christine K. Cassel.
    The fourth edition of this bestselling title is designed to help you think critically and thoughtfully about ethical decisions you'll face in practice-in any health care discipline. Utilizing a unique 6-step decision making process designed by the author, this multi-disciplinary text provides an expert framework for making effective choices that lead to a professional and caring response to patients and clients.
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  27.  23
    Re-disciplining Academic Careers? Interdisciplinary Practice and Career Development in a Swedish Environmental Sciences Research Center.Ruth Müller & Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner - 2019 - Minerva 57 (4):479-499.
    Interdisciplinarity is often framed as crucial for addressing the complex problems of contemporary society and for achieving new levels of innovation. But while science policy and institutions have provided a variety of incentives for stimulating interdisciplinary work throughout Europe, there is also growing evidence that some aspects of the academic system do not necessarily reward interdisciplinary work. In this study, we explore how mid-career researchers in an environmental science research center in Sweden relate to and handle the distinct forms of (...)
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  28.  46
    Women's History and the Sears Case.Ruth Milkman - 1986 - Feminist Studies 12 (2):375.
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  29.  9
    Habermas, lifelong learning and citizenship education.Ruth Deakin Crick & Clarence Joldersma - 2007 - Studies in Philosophy and Education 26 (2):77-95.
    Citizenship and its education is again gaining importance in many countries. This paper uses England as its primary example to develop a Habermasian perspective on this issue. The statutory requirements for citizenship education in England imply that significant attention be given to the moral and social development of the learner over time, to the active engagement of the learner in community and to the knowledge skills and understanding necessary for political action. This paper sets out a theoretical framework that offers (...)
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  30. Are there mental indexicals and demonstratives?Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2012 - Philosophical Perspectives 26 (1):217-234.
  31.  78
    Seismograph Readings for explaining behavior.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 1990 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (4):807-812.
  32.  24
    Styles of rationality.Ruth Millikan - 2006 - In Susan Hurley & Matthew Nudds, Rational Animals? Oxford University Press.
    By whatever general principles and mechanisms animal behavior is governed, human behavior control rides piggyback on top of the same or very similar mechanisms. We have reflexes. We can be conditioned. The movements that make up our smaller actions are mostly caught up in perception-action cycles following perceived Gibsonian affordances. Still, without doubt there are levels of behavior control that are peculiar to humans. Following Aristotle, tradition has it that what is added in humans is rationality ("rational soul"). Rationality, however, (...)
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  33.  22
    On the Status of the Measurement Problem: Recalling the Relativistic Transactional Interpretation.Ruth Kastner - unknown
    In view of a resurgence of concern about the measurement problem, it is pointed out that the Relativistic Transactional Interpretation remedies issues previously considered as drawbacks or refutations of the original TI. Specifically, once one takes into account relativistic processes that are not representable at the non-relativistic level, absorption is quantitatively defined in unambiguous physical terms. RTI therefore provides a well-defined terminus to what appears to be a necessary infinite regress concerning ‘absorption’ when only the non-relativistic level is considered. In (...)
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  34. Spatial Representation.Ruth G. Millikan - 1993 - Cambridge: Blackwell.
     
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  35.  61
    Ethical challenges in HIV microbicide research: What protections do women need?Ruth Macklin - 2011 - International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 4 (2):124-143.
    Finding an effective method that can lower women’s risk of HIV infection is an ethical imperative. A vaginal microbicide is a preventive method that can be controlled by women. Well-designed scientific research has already yielded modest success, yet more research is needed in order to develop an even better product. But just as research must be scientifically sound, it must also be ethically sound. Ethical challenges in HIV microbicide research include issues of safety and level of efficacy, whether pregnant women (...)
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  36. On unclear and indistinct ideas.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 1994 - Philosophical Perspectives 8:75-100.
  37.  52
    The Sceptical Challenge.Ruth Weintraub - 1996 - New York: Routledge.
    Do we really know the things we think we know? Are any of our beliefs reasonable? Scepticism gives a pessimistic reply to these important epistemological questions - we don't know anything; none of our beliefs are reasonable. But can such a seemingly paradoxical claim be more than an intellectual curiousity? And if it is, can it be refuted? Ruth Weintraub answers yes to both these questions. The sceptical challenge is a formidable one, and should be confronted, not dismissed. The (...)
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  38.  18
    Catholic women and the creation of a new social reality.Ruth A. Wallace - 1988 - Gender and Society 2 (1):24-38.
    This article presents a sociological analysis of the changing role of women in the Catholic church over the past twenty years. The theoretical framework is drawn from The Social Construction of Reality by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. Data are derived from the documents of Vatican II, the revised Code of Canon Law, research from 1965 to the present, and exploratory interviews with Catholic women recently appointed as church administrators. The article concludes with a discussion of future prospects regarding the (...)
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  39. On Meaning, Meaning, and Meaning.Ruth Millikan - 2005 - In Ruth Garrett Millikan, Language: A Biological Model. Oxford, GB: Clarendon Press. pp. 53-76.
     
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  40.  27
    Edward Cocker (1632?–1676) and his Arithmetick: De Morgan demolished.Ruth Wallis - 1997 - Annals of Science 54 (5):507-522.
    Summary Edward Cocker was a well-known writing master and engraver during his lifetime, but is chiefly remembered for his posthumous arithmetic textbook, immortalized in the saying ?According to Cocker?. The book proved popular, being right for its time, and it remained in use for a century. It unexpectedly became the subject of controversy when Augustus De Morgan pronounced it to be the produce of its editor, John Hawkins. Research now shows that there is little doubt that it was really Cocker's (...)
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  41.  17
    The Old Creed and the New. By Don Cupitt.Ruth Walker - 2010 - Heythrop Journal 51 (3):533-534.
  42.  19
    Weak values and consistent histories in quantum theory.Ruth Kastner - 2003 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 35 (1):57-71.
    A relation is obtained between weak values of quantum observables and the consistency criterion for histories of quantum events. It is shown that “strange” weak values for projection operators always correspond to inconsistent families of histories. It is argued that using the ABL rule to obtain probabilities for counterfactual measurements corresponding to those strange weak values gives inconsistent results. This problem is shown to be remedied by using the conditional weight, or pseudo-probability, obtained from the multiple-time application of Lüders’ Rule. (...)
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  43.  71
    Response to Boyd's commentary.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 1999 - Philosophical Studies 95 (1-2):99-102.
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  44.  45
    Logic, methodology, and philosophy of science, VII: proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Salzburg, 1983.Ruth Barcan Marcus, Georg Dorn & Paul Weingartner (eds.) - 1986 - New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co..
    Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science VII.
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  45. Cloning and Public Policy.Ruth Macklin - 2002 - In Justine Burley & John Harris, A Companion to Genethics. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 206-215.
    It seemed like only minutes after a team of Scottish scientists announced, in late February 1997, that they had successfully cloned a sheep, that governmental officials and private citizens throughout the world called for a ban on cloning human beings. The rush to legislate or issue executive orders was so swift, it is reasonable to wonder why the news that a mammal had been cloned ignited such a stampede to prohibit, even criminalize, attempts to clone humans. These events raise a (...)
     
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  46.  87
    Cutting Philosophy of Language Down to Size.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2001 - Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 48:125-140.
    When asked to contribute to this lecture series, my first thought was to talk about philosophy of biology, a new and increasingly influential field in philosophy, surely destined to have great impact in the coming years. But when a preliminary schedule for the series was circulated, I noticed that no one was speaking on language. Given the hegemony of philosophy of language at mid-century, after ‘the linguistic turn’, this seemed to require comment. How did philosophy of language achieve such status (...)
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  47.  88
    Knowing What I'm Thinking Of.Ruth Garrett Millikan & Andrew Woodfield - 1993 - Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 67 (1):91-124.
  48.  71
    Existence proof for a viable externalism.Ruth G. Millikan - 2004 - In Richard Schantz, The Externalist Challenge. De Gruyter.
  49.  4
    Dynamics of Hierarchy in African Thought.Ruth M. Lucier - 1989 - Listening 24 (1):29-40.
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  50. Environmental stewardship and moral choice : Objectivity and tradition reconsidered.Ruth Miller Lucier - 2009 - In Jinfen Yan & David E. Schrader, Creating a Global Dialogue on Value Inquiry: Papers From the Xxii Congress of Philosophy (Rethinking Philosophy Today). Edwin Mellen Press.
     
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