Combining testimonial reports from independent and partially reliable information sources is an important epistemological problem of uncertain reasoning. Within the framework of Dempster–Shafer theory, we propose a general model of partially reliable sources, which includes several previously known results as special cases. The paper reproduces these results on the basis of a comprehensive model taxonomy. This gives a number of new insights and thereby contributes to a better understanding of this important application of reasoning with uncertain and incomplete information.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there emerged a radically new kind of music based on recorded environmental sounds instead of sounds of traditional Western musical instruments. Centered in Paris around the composer, music theorist, engineer, and writer Pierre Schaeffer, this became known as musique concrète because of its use of concrete recorded sound fragments, manifesting a departure from the abstract concepts and representations of Western music notation. Furthermore, the term sound object was used to denote our perceptual images (...) of such fragments. Sound objects and their features became the focus of an extensive research effort on the perception and cognition of music in general, remarkably anticipating topics of more recent music psychology research. This sound object theory makes extensive use of metaphors, often related to motion shapes, something that can provide holistic representations of perceptually salient, but temporally distributed, features in different kinds of music. (shrink)

In a world that has become increasingly dependent upon employee ownership, commitment, and initiative, organizations need leaders who can inspire their␣employees and motivate them individually. Love, forgiveness, and trust are critical values of today’s organization leaders who are committed to maximizing value for organizations while helping organization members to become their best. We explain the importance of love, forgiveness, and trust in the modern organization and identify 10 commonalities of these virtues.

Replication of the main chromosome in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii was recently reported to continue despite deletion of all active replication origins. Equally surprising, the deletion strain grew faster than the parent strain. It was proposed that origin‐less H. volcanii duplicate their chromosomes via recombination‐dependent replication. Here, we recall our present knowledge of this mode of chromosome replication in different organisms. We consider the likelihood that it accounts for the viability of H. volcanii deleted for its main specific replication (...) origins, as well as possible alternative interpretations of the results. The selective advantages of having defined chromosome replication origins are discussed from a functional and evolutionary perspective. (shrink)

As long as he strives, Faust remains caught in the force field of two circles: His pact with Mephistopheles has forced him into a ‘vicious circle’, while Mephistopheles' wager with the Lord has embroiled him in a ‘circle with God’. Having failed in his devilishly hasty attempts to make progress, the literary figure—as a tragic figure of modernity—becomes a philosophical challenge.In this book, the two authors take up this challenge and ask how a life conducted on one's own initiative can (...) succeed. Their discussion on the answer to this question results in three narratives of success that are missing in Goethe's Faust: the joy of life, happiness in love and self-orientation. (shrink)

Population counts and longitude and latitude coordinates were estimated for the 50 largest cities in the United States by computational linguistic techniques and by human participants. The mathematical technique Latent Semantic Analysis applied to newspaper texts produced similarity ratings between the 50 cities that allowed for a multidimensional scaling (MDS) of these cities. MDS coordinates correlated with the actual longitude and latitude of these cities, showing that cities that are located together share similar semantic contexts. This finding was replicated using (...) a first‐order co‐occurrence algorithm. The computational estimates of geographical location as well as population were akin to human estimates. These findings show that language encodes geographical information that language users in turn may use in their understanding of language and the world. (shrink)

According to general relativity, we live in a four-dimensional curved universe. Since the human mind cannot visualize those four dimensions, a popular analogy compares the universe to a two-dimensional rubber sheet distorted by massive objects. This analogy is often used when teaching GR to upper secondary and undergraduate physics students. However, physicists and physics educators criticize the analogy for being inaccurate and for introducing conceptual conflicts. Addressing these criticisms, we analyze the rubber sheet analogy through systematic metaphor analysis of textbooks (...) and research literature, and present an empirical analysis of upper secondary school students’ use and understanding of the analogy. Taking a theoretical perspective of embodied cognition allows us to account for the relationship between the experiential and sensory aspects of the metaphor in relation to the abstract nature of spacetime. We employ methods of metaphor and thematic analysis to study written accounts of small groups of 97 students who worked with a collaborative online learning environment as part of their regular physics lessons in five classes in Norway. Students generated conceptual metaphors found in the literature as well as novel ones that led to different conceptions of gravity than those held by experts in the field. Even though most students showed awareness of some limitations of the analogy, we observed a conflict between students’ embodied understanding of gravity and the abstract description of GR. This conflict might add to the common perception of GR being counterintuitive. In making explicit strengths and weaknesses of the rubber sheet analogy and learners’ conceptual difficulties, our results offer guidance for teaching GR. More generally, these findings contribute to the epistemological implications of employing specific scientific metaphors in classrooms. (shrink)

Silence in organizations refers to a state in which employees refrain from calling attention to issues at work such as illegal or immoral practices or developments that violate personal, moral, or legal standards. While Morrison and Milliken (Acad Manag Rev 25:706–725, 2000) discussed how organizational silence as a top-down organizational level phenomenon can cause employees to remain silent, a bottom-up perspective—that is, how employee motives contribute to the occurrence and maintenance of silence in organizations—has not yet been given much research (...) attention. In this paper, we argue that this perspective is a meaningful complementation of the existing literature and that it is sensible to conceptualize distinct forms of employee silence (Pinder and Harlos, Research in personnel and human resources management. JAI Press, Greenwich, 2001; van Dyne et al., J Manag Stud 40:1359–1392, 2003). Drawing on past research and theory we conceptualize four forms of employee silence, namely quiescent, acquiescent, prosocial, and opportunistic silence. We present scales to assess the four forms and provide empirical tests for their distinctiveness and patterns of relationships to various correlates and potential antecedents and consequences. (shrink)

Which theories of Leibniz are still valid after post-modern critique? Using various methods, this work considers a new interpretation and views Leibniz's work from a different perspective. As such, the authors reconstruct Leibniz's viewpoints on tolerance and truth in light of his position and the influence of church politics. Furthermore, his strategy of differentiation between animal and human will be analyzed on its usefulness to current debate. Leibniz's theory of perception will also be contrasted to comparable theories of today. The (...) usual interpretations of his metaphysics based on substance will here be contrasted by a nature-based interpretation. German text. (shrink)

Foucaults Werk hat nicht nur die Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften entscheidend beeinflusst. Das Handbuch gibt einen systematischen Überblick über Foucaults Leben und Werk. Es stellt die Kontexte dar, aus denen heraus seine Werke entstanden sind und erklärt Grundbegriffe des Foucault‘schen Denkens wie Archiv, Biopolitik, Diskurs, Dispositiv, Genealogie, Körper und Macht. Mit einem umfangreichen Kapitel zur Rezeption in den verschiedenen Disziplinen. Für die 2. Auflage wurde das Handbuch durchgesehen und aktualisiert sowie um neue Artikel zu Foucaults journalistischen und medizingeschichtlichen Arbeiten sowie zu (...) seinen Vorlesungen über das Wahrsprechen und zur Ödipus-Thematik erweitert. Außerdem setzt sich ein Beitrag ausführlich mit dem 2018 posthum erschienenen vierten Band der Geschichte der Sexualität auseinander. (shrink)

Gibt es einen spezifisch "linken" Kitsch in Abgrenzung zu politisch "rechtem"? Dieser vernachlässigten, für das Verständnis "linken Denkens" seit der Französischen Revolution aber wichtigen Frage gehen die Beiträge dieses Bandes nach.0Gezeigt wird, dass "linkes" Denken aus ganz anderen Gründen kitschanfällig ist als sein "rechtes" Pendant, auch wenn die Pathosformeln sich mitunter frappierend ähneln. Denn während rechte Ideologien den Veränderungsdruck der Moderne kompensieren, streben linke eher danach, ihn nach dem Motto "Mehr desselben" zu überbieten. Dieses Phänomen »linker Kitsch± nimmt der Band (...) in historischer und theoretischer Hinsicht anhand von sprachlichen, bildlichen und filmischen Beispielen in den Blick, sodass es in seinem konstitutiv transmedialen Charakter zur Geltung kommt. (shrink)

Schule und Hochschule sind als als dispositive Ordnung in diversen Texten thematisiert worden, etwa bei Michel Foucault und Michel Serres zum Spannungsfeld von Unterwerfung und Selbstbestimmung. Die performative Beschreibung der Schulsituation durch Elise v. Bernstorff ermöglicht dabei eine neue Perspektive auf das Dispositiv von Klang und Zeit, der hier nachgegangen wird.

This book examines the presence of idealism in modern philosophy from the seventeenth century to the turn of the twenty-first. We define idealism proper as the position that reality is ultimately mental or conceptual in nature, to be contrasted to materialism or physicalism. So defined, idealism has hardly been a popular view, at least in the twentieth century. But we distinguish between metaphysical and epistemological arguments for idealism, and argue that while the former have rarely been popular, the latter are (...) so, and present in many philosophers who would hardly call themselves idealists. We conclude that metaphysical arguments in favor of a reduction of all reality to either mind or matter are highly questionable, because we have no reason to believe that we have arrived at an adequate understanding of either. However, epistemological arguments in favor of idealism that point to some version of conceptual idealism or other are indeed difficult to avoid. (shrink)

Am Leitfaden von Immanenz und Differenz als den beiden zentralen Begriffen, die Lebensphanomenologie und Postmoderne seit den 1960er Jahren charakterisieren, erfolgt in der vorliegenden Untersuchung ein kritisches Gesprach zwischen Dekonstruktion und radikaler Phanomenologie. Im Ausgang von Husserl und Heidegger als Umbruch des Denkens in der Moderne werden die Weiterentwicklungen bei den postmodernen Autoren wie Bataille, Merleau-Ponty, Levinas, Deleuze, Lacan, Lyotard, Baudrillard, Foucault sowie Derrida und Nancy aufgegriffen und diskutiert. Ihre entsprechenden Affinitaten zur Lebensphanomenologie als einer Dekonstruktion der Metaphysik der Vorstellung (...) bei Henry fuhren zur besonderen thematischen Berucksichtigung von Leiblichkeit, Intensitat, Begehren und jouissance. Dabei wird ebenfalls die postmoderne Wissens- und Machtkritik im Zusammenhang mit Diskurs und Sprache behandelt, um eine ethisch-asthetische Zukunft in Kultur und Gesellschaft in den Blick zu bekommen, welche auch die neuere normorientierte Post-Postmoderne nicht ignorieren kann. (shrink)

Die Frage nach dem Ursprung des Bosen beschaftigt den Menschen seit Jahrhunderten. Eine Losung suchen dualistische Ansatze, indem sie dem guten Schopfergott ein boses Prinzip an die Seite stellen. Schon Augustinus setzte sich in seinen Schriften kritisch damit auseinander. Im Mittelalter erfreuten sich dualistische Sekten erneut grosser Beliebtheit. Die intellektuelle Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Lehre war eines der Motive fur die Grundung des Dominikanerordens. Vor dem Hintergrund der antiken und mittelalterlichen Dualismuskritik zeichnet sich der Ansatz Alberts des Grossen durch eine wesentlich (...) differenziertere Argumentation aus. Mit Aristoteles kann er die Grundlage von Gegensatzen praziser bestimmen und so nachweisen, dass Gegensatze nicht erste Prinzipien sind, sondern erst in Dingen auftreten, die schon existieren. (shrink)

Because of their elementary significance in almost all fields of science, measures of association between two variables or traits are abundant and multiform. One aspect of association that is of considerable interest, especially in population genetics and ecology, seems to be widely ignored. This aspect concerns association between complex traits that show variable and arbitrarily defined state differences. Among such traits are genetic characters controlled by many and potentially polyploid loci, species characteristics, and environmental variables, all of which may be (...) mutually and asymmetrically associated. A concept of directed association of one trait with another is developed here that relies solely on difference measures between the states of a trait. Associations are considered at three levels: between individual states of two variables, between an individual state of one variable and the totality of the other variable, and between two variables. Relations to known concepts of association are identified. In particular, measures at the latter two levels turn out to be interpretable as measures of differentiation. Examples are given for areas of application (search for functional relationships, distribution of variation over populations, genomic associations, spatiogenetic structure). (shrink)

The use of figurate numbers (e. g. in the context of elementary number theory) can be considered a heuristic in the field of problem solving or proving. In this paper, we want to discuss this heuristic from the perspectives of the semiotic theory of Peirce (“diagrammatic reasoning” and “collateral knowledge”) and cognitive psychology (“schema theory” and “Gestalt psychology”). We will make use of several results taken from our research to illustrate first-year students’ problems when dealing with figurate numbers in the (...) context of proving. The considerations taken from both theoretical perspectives will help to partly explain such phenomena. It will be shown that the use of figurate numbers must not be considered to be any kind of help for learners or some way of ‘easy’ mathematics. Working in this representational system has to be learned and practiced as another kind of knowledge is necessary for working with figurate numbers. The named findings also touch upon the concept of ‘proofs that explain’. Finally, we will highlight some implications for teaching and point to a number of demands for future research. (shrink)

Frauen sind ängstlich, Männer sollen mutig sein. Bei dieser Behauptung handelt es sich zwar nicht um ein wörtliches Zitat von Kant, doch gibt sie seine Auffassung recht genau wieder. Und sie kann in gewisser Weise als geradezu paradigmatisch für die Geschlechterspezifik von Emotionen stehen, so wie Kant sie sieht. Nun ließe sich einwenden, bei Ängstlichkeit und Mut handele es sich nicht um Emotionen, sondern um Charaktereigenschaften. Das soll natürlich nicht bestritten werden. Doch sind sie ebenso wie zahlreiche andere, etwa die (...) Schamhaftigkeit, eng mit den entsprechenden Emotionen verbunden: sich ängstigen, sich schämen. Zudem benutzt Kant des Öfteren den die Charaktereigenschaft bezeichnenden Ausdruck, meint aber das Gefühl. Das ist insbesondere in von ihm selbst nicht publizierten Notizen, etwa den Reflexionen der Fall. Das gleiche gilt für die von Studierenden eilig mitgeschriebenen Vorlesungen, die oft nur in Form weiterer Nachschriften vorliegen. Hierzu ist anzumerken, dass sowohl Kants Notizen oder den Reflexionen finden) als auch die Mit- und Nachschriften der Vorlesungen seine Auffassung möglicherweise in geringerer Authentizität wiedergeben als die von ihm selbst publizierten Schriften. Das wird an Ort und Stelle nicht jeweils eigens erwähnt, sondern ist stets mitgedacht. Denn ich werde zur Untersuchung der Geschlechterspezifik von Emotionen bei Kant wiederholt sowohl auf die Bemerkungen und Reflexionen als auch auf Vorlesungsnachschriften zurückgreifen müssen, sind sie doch weitaus ergiebig als seine Schriften, von denen nur die Beobachtungen und die Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht ausführliche Überlegungen zu unserem Thema enthalten. (shrink)

Part of the book is based on lectures given by the author in 1982 at Universiteat zu Keoln and 1983-1984 at Freie Universiteat Berlin.

Der Band enthält die drei bislang unveröffentlichten "Krisenhefte" von Marx mit Exzerpten, Zeitungsausschnitten und Notizen, die 1857/1858 während der ersten Weltwirtschaftskrise entstanden sind. Die Materialsammlung dokumentiert Marx’ empirische Untersuchung dieser Krise, die er mit der Zusammenstellung und Systematisierung von Artikeln, Angaben und Kommentaren aus führenden Zeitungen wie "The Times", "The Morning Star", "The Standard", "The Manchester Guardian" und "The Economist" durchführte. In den Auszügen werden Wirtschafts- und Finanzfragen in den europäischen Ländern sowie den USA, China, Indien, Ägypten, Australien und Brasilien (...) behandelt, der Finanz- und Warenmarkt untersucht, sowie Daten zu Konkursen, Arbeitslosigkeit, Kurzarbeit, Lohnentwicklung und Arbeitskämpfen festgehalten. Die Krisenhefte stehen in engem Zusammenhang mit Marx’ "Grundrissen der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie", seinen Artikeln für die "New-York Tribune" und Debatten mit Engels, in denen allesamt die Krise 1857/58 analysiert wird. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment &Responsibility, EarlyView.

- This book pursues an in-depth discussion between Eckhart's mysticism and Henry’s radical or material phenomenology of life.