Althusser’s Machiavelli and Us has often been considered as the French Marxist’s first step on the path beyond Marxism. This article opposes this interpretation by showing that, while Machiavelli helps Althusser to renounce any attempt to deduce a communist political practice from the necessity portrayed by a theory of history, Althusser was mindful not to identify the relationship between the communist party and the masses with the relationship between the Prince and the people. From a Marxist perspective, a communist political (...) practice must further the autonomous political initiatives of the masses that delineate a tendency towards the withering-away of the state and cannot merge with a practice of governing the people. This is why Marxism must not forsake its theory of history but employ it in the process of the subtraction of the party to its becoming-state by detecting the conditions of impossibility of the duration of a communist political practice. (shrink)

Within Germany, Carl Schmitt's status as a political thinker is on a par with Machiavelli and Hobbes. With the rise in neo-conservatism and authoritarian liberalism in less developed countries such as Chile and Singapore, Renato Christi believes Schmitt's theories will become of considerable importance. Nazi Third Reich. His political theories provide an insight into the nature of Conservatism. well as extrapolate possibilities for the future.

This article highlights the impasses of anti-racist struggles that understand racism as an opinion or a prejudice and use education as their only means for addressing it. Racism should rather be understood as a socio-historical subjective structure rooted in the process of constitution of the division of labour on a global scale through colonialism, a process that was crucial to the institution of capitalism. This is why we will put forth the importance of rejecting the narrations that camouflage colonization with (...) the idea of civilization, and the necessity to produce decolonial counter-histories. We will thus claim that such an endeavor should start from the struggles of racialized peoples against the different forms of coloniality—that is, from the refusal by racialized peoples of the representations that are imposed on them, and from their repositioning on the basis of their alterity. Only the position of a powerful alterity can in fact make possible a real equality.Cet article met en évidence les impasses des luttes antiracistes qui conçoivent le racisme comme une opinion ou un préjugé et utilisent l’éducation comme le seul moyen d’y remédier. Le racisme devrait plutôt être compris comme une structure socio-historique subjective qui s’enracine dans le procès de constitution de la division mondiale du travail par le colonialisme, un procès qui a été décisif pour l’institution du capitalisme. C’est pourquoi nous mettrons en avant le caractère problématique des récits qui recouvrent la colonisation de l’idée de civilisation et la nécessité de produire des contre-histoires décoloniales. Il s’agira alors de montrer que, pour ce faire, il faut partir des luttes des racisés contre les différentes formes de colonialité—c’est-à-dire du refus par les racisés des représentations qui leur sont adressées et de leur repositionnement à partir de leur altérité. Seule la position d’une altérité puissante peut, en effet, rendre possible une égalité réelle. (shrink)

In [3], O. C. García and W. Taylor make an in depth study of the lattice of interpretability types of varieties first introduced by W. Neumann [5]. In this lattice several varieties are identified so in order to distinguish them and understand the fine structure of the lattice, we propose the study of the interpretations between them, in particular, how many there are and what these are. We prove, among other things, that there are eight interpretations from the variety of (...) Monadic algebras into itself. (shrink)

In order to understand how the logic of public management can enrich humanistic management’s practices, the current paper will analyze the managerial practices adopted by public administrations within a situation of emergency, a condition where the specific features of the public management can emerge more clearly. Specifically, it will focus on the ways in which the municipality of Bergamo (one of the hardest-hit cities) have reacted to the Covid-19 pandemic, outlining interesting managerial practices especially from the point of view of (...) Humanistic Management’s theory. Such interest resides also in the fact that although the Humanistic Management’s field of research has dealt with a wide range of topics (including human development, emancipation and progress), so far, however, it has not yet considered public administrations, whose role is by definition oriented towards human development through the creation of public value. The analysis of public management through the lens of Humanistic Management can be useful in various respects. Above all, the difference between public administrations and private enterprises can also lead to a very much different process of value creation, based on collaborative forms of production as well as relational and reflexive forms of management. In accordance with the Humanistic Management framework, also business organizations must generate social wellbeing. From this point of view, the lesson of public administrations can be extremely useful for business organization and management alike. (shrink)

This article aims to interpret the Althusserian critique of ideology in order to put forth the mechanisms at work within the relation of belief that constitutes every ideology and to insist on its practical consequences on the relation between the intellectual and the masses. To do so, we will draw upon Althusser’s review of humanism, upon his commentaries of the work of Montesquieu and Rousseau, and upon his conception of ideology in the article from 1970 on ‘Ideology and Ideological State (...) Apparatuses’ and in other texts of the same period. By focusing on an analysis of the functioning of belief within the three cardinal forms of ideology, we will highlight the importance of putting into place a social critique attentive to the repetition of the relations of belief with regard to enabling truly transformative actions. (shrink)

Este trabalho é uma continuação da pesquisa anterior apresentada no MES 11 (Marcone & Bortolucci, 2021), onde buscávamos entender o papel do ledor (leitor), pessoa que lê o teste para o deficiente visual durante uma avaliação. O trabalho realizado desde então e até o segundo semestre de 2022, seguindo as conclusões tiradas em nosso trabalho anterior, foi focado no estudo, compreensão e sistematização do processo de adaptação de itens, aqueles relacionados à matemática como desenhos, tabelas, gráficos, enunciados e tudo relacionado (...) à elaboração de questões de matemática, e à atividade do ledor de teste de matemática. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com três profissionais diretamente vinculados a esse tipo de atividade, com ampla experiência na atividade de adaptação de testes matemáticos, além da análise de referenciais teóricos sobre o tema. Apresentaremos os principais pontos abordados em cada entrevista, como a necessidade de o processo de adaptação do teste ocorrer simultaneamente à construção do teste, para que as intervenções necessárias possam ocorrer antes da montagem do teste ser concluída, seguido de uma discussão, com conclusões mostrando o quão importante é descrever uma imagem adequadamente, com o mínimo de informações, para que o candidato possa realizar o teste no tempo que tiver. Esta pesquisa foi avaliada por um comitê de ética independente e autorizada a ser realizada. (shrink)

Heidegger holds that our age is dominated by the ambition of reason to possess the world. And he sees in Leibniz the man who formulated the theorem of our modern age: nothing happens without a reason. He calls this attitude `calculating thought' and opposes to it a kind of thought aimed at preserving the essence of things, which he calls `meditating thought'. Cristin's book ascribes great importance to this polarity of thinking for the future of contemporary philosophy, and thus compares (...) the basic ideas of the two thinkers. Leibniz announces the conquest of reason; Heidegger denounces the dangers of reason. Their diversity becomes manifest in the difference between the idea of reason and the image of the path. But is Leibniz's thought really only `calculating'? And do we not perhaps also encounter the traces of reason along Heidegger's path? With these questions in mind we may begin to redefine the relation between the two thinkers and between two different conceptions of reason and philosophy. The hypothesis is advanced that Heidegger's harsh judgment of Leibniz may be mitigated, but it also becomes clear that Heidegger's rewriting of the code of reason is an integral part of our age, in which many signs point to new loci of rationality. With his original interpretation, aware of the risks he is taking, Renato Cristin offers a new guide to the understanding of reason: he shows forth Leibniz as one who defends the thought of being in the unity of monadology, and Heidegger as a thinker who preserves the sign of reason in his meditating thought. (shrink)

"A Course on Aesthetics" offers a broad perspective of current scholarship in aesthetics without favouring any one particular school, discipline, or ideology. Written in an elegant and clear style, Barilli's text explores the basic inherent structures of human thought about the classification and evaluation of the arts. Barilli avoids any binding or dogmatic conclusions about artistic assessment in his consideration of both historical and more current art forms such as video and performance art. In doing so, he presents a contemporary (...) account of a scholarly concern. In "A Course on Aesthetics", Barilli examines the aesthetic experience in general, the passage from aesthetics to art, the "user" of art, and the critic. In his brilliant analyses of the phenomenology of various forms of art - from literature to music, from painting to art, from theatre to television - he discusses the relationship between representation and expression, touching on many of the major questions debated in contemporary criticism. A bibliography provides direction for further study of the history of aesthetics as a discipline. Renato Barilli has published numerous books in Italian on poetics, cultural theory, and contemporary art, including "Culturologia e Fenomenologia Degli Stili", L'Arte Contemporanea", and "Il Ciclo Del Postmoderno". The University of Minnesota Press has also published a translation of his "Rhetoric". Karen Pinkus is translator of Giorgio Agamben's "Language and Death". (shrink)

O artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a inclusão da técnica e da tecnologia na vida humana como um processo de desenvolvimento do progresso de nossa engenhosidade no mundo, apresentando a necessária necessidade de sua distribuição e democratização social.

The aim of this article is to promote an analysis of the intercultural experience carried out through the exchange of letters with children from the city of Ninomiya, Kanagawa Province – Japan, with children from the Municipal Education Network of the Veranópolis, Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil. The exchanges take place annually through the Post and Telegraph service in Brazil and Japan, between students from the 3rd to 9th years of this network. Japanese children write to Veranians and vice (...) versa. They tell facts about their routine, their city, peculiar aspects of their daily lives, including photos and geographic and cultural characteristics specific to each local space. This experience invites us to expand our gaze on the importance of thematizing, in the educational process, sociocultural aspects of different peoples, social groups, customs and ways of being and living together. We challenge ourselves to reflect on how this practice of exchanging letters, between children from two very different countries, both socially and culturally, manages to raise awareness about issues related to interculturality as a field of debate about identity processes that constitute an environment. Furthermore, it allows us to analyze issues related to the ease of writing and the symbology used to describe aspects related to the daily life of each child, as well as the subjectivity in each message in the exchange of letters. The reciprocity in exchanges, the care with the details present in each report, the richness that makes up the writing and how everyday life presents itself with similarities and differences in the life of each student, whether here or in Japan, are essential components in the construction of this analysis. Keywords: Local history. Interculturality. Education. Global citizenship. (shrink)

Neste artigo, investigamos que tipo de noção de causa precisa ser pressuposta por Russell (1921; 1927) na defesa da teoria causal da percepção. Um dos propósitos da teoria causal é fornecer uma fundamentação epistemologicamente satisfatória para o conhecimento científico. Entretanto, não está claro que a definição de causa como regularidade sequencial – proposta por Russell em 1912 – atenda aos requisitos dessa teoria. A partir de algumas objeções levantadas por Eames (1989), que identifica uma circularidade viciosa no argumento de Russell (...) em favor da teoria causal, sustentamos que a noção de causa requer uma caracterização ontologicamente mais robusta. Nesse sentido, sugerimos que o argumento de Russell acerca da teoria causal se beneficiaria de uma noção de causa análoga àquela proposta pelo realismo de capacidades de Cartwright (1989; 1999). Basicamente, atribuir uma capacidade a um objeto equivale a afirmar que ele possui uma tendência estável para causar determinados efeitos nas circunstâncias apropriadas. Apesar de metafisicamente robusta, a noção de capacidade proposta por Cartwright é compatível com uma interpretação empirista da ciência. Argumentamos que a aproximação entre a teoria causal da percepção e o realismo de capacidades indica que a teoria causal possui certa independência com relação aos demais pressupostos assumidos pelo realista estrutural epistêmico. (shrink)

Annotated logics were introduced by V.S. Subrahmanian as logical foundations for computer programming. One of the difficulties of these systems from the logical point of view is that they are not structural, i.e., their consequence relations are not closed under substitutions. In this paper we give systems of annotated logics that are equivalent to those of Subrahmanian in the sense that everything provable in one type of system has a translation that is provable in the other. Moreover these new systems (...) are structural. We prove that these systems are weakly congruential, namely, they have an infinite system of congruence 1-formulas. Moreover, we prove that an annotated logic is algebraizable (i.e., it has a finite system of congruence formulas,) if and only if the lattice of annotation constants is finite. (shrink)

Uma concepção de cosmopolitismo, de base eurocêntrica, é questionada por pensadores como K. A. Appiah, Walter Mignolo, Silviano Santiago entre outros, para buscar possíveis ressemantizações do termo no contexto contemporâneo, marcado pela globalização, pelo multiculturalismo e pela expansão das novas tecnologias de comunicação. Considerando esse confronto de noções de cosmopolitismo, indaga-se como se deu a interpretação do Brasil no início do século XX, quando recrudesceram as tensões entre cosmopolitismo e nacionalismo. Busca-se, por outro lado, confrontar tais interpretações com as que (...) surgem no início do século XXI, quando a nação vai deixando de ser o centro de um sistema de significação, em tempo heterogêneo e de globalização, em que se pode falar em “cosmopolitismo do pobre” (cosmopolitismo do subalterno), como formulou Silviano Santiago. (shrink)

Truthmaking (2023), by Jamin Asay, is part of the “Elements in Metaphysics” series, published by the Cambridge University Press. The book is an excellent brief introduction to truthmaking theory: accessible, clear, and enjoyable, covering the most fundamental problems of the field. One of the highlights of the book is the chapter on truthmakers for truths concerning social constructions. It successfully shows that truthmaking theory is not only related to abstract metaphysical problems but is also tied to central puzzles in ethics (...) and political philosophy (more specifically philosophies of race and gender). (shrink)

Apresentação à tradução de Goethe como filósofo, de Eckart Förster, por Renato Costa Leandro.

The contemporary theological discourse is still understood as something restricted to the ecclesiastical and clerical ambit. Nevertheless, the theologian's task to use new languages to reach new fields and ease the dialogue still remains. It is observed as even more complex in a plural scene as the present days. For this reason, the narrative, as a theological language, presents a reading key to Christology, used by the contemporary french theologian, Joseph Moingt. Through this key, it is supposed to give a (...) relevant and convincing answer to the question repeated all the time: who is Jesus of Nazareth and what he means for our relationship with God? (shrink)

Em A transcendência do Ego, primeiro ensaio filosófico de Sartre, recusa-se a presença do Ego na consciência. Apropriando-se da fenomenologia de Husserl, Sartre critica as posições filosóficas e psicológicas que transformaram o Ego num habitante da consciência. O presente artigo se propõe a examinar a tese de Sartre e delinear o alcance de suas considerações para a psicologia e para a filosofia. Trata-se de momento importante da trajetória de Sartre porque nele podemos identificar as primeiras preocupações do filósofo, assim como (...) compreender o alcance da fenomenologia em obras posteriores. (shrink)

The Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment series, previously known as SVEC (Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century), has published over 500 peer-reviewed scholarly volumes since 1955 as part of the Voltaire Foundation at the University of Oxford. International in focus, Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment volumes cover wide-ranging aspects of the eighteenth century and the Enlightenment, from gender studies to political theory, and from economics to visual arts and music, and are published in English or French.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Ethics CommentaryRenato Manaloto, Assistant ProfessorThe key ethical question in this case is whether it is acceptable for Dr. C to disclose information about the 16-year-old patient’s sexual and psychiatric health condition. The answer to the question is yes, if such disclosure serves the patients’ well-being and future interests.The patient, Miss M, may have had her own reasons for asking Dr. C not to inform her parents of her condition (...) — perhaps she was worried about their reaction, or believed that such disclosure was unnecessary, because she could already understand, have an opinion and make decisions for herself. In this respect, Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child provides assurance for “the child, who is capable of forming his or her own views, the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting” him or her. As a 16-year-old, Miss M plausibly senses her capacity for decision-making that is independent of her parents. Various developmental theories, such as those of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, affirm that her decision-making competence might have reached maturity by age 16.1 Seeing her wishes respected, Miss M may be encouraged to open up to Dr. C and receive suitable medical care or services, which may not be there if confidence in her doctor is broken. Her exercise of autonomous decision-making capacity may help in her recovery and restoration.Dependency of children on their parents is, however, arguably unavoidable as they are yet to possess capacities of decision-making equal to those of adults. Children are still, in the words of Aristotle, albeit pejorative, “incomplete adults […] unfinished human beings”, or “becomings” rather than “beings”.2 If [End Page 265] they live under the authority of their parents, they may be subject to “Constrained Parental Paternalism”. Constrained because: “It must be exercised for the good of the child and its exercise lasts only for so long as the child is incapable of making its own choices”.3Following this line of argument, parents may exercise authority over their children in ways that guide their decision-making and thereby promote their best interests. John Locke terms this “guiding the decision-making”, “informing the mind”.4 Immanuel Kant justifies “promoting the best interests of children” as: those who have brought a child into the world “incur an obligation to make the child content with his condition so far as they can”.5 “From this duty,” Kant adds, “there must necessarily arise the right of parents to manage and develop the child.” 6 Thus, parents may have not only an obligation, but also a right to guide the decision-making of their children.As persons who can understand and respond to the needs of their children, parents may be the best judges of the child’s well-being so that they may always be involved in the decision-making especially for significant decisions involving medical care the child. After all, making a medical decision can involve major life decisions. Medical choices may have long-term impact on a child’s well-being that makes parents’ involvement in such decision-making highly desirable. No amount of care by doctors for the child patient can match the invaluable insight and knowledge of the parents.In the case at hand, Miss M’s parents should be informed of her condition as they can provide her with essential support for her recovery and the restoration of her well-being. The mere fact that her parents protested about not being informed of her condition suggests that they wanted — in the sense of taking responsibility and supporting her future interests — to be involved in the medical decision-making. They believe that any harm or injury might have been prevented had they been informed. Miss M is also still under the care and custody of her parents. Not having reached the age of maturity, her parents have an obligation and a right to guide her decision-making.Nevertheless, in some countries, children between 13 and 16 years of age have the right to make medical decisions without parental involvement. In Singapore, parents’ participation in the medical care of... (shrink)

O objetivo do artigo é analisar o conceito de liberdade presente na obra de Rousseau e fornecer argumentos para questionar a imagem do homem natural como um ser livre, de modo a sustentar a tese de que a liberdade somente se torna possível com a saída do estado de natureza descrito no Discurso sobre as origens da desigualdade . Assim, o autor pretende mostrar que o surgimento da consciência e da racionalidade é indispensável para que o homem consiga desenvolver suas (...) faculdades virtuais e seja capaz de criar para si padrões de comportamento diferentes do instinto natural, um processo que ocorre graças à vida em sociedade. (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo pretende realizar uma análise do uso instrumental da religião feito por Rousseau no Contrato social, tendo como referência as reflexões de Montesquieu sobre política e religião expostas em O espírito das leis.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the citizenship proposed by Rousseau in light of certain delimitations placed by the philosopher to the exercise of this right, which configure a kind of political participation that would be appropriate to the regime described in the Social Contract. So, I intend to show that popular sovereignty has, for the Genevan writer, a key role in defending the legislation, and that it is up to the Lawgiver and to the magistrates guide citizens (...) in approving the good laws necessary for the State. This thesis is consistent with Rousseau’s republicanism, since it shows that these citizens, members of the social compact, are responsible for protecting and preserving their own freedom throughout the existence of the political body. (shrink)

Às voltas com a questão do sujeito: da transparência à encarnação Resumo: O propósito deste artigo é mostrar a limitação do sujeito cartesiano no que diz respeito ao fenômeno da existência. Concebido como transparente a si mesmo, este sujeito não abarca as contingências do mundo da vida (Lebenswelt), pois se a verdade somente pode ser acessada por meio do pensamento, a dimensão do que escapa à representação não é contemplada. Na filosofia de Merleau-Ponty, buscaremos pensar um sujeito que, diferente de (...) Descartes, não reduz o mundo ao cogito, mas assume sua inessencialidade, sua incompletude. Por fim, veremos emergir um sujeito que somente se sustenta na medida em que afirma o non-sens que lhe atravessa. Palavras-chave: Merleau-Ponty; Carnalidade; Sujeito; Non-sens. Facing the issue of the subject: from transparency to incarnation Abstract: The purpose of this article is to show the limitation of the Cartesian subject with regard to the phenomenon of existence. Conceived as transparent to himself, this subject does not include the contingencies of the life world (Lebenswelt), because if the truth can only be accessed through thought, the dimension of what escapes representation is not contemplated. In Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, we will try to think of a subject who, unlike Descartes, does not reduce the world to the cogito, but assumes its inessentiality, its incompleteness. Finally, we will see a subject emerge that can only be sustained insofar as it affirms the non-sens that crosses it. Key-words: Merleau-Ponty; Carnality; Subject; Non-sens. Face à l'enjeu du sujet: de la transparence à l'incarnation Résumé: Le but de cet article est montrer la limitation du sujet cartésien par rapport au phénomène de l'existence. Conçu comme transparent pour lui-même, ce sujet ne comprend pas les contingences du monde de la vie (Lebenswelt), car si la vérité ne peut être atteinte que par la pensée, la dimension de ce qui échappe à la représentation n'est pas envisagée. Dans la philosophie de Merleau-Ponty, nous allons essayer de penser à un sujet qui, contrairement à Descartes, ne réduit pas le monde à un cogito, mais assume son inessentialité, son incomplétude. Enfin, nous verrons émerger un sujet qui ne se soutient que dans la mesure où il affirme le non-sens qui le traverse. Mots-clés: Merleau-Ponty; Carnalité; Sujet; Non-sens. Data de registro: 06/12/2019 Data de aceite: 16/12/2020. (shrink)

This paper criticizes the predominant, representational-neurophysicalist conception of sensory perception. It introduces the notion of "experience-field" to give a tentative ontological account of the phenomenological data of experience. The general idea is that visual experience, for instance, would be ontologically something like an experience-field extending over and between the central nervous sistem of the subject of the experience and the distal object of vision. I call this position phenomenological macrorealism, in contrast to scientific microrealism. Phenomenal qualities are not subjectively inside (...) the brain, but objectively inside perceptual extraencephalic experience-fields, or, as we say, out there in the world. Some specific consequences of phenomenological macrorealism are presented.Este artigo critica a concepção predominante, representacionista-neurofisicalista sobre a percepção sensorial. Introduz a noção de "campo-experiência" na tentativa de tratamento ontológico dos dados fenomenológicos da experiência. A idéia geral é que a experiência visual, por exemplo, seria ontologicamente algo assim como um campo-experiência de intencionalidade visual, que se estende por sobre e entre o sistema nervoso central do sujeito da experiência e o objeto distai da visão. Chamo esta posição de macrorrealismo fenomenológico, em contraste com o microrrealismo científico. Qualidades da fenomenalidade não estão subjetivamente dentro do cérebro, mas objetivamente dentro de campos-experiência perceptuais extra-encefálicos, ou, como dizemos, lá fora no mundo. Algumas conseqüências específicas do macrorrealismo fenomenológico são apresentadas. (shrink)