In this article, I explore the possibility of treating cultural destruction and the destruction of cultural heritage as a genocidal act. My argument proceeds in two stages. I first suggest that we ought to view cultural destruction as a necessary by‐product of genocide and a member of a set of jointly sufficient conditions for genocide. However, to securely establish that cultural destruction and the destruction of cultural heritage ought to be viewed as genocidal acts, we need to additionally show why (...) loss of culture and heritage are significant harms, comparable to other instances of genocide. In light of this, I then propose an account of the harms of cultural destruction that grounds these harms in loss of normative agency and show how destruction of cultural heritage contributes to this. In particular, I argue that cultural heritage can be viewed both as a condition for normative agency and as itself an expression of normative agency. (shrink)

Straipsnyje, panaudojus skirtingus duomenų šaltinius, analizuojamas skurdo ir skurdo kultūros fenomenas bei siekiama įvertinti skurdo kultūros apraiškas tarp socialinės paramos gavėjų Lietuvoje. Aptariama skurdo samprata ir jos koncepcijos bei skurdo atsiradimo priežastis aiškinančios teorijos. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas skurdo kultūros nuostatoms nagrinėti bei mokslinių tyrimų, atliktų šioje srityje, apžvalgai. Atliekama makro- ir mikrolygmens skurdo situacijos Lietuvoje analizė – analizuojami skurdo ir socialinės atskirties rodikliai ES šalių narių kontekste bei socialinės paramos gavėjų apklausos, atliktos 2014 m. Lietuvoje, duomenys.Apklausa parodė, kad tarp socialinės (...) paramos gavėjų pastebimos gana ryškios skurdo kultūros apraiškos, kurios daugiausia pasireiškia išorinės aplinkos kaltinimu dėl esamos situacijos ir nusivylimu valdžia bei darbdaviais.Straipsnis parengtas remiantis Nevyriausybinės organizacijos „Lietuvos Caritas“ užsakymu – 2014 m. autorių atlikto tyrimo „Sisteminis skurdo problemos tyrimas Lietuvoje“ duomenimis. (shrink)

On Indic philosophy; with special reference of Jaina philosophy.

This paper analyses the impact of labour taxation on the labour market (its indicators), measures the relationship between labour taxes and the rate of unemployment in Lithuania, and seeks to establish whether the tax wedge has an impact on employment. The obtained results suggest that the unemployment rate in Lithuania tends to vary mainly due to cyclical economic fluctuations. However, to some extent, the level of unemployment, especially of unskilled labour, depends on its taxation. In Lithuania, the tax wedge on (...) low-wage earners, i.e. those paid a little more than the minimum wage, is relatively high in the context of other EU countries. However, the overall labour taxation (describing all labour force) is low because of a relatively low taxation of high-income individuals. The article examined the scientific literature which confirms the existence of a link between the taxation of low-skilled and low-paid workers and the unemployment rate for this group. In addition, labour taxation and benefit levels can influence people’s motivation to take up a job. The conducted estimates support a direct link between the economically inactive population (aged 20–64) and the unemployment trap indicator. A greater unemployment trap leads to a bigger percentage of the economically inactive population in the country. (shrink)

Interim measures are procedural means that allow persons or States to have their rights preserved when a case is pending. Application of these measures especially in environmental cases is very important. In many of these cases (e.g. cases dealing with territorial planning, IPPC permits, environmental impact assessment, etc.) the claims deal with the protection of environment or its components (water, air, soil, etc.) as well as with the protection of public interest. Legal regulation of application of interim measures provided by (...) Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings is not optimal. That is why the first part of the article is dedicated to the analysis of the possibilities and problems of application of interim measures in the administrative proceedings in Lithuania, paying special attention to environmental cases. The second part of the article reflects the findings of a workshop of the Association of European Administrative Judges on „Interim relief in environmental matters” held in Vilnius on 22 September 2011. It briefly describes various national rules on interim relief procedures, especially in the German and the French legislation, with an assessment from the German point of view. This part of the article focuses on provisional legal protection where a permit is challenged by a third party whose rights are allegedly afflicted. In such a constellation the rights of the plaintiff compete with the rights of the operator. The article concludes that, when deciding on the necessity of interim measures, it is vital to ensure the balance of interests: both by ensuring effective access to justice and by protecting the respondent and the third party (in environmental cases - usually the operator) from the violation of their rights and the damage caused by the abuse of the right to request interim measures. In such cases short time limits for procedural steps both of the parties and the court are not advisable and a prima facie prognosis on the outcome in the main proceedings meets the interests of the parties. (shrink)

Viešosios politikos formuotojai pastaruoju metu vis daugiau dėmesio skiria esminiams skirtumams, išryškėjusiems ekonominei sistemai perėjus į poindustrinį etapą. Su didžiausiais iššūkiais susiduria kaimo politikos programų rengėjai, nes situacija kaimiškuose regionuose keičiasi ypač sparčiai. Straipsnyje pristatomas tyrimas, patvirtinantis jaunų išsilavinusių Lietuvos žmonių, ketinančių įsikurti nuolatiniam gyvenimui kaimo tipo gyvenvietėje ar vienkiemyje, orientaciją į poindustrinę ekonominę ir socialinę visuomenės struktūrą. Kriterijų, lemiančių apsisprendimą įsikurti gyventi kaime, išsiaiškinimas leidžia pateikti rekomendacijas kaimo politikos kūrėjams, siekiantiems pritraukti į kaimiškus regionus tiek gyventojų, kad žmogiškųjų išteklių (...) kiekis ir kokybė sudarytų kritinę masę, reikalingą tolesnei šių regionų ekonominei ir socialinei raidai. (shrink)

As modern information and communication technologies (ICT) now offer new possibilities for improving almost every aspect of health care, their implementation is a very relevant and fast accelerating process around Europe and internationally. The processes themselves vary greatly from scattered single initiatives of various IT solutions to large national programmes. Often treated as purely technical in nature, ICT implementation in health care should gravitate towards the “softer/complex” i.e. people-related issues end of the change. The approach taken by the Informing Healthcare (...) programme in Wales broadens understanding on the value that engagement of stakeholders can bring to the process. (shrink)

The article discusses theoretical and practical issues one may face when applying various types of employment contracts, refers to specific legal relations governed by Labour Code standards, and raises issues that would help to solve the existing troubles. Last decades as globalization processes were gaining pace, and market economy conditions changed, labour and production organization models were undergoing transformation. The more complex people’s social relationships are, the greater is the need to regulate these relationships, i. e. to adopt legislation that (...) would create pre-conditions for addressing social interest conflicts. Thus a need has arisen for a new legal regulation because new activity models do not fit into traditional relationships governed by labour law. Along standard employment relationship, non-standard relationships occur in the market. In 2003 the Ministry of Social Security and Labour of the Republic of Lithuania issued recommendations for employers on flexible work organisation forms and indicated reasons for the organisation of flexible work forms: the nature of work and employee’s demographic and social characteristics; fulfilment of family duties; health condition; unfavourable work environment; employee’s age; studying and studies. (shrink)

Transcript of papers on Jaina epistemology at a national seminar titled "Bhāratīya Cintana meṃ Syādvāda' held on 28 March 2011 organised by Deaprtment of Jaina Philosophy, Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, New Delhi.

Interpretation of Tattvārthasūtra, work on Jaina doctrines and philosophy by Umāsvāti, 2nd century author.

On Jaina ethics and religious life with reference to Jaina canonical literature.

Comprehensive work on Jaina philosophy and doctrines.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – pateikti ir aptarti LMT paremto projekto (MIP-021/2011) metu sukurtą ir empiriniais tyrimo duomenimis pagrįstą koncepcinį įgalinančių socialinių paslaugų modelį Lietuvoje išryškinant ir palyginant įvairias socialinės politikos bei valstybės gerovės ideologijų sąsajas, taip pat atskleidžiant ir apibendrinant atlikto empirinio tyrimo duomenimis grįstus socialinių paslaugų teikėjų ir gavėjų vertinimus.

Festschrift for Maḍiniyavela Śrī Mēdhaṅkara, Sri Lankan Buddhist monk; contributed articles chiefly on economic and ethical aspects of Buddhism.

We appreciated the important commentary provided by Michelle Oberman on our paper, “Discontinuing Life Support in an Infant of a Drug-Addicted Mother: Whose Decision Is It?” . For the most part we agree with Oberman's analysis of the issues, but there are seven points of variance, either of conception, emphasis, or accuracy. We wish to clarify these and welcome the chance her commentary provided to offer aspects of the social situation surrounding the case we presented.

Egzistencinės grėsmės, tokios kaip pandemija, karas, neteisėta migracija, priskirtinos didelio poveikio grėsmėms, nes destabilizuoja gerovės sistemas, kelia pavojų valstybės saugumui ir visuomenės sanglaudai. Grėsmių poveikį pirmieji pajunta socialiai pažeidžiami žmonės, todėl socialinės pagalbos sistemos turi transformuotis, kad atlieptų naujai atsiradusių pažeidžiamų grupių poreikius. Straipsnyje, remiantis literatūros analize, gilinamasi į sistemos atsparumo sampratą žvelgiant per asmeninių socialinių paslaugų (ASP) sistemos ypatumus. Pasitelkiant J. S. Colemano įžvalgas apie socialines sistemas, bendrą atsparumo koncepciją, kildinamą iš ekologinių sistemų teorijos, bei socialinės sistemos mikro-, mezo- (...) ir makrolygmenų tarpusavio sąveikos sampratą, konstruojama asmeninių socialinių paslaugų sistemos atsparumo išorinėms grėsmėms vertinimo koncepcija. Ja remiantis straipsnyje išplėtoti analizės rėmai leidžia identifikuoti skirtingas ASP sistemos gebėjimo keistis konfigūracijas bei jas lemiančius veiksnius. ASP atsparumo koncepcijos pagrindu buvo parengtas ir šiuo metu vykdomas empirinis tyrimas. (shrink)

Business schools, and universities providing business education, from across the globe have increasingly engaged in responsible management education (RME), that is in embedding social, environmental and ethical topics in their teaching and research. However, we still do not fully understand the institutional pressures that have led to the adoption of RME, in particular concerning under-researched regions like Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Hence, we undertook what is to our knowledge the most comprehensive study into the adoption of RME in CEE (...) to date (including 13 countries: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia and Ukraine). We find that, with regard to RME, isomorphic pressures seem to shape teaching and research in different ways, which suggests that the idea of a holistic approach to RME, promoted by, for example, the Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME), needs to be revisited; rather, different trajectories of organizational engagement may emerge for each principle. As a contribution to institutional theory, we discuss how a highly fragmented organizational field—like RME with its multiple dimensions—impacts on notions of actor centrality, where actors achieve centrality with regard to some dimensions of the field but fail to do so for others. In particular, we found that the European Union holds centrality in the area of RME teaching, but not in RME research. Our findings thus suggest that the concept of field centrality needs further clarification. (shrink)

Nationwide, almost 11% of women abuse drugs during their pregnancy. In some communities, these numbers are as high as 25–30%. Drug abuse is not limited to the poor or to African Americans, but is seen among affluent and white Americans as well. It is widespread, irrespective of race or social class. Annually, nearly 375,000 infants are exposed to drugs in America. Because of the terrible suffering caused by these births, and the conflicts caregivers experience in the treatment of these infants, (...) Trollope's quote is very apropos. Although caregivers have good motives in trying to rescue these babies and helping place them in a nurturing environment, despair about this objective is always close to the surface. (shrink)

Straipsnyje siekiama įvertinti pagalbos namuose paslaugas teikiančių darbuotojų darbo vietos kokybę Lietuvoje ir išryškinti veiksnius, kurie leistų šią kokybę pagerinti – tai ypač aktualu didėjant šių paslaugų poreikiui tiek visoje Europos Sąjungoje (toliau – ES), tiek Lietuvoje. Apžvelgiamos darbo vietos kokybės tendencijos globos sektoriuje ES šalyse, aptariama teorinė darbo vietos kokybės samprata bei jos pagrindu analizuojami 2016 m. Lietuvoje atliktos lankomosios priežiūros darbuotojų (LPD) anketinės apklausos rezultatai. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad LPD darbo vietos kokybė nėra patraukli. Tai lemia nuolatinės (...) darbo vietos neturėjimas, emocinis darbo pobūdis, sukeliantis stresą, paplitęs fiziškai sunkus darbas, nepakankamas bendradarbiavimas tarp sveikatos ir socialinės pagalbos specialistų. Be to, pagalbos namuose paslaugų sektoriuje dominuoja netipinės užimtumo formos ir menkas darbo užmokestis, nepasinaudojama šio sektoriaus galimybėmis lanksčiai organizuoti darbą ir darbo laiką, nors tai prisidėtų prie darbo vietų kokybės gerinimo. Tyrimo išvados leidžia teigti – jeigu organizuojant paslaugas nebus kreipiamas dėmesys į darbo ypatumus šiame sektoriuje, užimtumo kokybės gerinimo veiksnius, ateityje susidursime su darbo jėgos senėjimo socialinių paslaugų sektoriuje problema ir darbuotojų šiame sektoriuje trūkumu. (shrink)

From the early years of the Common Era to 1700, Indian intellectuals explored with unparalleled subtlety the place of emotion in art. Their investigations led to the deconstruction of art's formal structures and broader inquiries into the pleasure of tragic tales. _Rasa_, or taste, was the word they chose to describe art's aesthetics, and their passionate effort to pin down these phenomena became its own remarkable act of creation. This book is the first in any language to follow the evolution (...) of rasa from its origins in dramaturgical thought--a concept for the stage--to its flourishing in literary thought--a concept for the page. _Reader on Rasa_ incorporates primary texts by every significant thinker of classical Indian aesthetics, many never translated before. The arrangement of the selections captures the intellectual dynamism that has powered this debate for centuries. Headnotes explain the meaning and significance of each text, a comprehensive introduction summarizes major threads in intellectual-historical terms, and critical endnotes and an extensive bibliography add further depth to the selections. The Sanskrit theory of emotion in art is one of the most sophisticated in the ancient world, a precursor of the work being done today by critics and philosophers of aesthetics. This volume's conceptual detail, historical precision, and clarity will appeal to any scholar interested in a full portrait of global intellectual development. __Reader on Rasa___ is the inaugural book in the Historical Sourcebooks in Classical Indian Thought series, edited by Sheldon Pollock. These text-based books guide readers through the most important forms of classical Indian thought, from epistemology, rhetoric, and hermeneutics to astral science, yoga, and medicine. Each volume provides fresh translations of key works, headnotes to contextualize selections, a comprehensive analysis of major lines of development within the discipline, and exegetical and text-critical endnotes, as well as a bibliography. Designed for comparativists and interested general readers, Historical Sourcebooks is also a great resource for advanced scholars seeking authoritative commentary on challenging works._. (shrink)

al-Risālah 1. Risālah fī Ithbāt al-mufāraqāt -- al-risālah 2. Risālah fi Aghrāḍ mā baʻda al-ṭabīʻah -- al-risālah 3. Kitāb Taḥṣīl al-saʻādah -- al-risālah 4. Risālah fī al-Taʻlīqāt -- al-risālah 5. Kitāb al-Tanbīh ʻalá sabīl al-saʻādah -- al-risālah 6. al-Tajrīd ʻalá Risālat al-Daʻāwá al-qalbīyah -- al-risālah 7. Sharḥ Risālat Zaynūn al-Kabīr al-Yūnānī -- al-risālah 8. Kitāb al-Fuṣuṣ -- al-risālah 9. -- Risālah fī Faḍīlat al-ʻulūm wa-al-ṣināʻāt -- al-risālah 10. Rasāʼil fī masāʼil mutafarriqah.

The concept of Tabula Rasa, as a desire for sweeping renewal and creating a potential site for the construction of utopian dreams, is presupposition of Modern Architecture. Starting from the middle of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Iranian urban and architectural history has been integrated with modernization, and western-influenced modernity. The case of Tehran as the Middle Eastern political capital is the main scene for the manifestation of modernity within it’s urban projects that (...) was associated with several changes to the social, political and spatial structure of the city. In this regard, the strategy of Tabula Rasa as a utopian blank slate upon which a new Iran could be conceived “over again” – was the dominant strategy of modernization during First Pahlavi era (1925–1941). This article explores the very concept of constructing a new image of Tehran through the processes of autocratic modernism and orientalist historicism that also influenced the discourse of national identity during First Pahlavi era. (shrink)

It is widely believed that the philosophical concept of 'tabula rasa' originates with Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding and refers to a state in which a child is as formless as a blank slate. Given that both these beliefs are entirely false, this article will examine why they have endured from the eighteenth century to the present. Attending to the history of philosophy, psychology, psychiatry and feminist scholarship it will be shown how the image of the tabula rasa (...) has been used to signify an originary state of formlessness, against which discourses on the true nature of the human being can differentiate their position. The tabula rasa has operated less as a substantive position than as a whipping post. However, it will be noted that innovations in psychological theory over the past decade have begun to undermine such narratives by rendering unintelligible the idea of an 'originary' state of human nature. (shrink)

Based on the premise that an aesthetic experience is inevitably a human one, this paper considers a non-anthropocentric ecological aesthetic experience through the lens of Indian aesthetics. It does so by problematizing the beautiful in the aesthetic. Rasa in Indian aesthetics refers to the essence of emotion felt in an aesthetic experience. The adbhuta rasa refers to the experience of wonder through astonishment. I argue that what we might find amazing in nature is not only the picturesque, but (...) rather the ecological interconnectedness of nature. Through Indian aesthetics, we recognize in this paper, the criterion for a sensitive, receptive and responsive subject presenting themselves to an engulfment, as important for a non-othered ecological aesthetic experience. It is recognized that there might be an aesthetic allowance in ecological design, realized by placing importance on a sensory immersion in the natural world that allows an engulfment in it. While not neglecting a cognitive reflexive analysis of such a relishing of the adbhuta, we conceive of an experience that finds aesthetic value and appreciation beyond the instrumental and commodified value placed on natural environments. The paper concludes with key questions that a rasa anubhuti raises for emerging eco-aesthetic theories and a summary of the unique hermeneutical and epistemological contributions this approach could make to the field. (shrink)

Rasa is the most thorough treatment to date of this all-important concept at the heart of Javanese aesthetics. Rasa encompasses not only mood and intuition, but also theories of musical perception and cognition, as well as meaning and expression in music.

Through an examination of Bhāgavata Purāṇa X.43.17 and its interpretation by early commentators like Vopadeva, Hemādri, Śrīdhara, Sanātana, Rūpa, and Jīva, I argue that they created forms of hierarchical inclusivism by the application of rasa in the interpretation of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa. In doing so, I examine bhakti as a rasa, showing how rasa theory provided a vocabulary to include the characters of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and their diverse experiences of the God Kṛṣṇa within hierarchical systems of (...) bhakti. By hierarchical inclusivism, I mean a theory, e.g., in the case of rasa, “the superiority of passionate love over fear,” and that this theory provided criteria to order items, e.g., in the case of rasa again, “the character of the cowherd women is superior to the character of the king.” In this case, hierarchical inclusivism is a theory for organizing and evaluating the mystical and aesthetic experiences of the ten characters mentioned in Bhāgavata Purāṇa X.43.17. I look at how commentators also used rasa for the basis for doctrines about God’s being and nature. (shrink)

a forma como o autor insere na filosofia o trabalho de campo etnográfico, que passa a ser uma das metodologias da filosofia.