The long-enduring coding metaphor is deemed problematic because it imbues correlational evidence with causal power. In neuroscience, most research is correlational or conditionally correlational; this research, in aggregate, informs causal inference. Rather than prescribing semantics used in correlational studies, it would be useful for neuroscientists to focus on a constructive syntax to guide principled causal inference.

_In this symposium, Roberto A. Carleo III, Gregory Doukas and Imogen M. Sullivan think alongside Carlos Alberto Sánchez about the contingency of human existence as it is understood in Mexican existentialism. They ask: Should the notion of a metaphysical substance be discarded altogether due to its misuse in the history of European philosophy? Or are there philosophical reasons to avoid ontological uncertainty by, for example, postulating the notion of a non-discrete substance? And if attempts to define human substantiality merely (...) seek to defy this accidentality, should scholars with deviant identities deliberately engage in a wandering beyond dominant frameworks to evade the material and hermeneutical hostility of these frameworks? How should they work alongside others to best take up their responsibility? In his reply, Sánchez considers what the project of accidentalization would imply for each of these carefully-crafted interventions._. (shrink)

O presente artigo está dedicado ao estudo da modificação das condições económicas, sociais e culturais próprias à época do capitalismo globalizado e da pósmodernidade cultural. Esta é uma época em que predomina a incerteza, a velocidade e a falta de estabilidade da consciência. Assim, o artigo pretende mostrar de que modo estes factores exerceram e exercem ainda um forte impacto na conformação actual das Ciências Sociais, salientando-se sobretudo até que ponto, precisamente na medida em que a teoria dá forma às (...) condições sociais nas quais se produz (Sohn Rethel), as novas condições sociais e culturais obstaculizam as possibilidades de abstracção e de sistematicidade. O resultado é que à complexiftcação do objecto "sociedade" se agregou o abrandamento do sujeito epistémico que a estuda, resultando daí em particular uma perda de vigência epistemolôgica da noção de totalidade, bem como uma crescente falta de rigor epistémico e metodológico, para já não falar da perda de capacitação para a crítica no âmbito ideológico. Segundo o autor do artigo, tudo isto está particularmente explícito quer no apogeu dos cultural studies quer no uso indiscriminado do textualismo e do pós-estruturalismo. /// The present article starts with an exposition of the modification in economic, social and cultural conditions operated with the advent of globalized capitalism and cultural post-modernity. It is stressed that the present time constitutes an epoch in which predominates uncertainty, velocity and the lack of stability in consciousness. But the crucial point is that all this had a strong impact in the epistemic form assumed by the Social Sciences. Hence, assuming that theory gives form to the social conditions in which it is produced (Sohn Rethel), the article shows how the new social and cultural conditions constitute an obstacle for the possibilities of abstraction and systematicity. Indeed, the result of all this is that the growing complexity of the object "society" has been followed by a softening of the epistemic subject that studies it. And the consequence is not only a loss of the epistemic pertinence of the notion of totality, but also a loss of epistemic and methodological rigor, not to mention the loss of a critical standing in the sphere of the ideological. The author of the article sees a proof of all this in the apogee of cultural studies as well as in the indiscriminate use oftextualism and post-structuralism. (shrink)

The persistent educational challenges that fractions pose call for developing novel instructional methods to better prepare students for fraction learning. Here, we examined the effects of a 24-session, Cuisenaire rod intervention on a building block for symbolic fraction knowledge, continuous and discrete non-symbolic proportional reasoning, in children who have yet to receive fraction instruction. Participants were 34 second-graders who attended the intervention (intervention group) and 15 children who did not participate in any sessions (control group). As attendance at the intervention (...) sessions was irregular (median = 15.6 sessions, range = 1–24), we specifically examined the effect of the number of sessions completed on their non-symbolic proportional reasoning. Our results showed that children who attended a larger number of sessions increased their ability to compare non-symbolic continuous proportions. However, contrary to our expectations, they also decreased their ability to compare misleading discretized proportions. In contrast, children in the Control group did not show any change in their performance. These results provide further evidence on the malleability of non-symbolic continuous proportional reasoning and highlight the rigidity of counting knowledge interference on discrete proportional reasoning. (shrink)

Inception module is one of the most used variants in convolutional neural networks. It has a large portfolio of success cases in computer vision. In the past years, diverse inception flavours, differing in the number of branches, the size and the number of the kernels, have appeared in the scientific literature. They are proposed based on the expertise of the practitioners without any optimization process. In this work, an implementation of population-based incremental learning is proposed for automatic optimization of the (...) hyperparameters of the inception module. This hyperparameters optimization undertakes classification of the MNIST database of handwritten digit images. This problem is widely used as a benchmark in classification, and therefore, the learned best configurations for the Inception module will be of wide use in the deep learning community. In order to reduce the carbon footprint of the optimization process, policies for reducing the redundant evaluations have been undertaken. As a consequence of this work, an evaluation of configurations of the inception module and a mechanism for optimizing hyperparameters in deep learning architectures are stated. (shrink)

In this article, we extend the well-known ‘agreeing-to-disagree’ and ‘no-trade’ results from economics and game theory to international relations. We show that two rational countries should never agree to go to war when war is inefficient and when rationality is common knowledge. We argue that this result might provide one possible explanation for the empirical finding, often referred to as the ‘democratic peace’, that modern democracies rarely go to war with one another. We propose that the informational properties of pluralistic (...) institutions (as opposed to oligarchies or dictatorships) lead to better decision-making by democracies and that democracies are therefore more likely to be the rational actors necessary for the ‘no-war’ result. We discuss empirical evidence in support of this proposition. (shrink)

This study explored a dimensional approach to vocal expression of emotion. Actors vocally portrayed emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness) with weak and strong emotion intensity. Listeners (30 university students and 6 speech experts) rated each portrayal on four emotion dimensions (activation, valence, potency, emotion intensity). The portrayals were also acoustically analysed with respect to 20 vocal cues (e.g., speech rate, voice intensity, fundamental frequency, spectral energy distribution). The results showed that: (a) there were distinct patterns of ratings of activation, (...) valence, and potency for the different emotions; (b) all four emotion dimensions were correlated with several vocal cues; (c) listeners' ratings could be successfully predicted from the vocal cues for all dimensions except valence; and (d) the intensity dimension was positively correlated with the activation dimension in the listeners' ratings. (shrink)

The putative Pueyo’s vaccine was a commercial venture that obtained marketing authorization in 1946, a turbulent period of Argentine history. After a few months, health authorities withdrew financial support from the state to buy the vaccine and required patients to sign a written consent to receive that product. An independent investigation did not find any evidence of benefit in non-clinical and clinical evaluation of the putative vaccine.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo es acercarnos no ya en clave epistemológica a la pregunta específica que se realiza respecto de la teoría literaria, sino por el contrario, a la pregunta mediada por la idea de verdad que la filosofía le ha hecho a la literatura. Creemos que en los textos de Platón existe una intuición fundamental que de manera implícita ha puesto en marcha múltiples aparatos teóricos que intentaron dar cuenta de la literatura. La intuición, sin dilaciones, es (...) la siguiente: la poesía no es matemática. Nuestro interés entonces es reconocer las periferias del diálogo inaugurado por Platón entre el concepto de verdad y la idea de literatura, como así también sus recíprocas determinaciones, y su pregnancia en los discursos que han abordado a la literatura en clave teórica.: In the present work the objective is not only to approach in an epistemological key to the specific question asked by literary theory but rather the question, mediated by the idea of truth, that philosophy has done to literature. We believe that in Plato's texts there is a fundamental intuition that implicitly has set in motion multiple theoretical devices that tried to account for literature. The intuition, without delay, is the following: poetry is not mathematical. Our interest then is to recognize the peripheries of the dialogue inaugurated by Plato between the concept of truth and the idea of literature, as well as their reciprocal determinations, and their pregnancy in the discourses that have addressed literature in a theoretical key. (shrink)

We discuss the possible breakdown of Lorentz invariance—at distances greater than the Planck length—from both the theoretical and the phenomenological point of view. The theoretical tool to deal with such a problem is provided by a “deformation” of the Minkowski metric, with parameters dependent on the energy of the physical system considered. Such a deformed metric realizes, for any interaction, the “solidarity principle” between interactions and spacetime geometry (usually assumed for gravitation), according to which the peculiar features of every interaction (...) determine—locally—its own spacetinie structure. The generalized theory of relativity, based on the locally deformed Minkowski spacetime, is called “deformed special relativity” (DSR). In the first part of the paper, we give the foundations and the basic laws of DSR. In the second part, we analyze some experimental data, which admit an interpretation in terms of the DSR formalism and are, therefore, candidates for displaying a breakdown of the Lorentz symmetry. They are (i) the superluminal propagation of evanescent electromagnetic waves in waveguides, (ii) the meanlife of the KS 0, (iii) the Bose-Einstein correlation in pion production and (iv) the comparison of clock rates in the gravitational field of Earth. Such analysis provides us with the explicit forms of the related deformed metrics as functions of the energy, thus putting in evidence, in all four cases (and therefore for all four fundamental interactions), departures from the usual Minkowski metric. This preliminary evidence for a broken Lorentz invariance may be regarded as the signature of possible nonlocal effects involved in the processes examined. Moreover, the corresponding deformed metrics obtained by our analysis provide an effective dynamical description of the interactions (at least in the energy range considered). (shrink)

The purpose of this study is to determine the psychological meaning of coauthorship for a group of scientists, based on the assumption that the meaning of a concept is related to experience on “how a person behaves in a situation, depending on what the situation signifies to him”. The semantic meaning provides for an interpretation of action in beliefs, goals and intentions, following the idea that semantic meaning is a basis for inferring intentions to perform action. We used the Natural (...) Semantic Networks Method. We interviewed 162 scientists in the physical and natural sciences. Results show a cluster of the semantic meaning of coauthorship in which collaboration, teamwork, work, common interest, discussion and others, are retrieved from memory and represented as a natural semantic network of the concept of coauthorship. Collaboration and teamwork are the two concepts that have the highest semantic value and this holds true for various disciplines although teamwork is the most elicited word associated to coauthorship. We propose a model in which coauthorship represents the result of the experience, attitudes and behavior of a group process concerning collaboration and teamwork in science. (shrink)

_Os Conceitos Fundamentais da Filosofia Aristotélica_, escrito em 1924, é o único texto de Heidegger inteiramente dedicado à Retórica. Por esse motivo, ele se mostra como sendo um documento exemplar que exprime o entrelaçamento entre linguagem e comunidade no período da hermenêutica da facticidade. Aproximações e diferenciações em relação às concepções apresentadas na ontologia fundamental de _Ser e tempo_ tornam possível compreender a singularidade desses conceitos em 1924. O artigo explora sobretudo a implicação dos modos discursivos do falar e do (...) ouvir na formação de um elo comunitário. (shrink)

This essay discusses political disorientation and what I define as a legibility crisis ushered in by the election of Donald Trump in 2016. After defining these concepts, it provides evidence for them and fleshes out how they were expressed in prophecies about Trump in white evangelical communities. A legibility crisis is the realization that some fundamental aspects of the symbolic domain (language, civic values, political practices, and institutions) are no longer binding or recognizable. There is a loss of touch with (...) what was once expected political conduct, but this loss gravitates toward something that is not fully graspable in its conceptual and emotional dimensions. In examining political disorientation, I refer to a three-dimensional condition encompassing the personal, the institutional, and the analytical. This disorientation challenges our expectations about institutional norms and forces us to realize that the respectability and legitimacy of those institutions have been hollowed out. This essay will also address the culture of prophecy in some evangelical groups and how prophetic utterances shape these groups’ understanding of the American Constitution and political reality. (shrink)

Octavio Paz: Ontology and Surrealism discusses poet Octavio Paz (1914-1998), one of Mexico's most controversial intellectuals. Over several decades, Paz has been celebrated for his impact on literature and culture as a poet as well as an essayist, and he is recognized as a great thinker and as a student of German ontology and phenomenology. Roberto Sanchez Benitez analyzes in detail Paz's training within the European philosophical thinking of the twentieth century, as well as in the artistic avant-garde, to (...) illustrate the way in which philosophical, anthropological, linguistic, sociological, literary, and artistic proposals enriched his work and Mexican culture during the post-revolutionary period. Sanchez Benitez posits that Paz moved from a phenomenological ontology to a historicism of the human condition, wherein morality, politics, and the arts all reside in an ideological context where dogmatisms where impose in the face of a lack of internal criticism. This book explores the themes of the poetic act that Paz associated with his ontological and surrealist readings, leading up to when they were transformed by his experience in India and the assimilation of Eastern philosophies, along with going through a set of Western proposals relating to love, eroticism, and art. Scholars of literature, philosophy, Latin American Studies, and history will find this book particularly useful. (shrink)

La interpretaci¢n del derecho tiene un car cter constitutivo -y no meramente declarativo- y consiste en la producci¢n por el int‚rprete (a partir de textos normativos y de los hechos relativos a un caso determinado) de normas jur¡dicas ...

Nesse texto, pretendemos indicar uma via alternativa para a leitura e compreensão da Fenomenologia do espírito de Hegel. Em relação à leitura antropológico-existencial de Alexandre Kojève e Jean Hyppolite, concordamos com Adorno que a Fenomenologia não é uma história arquetípica do humano em direção ao filósofo, nem trata da passagem de uma consciência comum não filosófica à consciência-de-si filosófica. O objeto dela seria a própria filosofia. Mas não a filosofia em geral e sim a filosofia tal como o idealismo alemão (...) a concebe. (shrink)

Open Innovation (OI) allows companies to develop innovative solutions more effectively, with lower costs and risks. The economic benefits of OI have been thoroughly investigated in prior research. More recent literature suggests that OI can help companies also improve their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) performance. Contributions on how open innovation can help companies improve their CSR performance, however, are fragmented and lack strong theoretical foundations. In this study, we perform a systematic literature review to synthesize the main findings and provide (...) a theoretical framework to explain how companies can simultaneously improve OI and CSR through the management of relationships with stakeholders. The framework is then used to investigate how OI projects favour the achievement of CSR objectives, by referencing the 17 United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Results show that the stakeholders' theory can be used to explain the connection between OI and CSR performance. We also find that companies can collaborate with different stakeholders' categories to achieve a variety of CSR goals. We suggest that companies adopt a long-term perspective and explicitly include sustainability objectives in their open innovation strategy to enhance their position as reliable partners and elicit favourable responses from the environment. Results also allow us to provide some suggestions for future research. First, we point out that literature currently lacks conceptual studies to help formalize the connection between OI and CSR. Secondly, we observe that the influence of some stakeholders' categories, such as governments and research organizations, on companies' OI and CSR efforts remains under-investigated. (shrink)

Problems of distributive justice throughout the lifespan are not new. Yet, the increased aging rate of contemporary societies and an array of new life‐extending technologies (LETs) make these problems more and more urgent and complicated. This chapter analyzes the moral and political impact of the LET. There are three kinds of “intergenerational” justice: justice between non‐coexisting generations, justice between partially co‐existing generations, and justice between coexisting generations. The advantage of considering LETs in the light of justice between age groups is (...) that we can assume a complete‐life view. LETs significantly modify the duration and the features of each stage of life. A consideration of the specific needs and features of each stage of life in a lifespan‐enhanced society is needed to regulate policies and offer fair equality of opportunity to each age group. (shrink)

Partindo do princípio judaico-cristão de que Deus, ser único, mediante um ato livre de amor, criou todas as coisas a partir do nada (criação ex nihilo), Santo Agostinho defende que no universo físico, criado e governado por Deus, não há espaço para a desordem ou imperfeição (o mal), mas que a natureza é perfeitamente ordenada e harmoniosa, não havendo senão o bem, de forma que em Agostinho, existir, ser e bem são sinônimos. Já o suposto mal físico, ou a imperfeição (...) no universo, não passa de uma ausência ou privação do bem, que acontece não como ser, mas como não ser. (shrink)

The pattern of universality and redemption capsizes in the realm of politics. This chapter discusses the relationship of hermeneutics and politics in light of several moments in Western culture and philosophy. It bases this inquiry on Hans‐Georg Gadamer's ideas of hermeneutics, and begins with a discussion of his ontological commitments in order to assess their bearing on the question of politics. Gadamer sees agreement as the ontological outcome of conversations because it is antecedent to the conversation as well as its (...) only goal. Tradition is the source of questions, the tribunal that stipulates the criteria that will validate claims. If we accept that power and the concepts it uses possess both the weight of a dominant reasoning and its criteria to validate claims, then the characterization of politics carries with it the question of tradition and all its potentialities and concomitant problems. (shrink)

An examination of the "mapness of maps" authored by a philosopher and cognitive scientist well known for his work on spatial representation.

Este artículo es parte de un proyecto mayor el cual busca usar conceptos de teoría de sistemas, complejidad y cibernética para poder crear modelos de comportamiento jurídico que puedan ser sujetos a modelaje y simulaciones computacionales, haciendo con ello que teoría y práctica sean más fáciles de interrelacionar. Debido a problemas de espacio, dos modelos del derecho serán ofrecidos al lector: uno sobre cómo es creado el conocimiento del derecho, la justicia, el Estado del derecho y cómo circula y otro (...) sobre qué son las normas, cómo se implementan y quiénes son sus sujetos. El trabajo que se ofrece en este estudio se correlaciona con el enfoque socio-empírico del Law and Society. Concluyo que teoría y práctica tiene una relación recursiva: la teoría sin referente práctico es ficción y práctica sin teoría es un desarrollo a ciegas; el modelaje a computadora es una forma de mejorar la relación complementaria que ambas deben tener. (shrink)

Este trabajo consta de dos partes. En la primera, se intentará explicar la preponderancia global de las corporaciones a la luz de un proceso de reinterpretación permanente que realizarían ellas del concepto de utilidad empresarial. Se pondrá en evidencia esto a partir de una serie de acciones que las corporaciones emprenden y que dan cuenta, en última instancia, del ejercicio de una doctrina de la “alteridad tecnológica”. En la segunda parte, se irá deduciendo cómo es que se da esta doctrina (...) hipotética, apelando a la noción de “funcionalidad tecnológica” y al sesgo cognitivo denominado “fijación funcional”. (shrink)

Este artigo relê a sequência da guerra na Segunda Jornada da minissérie Hoje é dia de Maria, produzida pela Rede Globo, em 2005. Nessa sequência, a cidade em que está a menina Maria é abalada pela catástrofe do despertar de um gigante, que passa a destruir tudo, amparado por forças militarizadas, simbolizando o que se pode denominar como um aspecto de Necropolítica, ativada pela pulsão de morte freudiana, construindo-se, daí, uma visão distópica de mundo.

Socio-economic status and mathematical performance seem to be risk factors of mathematics anxiety in both children and adults. However, there is little evidence about how exactly these three constructs are related, especially during early stages of mathematical learning. In the present study, we assessed longitudinal performance in symbolic and non-symbolic basic numerical skills in pre-school and second grade students, as well as MA in second grade students. Participants were 451 children from 12 schools in Chile, which differed in school vulnerability (...) index, an indicator of SES. We tested an explanatory model of MA that included SES and longitudinal performance in basic numerical skills as predictors. The results showed a direct effect of SES on MA and a mediating effect of performance in symbolic and non-symbolic comparison tasks in pre-school. However, in second grade, only performance in symbolic comparison significantly mediated the SES-MA relationship. These findings suggest that performance in non-symbolic comparison plays an important role in explaining MA at initial stages, but that its influence is no longer significant by the time children reach formal instruction in second grade. By contrast, as children’s formal educational experience in mathematics increases, MA becomes linked primarily to symbolic numerical tasks. In sum, SES affects MA and this is due in part to the effect of SES on the development of numerical learning in pre-school, which in turn has an impact on subsequent, more complex learning, ultimately leading to differences in MA. We discuss the implications of these findings for preventing and acting upon the emergence of MA. (shrink)