En el presente trabajo exploramos cómo la escena del parricidio de Tótem y tabú ha influido sobre la manera en que Derrida entiende el origen y preservación de la Ley. Nos remitimos al ensayo “Prejuzgados”, donde Derrida estudia el parricidio como un acontecimiento que ocurre y no ocurre a la vez, habilitando una fundación de la Ley a partir de la ficción y el simulacro. Luego, estudiaremos el seminario La pena de muerte, donde Derrida realiza una identificación entre el Padre (...) y el condenado a muerte, y estudia la manera en que la repetición de la ejecución es constitutiva de la Ley. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo nos focalizaremos en una posición particular con respecto a la responsabilidad ética que debemos a los vivientes no humanos. Se trata de la postura de Derrida. Estudiaremos la manera en que el pensador francés aborda la cuestión del animal, centrándonos en la relación entre el viviente humano y el viviente animal, y las violencias sacrificiales que el primero ejerce sobre el segundo. Analizaremos primeramente el concepto de genocidio animal, y cómo este se diferencia de las violencias (...) más tradicionales hacia los animales. Veremos que Derrida describe a nuestra cultura como un «carno-falogocentrismo», donde la violencia hacia el animal tuvo siempre un lugar constitutivo, aunque en los últimos dos siglos atravesó transformaciones alarmantes. A continuación, consideraremos la compasión como reacción ante el genocidio; veremos que esta compasión no nos lleva hacia una erradicación total de la violencia, sino a una economía de ella que se rige por la pregunta «¿cómo comer bien?». Finalmente, nos plantearemos el interrogante acerca de los derechos animales, y observaremos que Derrida considera necesario pero insuficiente reconocer esos derechos. (shrink)

It is still a matter of controversy whether the Principle of the Common Cause (PCC) can be used as a basis for sound causal inference. It is thus to be expected that its application to quantum mechanics should be a correspondingly controversial issue. Indeed the early 90’s saw a flurry of papers addressing just this issue in connection with the EPR correlations. Yet, that debate does not seem to have caught up with the most recent literature on causal inference generally, (...) which has moved on to consider the virtues of a generalised PCC-inspired condition, the so-called Causal Markov Condition (CMC). In this paper we argue that the CMC is an appropriate benchmark for debating possible causal explanations of the EPR correlations. But we go on to take issue with some pronouncements on EPR by defenders of the CMC. (shrink)

El presente ensayo consiste en una interpretación y reconstrucción histórica y teórica de lo sublime en tanto que alojable en el concepto más general que se establece de sublimidad, al tiempo que una indagación acerca de la constitución de una teoría de lo sublime.

Brian Cutter objected to the consequence argument due to its dependence on the principle that miracle workers are metaphysically impossible. A miracle worker is someone who has the ability to act in a way such that the laws of nature would be violated. While there is something to the thought that agents like us do not have this ability, Cutter claims that there is no compelling reason to regard miracle workers as metaphysically impossible. However, the paper contends that miracle workers (...) are indeed impossible according to well-known theories concerning the laws of nature. This result highlights the reliance of the consequence argument on a plausible premise, which is widely accepted by proponents of non-Humean views of laws. The paper also provides a way to explain away the intuition that miracle workers are possible, but this has the upshot that a recent, two-dimensional formulation of the consequence argument is unsound. (shrink)

El artículo parte de la preocupación de saber cómo se está desarrollando la formación de investigadores en las universidades brasileñas. Una primera dificultad que se coloca es el predominio de un abordaje segmentado de la investigación científica. Eso lleva a un cuestionamiento sobre si particularmente las asignaturas de metodologías sirven para formar investigadores. Entre diversas dificultades, se incluyen desde aspectos epistemológicos hasta los impactos de las asignaturas metodológicas sobre la formación de los investigadores. Se cuestionan las estructuras de las disciplinas, (...) su relación con las metodologías, y las relaciones entre enseñanza metodológica y prácticas de investigación. Lo que está en juego es la formación de científicos sociales críticos en que se cuestionen diferentes separaciones extremamente rígidas de los procesos de formación.The present article focuses on the concern to know how the process of preparing investigators at Brazilian universities is being developed. One of the first difficulties being dealt with involves the predominant of segmented approach of the scientific investigation. This leads to the questioning of methodologies used to prepare these investigators. Among other several difficulties, the epistemological aspects up to the methodological ideas on the preparation of investigators are included. The structures of the subjects, their relation to the methodologies and the relations between methodological teaching and investigation practices are questioned. The preparation of critical social scientists in which extremely rigid different separations from the preparation processes is at stake here. (shrink)

La tesis de la privacidad linguitica nace con el gesto fundador de la filosofía moderna que apoya toda legitimidad en la subjetividad y la conciencia. Ello da origen a dos problemas filos�ficos fundamentales, concernientes al mundo y al solipsismo. El siglo XX creyó encontrar en el lenguaje una salida a estos problemas. Wittgenstein es allí una pieza clave. Sin embargo las interpretaciones más influyentes de Wittgenstein enfocaron la crítica del lenguaje privado de tal modo que la salida debía permanecer en (...) el terreno epistemológico de las garantías o criterio de corrección (Malcolm, Fogelin, Kenny, Canfield, Tugendhat). Sostenemos que la interpretación propuesta por Kripke se apoya un un agudo diagnóstico de la fuente de estas dificultades, dándose cuenta que la refutación del lenguaje privado requería abandonar toda una concepción, la del realismo, que afectaban por igual al lenguaje privado y al público. Su argumentación, centrada en la semántica, irradia consecuencias más allá de la misma. Su "solución escéptica" al establecer que los juicios de corrección, entendidos como básicos y primitivos, sólo poseen sentido en el marco de una comunidad uniforme en sus juicios, coloca al discurso filosófico en un nuevo terreno. (shrink)

In this article, I try to determine the innovatory moment of Descartes´ Metaphysics, that is, the conceptual work that became the turning point in the most significant philosophical polemics in the subsequent period after the construction of Cartesian system. This turning point is the way Descartes thinks the concept of divine power, rather than the discovery of the cogito or its implications in re-shaping knowledge. Starting from this, Descartes will forge the concepts of transcendence and rationality, so essential in his (...) works and all along the second half of XVIIth century. (shrink)

A research project currently underway at the Mexico City campus of the Instituto de Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterey (ITESM) was presentedfor discussion. A number of constructive suggestions from participants have been incorporated into the paper.

1 Os artigos reunidos em torno deste título, retratam a segunda parte das discussões ocorridas nas mesas redondas do VIII Simpósio Internacional em Educação e Filosofia, ocorrido de 27 a 29 de agosto de 2019, na UNESP, Campus de Marília/SP. Agradecemos a FAPESP, CAPES pelo apoio financeiro que nos possibilitou a apresentação dos resultados da proposta. O presente Dossiê tem como tema o governo das diferenças empreendidos pelas políticas estatais no neoliberalismo, as quais têm repercussão na educação. As reflexões aqui (...) desenvolvidas inserem-se, teoricamente, no debate filosófico contemporâneo da governamentalidade e da biopolítica. Particularmente, interessa debater em que medida os corpos ingovernáveis, denominados por vezes de desviantes ou anormais, estão compreendidos por essas formas de governo atuais ou lhes escapam, tanto singularmente quanto na qualidade de povo ou multidão, afrontando-as e agenciando modos outros de subjetivação, assim como potências da vida ou biopotências para tal. Para isso, esses artigos transitam entre a filosofia da diferença, a arte e a política, explicitando uma crítica contundente ao atual governo das diferenças e explorando cartografias do ingovernável na educação. A partir das diferenças mapeadas nos corpos singularizado, tais como os corpos das pessoas transgêneras, das deficientes, dos grupos afrodescendentes, dos povos indígenas ou quilombolas, este dossiê busca debater o lugar que ocupam no atual governo das diferenças na biopolítica neoliberal. Entende-se que a violência ou a exceção cometidas contra eles na atual conjuntura, quer seja nos contextos escolares ou em outros espaços sociais, assim como o potencial de resistência que apresentam, ao relatarem situações de abuso e de bullying, compõe uma ampla frente de desafios a serem problematizados pela filosofia da educação. É dessa expressividade e ethos que se ocuparão esses artigos, assim como a reflexão sobre e com eles, com vistas a dar visibilidade a esses modos de existência enquanto uma experiência singular e como um entretecido comum, associado às comunidades LGBTT+, afrodescendentes, deficientes, dentre outras, emergentes das suas lutas transversas em escolas e outras instituições. Apoiados em referências como as de Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Hannah Arendt, Jean Luc Nancy, Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, dentre outros, assim, os artigos visibilizam esses corpos ingovernáveis, situando-os no jogo de subjugação e crítica empreendida pelas atuais formas de governamentalidade biopolítica – particularmente, na educação escolar. Ao mesmo tempo, como apresentados abaixo, eles abordam as possibilidades de sua biopotência, de sua capacidade de agenciar eticamente novas formas de inclusão pautadas na criação de novos modos de viver juntos e de vida comum. [...]. (shrink)

Neste livro reúno textos sobre temáticas que têm em comum o facto de se situarem num plano de cruzamento entre o Direito e a Ética. São textos de um jurista que procura ir além da análise do direito positivo e reflectir sobre o sentido mais profundo dos princípios filosóficos e éticos que norteiam o ordenamento jurídico. Envolvem opções de princípio que podem considerar-se estruturantes quanto ao modelo civilizacional que queiramos hoje seguir. Apesar de escritos em épocas e contextos bastante diversificados, (...) penso que nenhum destes textos perdeu alguma actualidade, pois tais temáticas são objecto de debates que não estão encerrados, ou poderão mesmo vir a ganhar acuidade nos tempos mais próximos. Não fujo à assunção de opções claras nesses debates, pois sinto que um imperativo de consciência a isso me obriga. Procuro sempre fazê-lo de forma racionalmente consistente e em espírito de diálogo e consideração pelas posições adversas. Índice O Direito e a Vida- a Fase Inicial O Direito e a Vida- a Fase Terminal O Direito e a Dignidade da Pessoa Humana O Direito e a Família Os Fins do Direito Penal Direito Penal e Ética sexual O Direito e a Sociedade Multicultural. (shrink)

Special issue: "Henri Bergson. Creative Evolution and Philosophy of Life." -/- I read the genealogy of the concept of energy through Bergson's Creative Evolution to argue that, historically, energy and its proto-concepts are grounded in spatialized notions of time. Bergson's work not only demands that we rethink energy and its relation to time, it also allows us to see that the concept of energy as we know it depicts time and materiality as a numerical multiplicity, which effaces the differences in (...) kind which are characteristic of energy transformations and real duration. To make this case, I first provide an analysis of Bergson’s concept of the cinematographical mechanism of thought, which splits duration into a composition of distinct states strung together by the idea of an impersonal becoming. Bergson claimed that this is the epistemological model for both ancient philosophy and modern science, meaning that it is also the epistemological ground within which energy concepts in western philosophy and science have been theorized. I then show how Bergson offers a way to overcome this model of theorizing through his method of intuition, and how these conclusions might be extended to future energy concepts. Thus, I argue that 1) Bergson’s work on duration allow us to interpret the genealogy of energy as the history of attempts to provide an account of change in terms of spatialized notions of time; 2) that his work offers a way of incorporating historicity into our understanding of energy; and 3) that thinking energy in the context of duration offers the possibility of conceptualizing energy as change. (shrink)

La masificación del ser humano, la conversión del hombre en masa ha sido el acontecimiento más pavoroso de la Edad Contemporánea. Sin embargo, seguimos sin prestar a ese acontecimiento toda la atención que merece. Este libro intenta responder a una serie de preguntas. Preguntas que son de vital importancia porque nos va en ellas la vida como personas y como sociedad civilizada. ¿Qué es un hombre masa? ¿Cómo y cuándo surgió este tipo de hombre? ¿Por qué el hombre masa ha (...) alcanzado tanto poder en el mundo? ¿Qué futuro aguarda a una humanidad masificada? Pedro Jaén nacido en Fernán Núñez (Córdoba) en 1954 ha tenido una formación autodidacta. Ha trabajado como maestro de enseñanza primaria y actualmente está jubilado. Como escritor, alterna el ensayo con la poesía. (shrink)

Since the 1980s, there has been a significant increase in the number of studies concerning Andalusian rural settlements linked to irrigated agriculture, both related to large suburban green belts and to small hydraulic systems. In the vast areas where water is scarce, the settlement apparently would have been concentrated in cities and fortified towns, leaving without population most of the dry lands between them. However, thanks to the intensive survey of one of these regions, La Mancha’s Southeastern area, we are (...) recording a dense rural settlement corresponding to a pattern unknown until now. It consists basically of small villages in plain, devoid of community defense elements, which must have been inhabited by humble peasants, judging by the modesty of the architecture and domestic goods. Surely they make use of the scanty natural resources, which have traditionally oriented the economy of the region towards livestock and rainfed agriculture. In particular, the studied settlement would be related to the demand of wool for the export oriented textile production of the region, within the framework of the commercial expansion of that period. Apparently, most of those villages could have appeared in the eleventh century, disappearing in the middle of the thirteenth century because of the Christian conquest. Their existence would be associated with a general context of population growth that pushed the competition between urban elites and peasants pursuing the privileged agricultural areas, as well as the colonization of less favorable production areas. (shrink)

La discusión sobre las consecuencias políticas del pensamiento de L. Wittgenstein ha girado sobre la posibilidad de construir miradas críticas sobre lo social, su legitimidad, amplitud, fuerza, etc. Sin embargo, aproximar a Wittgenstein a una posición materialista, como la entendía L. Althusser, conduce a una comprensión diferente de la crítica, vinculada a la tarea de deconstruir el discurso filosófico que intenta unificar y organizar jerárquicamente las evidencias (certezas) constitutivas de los diferentes juegos de lenguaje en los que se despliega lo (...) social. Se intenta extraer de esta aproximación una distinción entre la filosofía como práctica teórica ideológica y como práctica teórica crítica. The discussion regarding the political consequences of Wittgenstein's thought has focused on the possibility of building critical approaches to the legitimacy, amplitude, strength, etc. of the social sphere. However, bringing Wittgenstein close to a materialist position as understood by L. Althusser leads to a different understanding of critique, linked to the deconstruction of the philosophical discourse that attempts to unify and hierarchically organize the certainties that are constitutive of the different language games in which the social is deployed. On the basis of this approach, the article attempts to draw a distinction between philosophy as ideological theoretical practice and as critical theoretical practice. (shrink)

This descriptive study gathers and questions general evidence on the quality of life experienced by medical residents during postgraduate training. The information was obtained from five databases during a period of four months in 2014. For the most part, it highlights dozens of studies that call attention to burnout as a condition that affects the quality of life of medical residents and health workers. The emphasis on deterioration in quality of life focuses on the symptoms of professional attrition that negatively (...) impact a person's health and their subjective sense of personal satisfaction. Although most quality-of-life scales are focused on patients, some of them could be used to assess the learning and working conditions of medical residents, so as to bring them in line with the objectives of legislation, ethics and the universal aspiration for health. The conclusion is that reconsideration is necessary, based on principles of ethics, health and organizational psychology that could benefit the physician in training and have an impact on the quality of health care. (shrink)

The first part of this paper develops an outline of the history of hermeneutics organised around the problem of the method, understood as the question of guarantee of objectivity, the central problem of XIX century hermeneutics. In this outline XX century neo-Wittgensteinian philosophers like Peter Winch and Charles Taylor, appears as establishing the legitimacy of the methodological autonomy of hermeneutically oriented approach to social studies. Second part of the paper follows Georgia Warnke suggestion that specific Gadamerian contribution is to refuse (...) objectivity and intersubjective validity as necessary requisites for interpretation to be successful. We find in an analogy with phenomenological analysis of perception of material object and in hermeneutical analysis of the function of “distance” the grounds in Gadamer´s thought that supports this interpretation. We conclude assessing whether Gadamer position implies a methodological conclusion of the kind "everything goes" and which is the role intersubjectivity has to play in Gadamerian new scenery. (shrink)

Nossa Igreja, em São Paulo e no Brasil, tem urgente necessidade de uma nova geração de leigos, bem preparados para atuarem em todos os campos da vida social e cultural da sociedade; leigos e leigas com a consciência clara de serem discípulos de Cristo, conhecedores da fé, da moral e da doutrina social da Igreja, capazes de tomarem posição, como cidadãos católicos, sem medo de assumirem sua identidade e sua adesão à Igreja no mundo pluralista, no qual vivemos; este, não (...) deve ser o espaço onde nós calamos nossa voz ou nos eximimos de dar nossa contribuição, talvez temerosos diante de vozes e testemunhos diferentes dos nossos; no espaço plural e democrático, todos podem afirmar e defender suas convicções e colocá-las a serviço da convivência social O Cardeal Odilo Pedro Scherer é Arcebispo de São Paulo e Grão Chanceler da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. (shrink)

Um dos grandes desafios da era da informação consiste em filtrar informações claras, rigorosas e atualizadas sobre tópicos importantes. O mesmo vale para a filosofia. Como encontrar conteúdo filosófico confiável em meio a milhares de artigos publicados diariamente na internet? Para ir ainda mais longe, como encontrar uma introdução a algum tópico com uma lista de referências bibliográficas atualizadas e que seja organizada por um especialista da área? Já que você começou a ler este livro, é provável que tenha ouvido (...) falar em algum momento da Enciclopédia Stanford de Filosofia, disponível gratuitamente na internet desde 1995. A página da Stanford faz exatamente isso. Ela cobre inúmeros verbetes sobre quase tudo em filosofia, oferecendo informação confiável sobre temas como feminismo, filosofia na América Latina, zumbis, metafísica e milhares de outros tópicos. A sugestão típica aos profissionais da filosofia que têm interesse em começar a estudar algum tópico, mas não sabem sequer por onde começar, é procurar pelo verbete relevante da Stanford. Infelizmente, o grande empecilho da página para o nosso contexto é que todos os verbetes estão disponíveis apenas em inglês, algo que cria um obstáculo a inúmeros estudantes e interessados que não dominam a língua. Neste sentido, acreditamos que esta publicação preencha um hiato importante na filosofia brasileira. Embora a filosofia no Brasil tenha se profissionalizado e expandido ao longo dos anos, há ainda lacunas em diversas áreas, e os verbetes foram aqui selecionados cuidadosamente no intuito de preencher ao menos algumas dessas lacunas. Este livro apresenta quatro verbetes cruciais para a filosofia, aqui divididos em quatro capítulos: (1) condições necessárias e suficientes, (2) referência (3) causação e (4) consciência. (shrink)

Davidson claims that the basis for all semantic notions is the successful communication. This paper aims at exploring the consequences that this statement has for the notions of both meaning and language. And as a result, it explains why communication is not grounded on conventions or norms.

Arts, Real-Time Video and Interactivity for Sustainability is an ongoing collaborative research project investigating how real-time video, DIY surveillance technologies and sensor data can be used as a tool for environmental awareness, activism and artistic explorations. The project consists of a series of digital contexts for aesthetic contemplation of nature and civic engagement, aiming to foster awareness and empowerment of local populations through DIY surveillance. At the core of the ARTIVIS efforts are a series of interactive installations, that make use (...) of surveillance technologies and real-time video as raw material to promote environmental awareness through the emotion generated by real-time connections with nature. Throughout the project development, the surveillance concept has been shifting from the use of surveillance technology in a centralized platform, to the idea of veillance with distributed peer-to-peer networks that can be used for science and environmental monitoring. In this paper we present the history of the ARTiVIS project, related and inspiring work, describe ongoing research work and explore the present and future challenges of appropriating surveillance technology for artistic, educational and civic engagement purposes. (shrink)

Reunindo o contributo de autores oriundos de múltiplas áreas, incidindo sobre a filosofia, as tradições religiosas e sapienciais, a história, a literatura, a linguística, a literatura oral, a obra que agora se publica, sob a égide do Centro de Estudos Clássicos e do Centro de Estudos Comparatistas da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, constitui uma visão plural sobre a sabedoria, sobre o lugar da memória na compreensão sábia da realidade, enfim, sobre o modo como a sabedoria e a (...) memória se cruzam. (shrink)

The formation of the moral point of view in Bernard Williams’ work might be understood as taking place between two central concepts: the individual and the community. It is through the tension between these two poles that some form of knowledge is acquired. In Williams’ work, the individual virtue takes the name of authenticity, and the communitarian knowledge is, importantly, ethical confidence. A philosophical peer of Williams, Alasdair MacIntyre, has dealt with the same question, although in very different ways. They (...) are usually taken to be philosophical rivals in many respects, especially regarding their political views, their views on religion and their thoughts on Aristotle. But if we look deeper into their claims, we should discover that not only do they have similar ethical concerns, as their responses to those concerns are not, in essence, as different as they seem. My purpose with this paper, however, is not to deny the important differences between the two philosophers, but rather to make conspicuous Williams’ demanding ideas on the formation of the moral point of view by (1) connecting significant portions of his work and (2) contrasting his ideas with that of a philosophical “rival,” namely by interpreting MacIntyre’s own declarations on Williams’ work. It will stand out that both philosophers’ motivation to do ethics is to grant an equilibrium between the individual conscience and the moral knowledge that is acquired within a community. (shrink)

El Tractatus Logico-philosophicus es una obra filosófica de una enorme complejidad. Su estilo es sentencioso, por momentos oracular, otras veces casi telegráfico, de manera que en muchas ocasiones cuesta discernir los nexos entre las diversas proposiciones. Con todo, en el "Prólogo", en particular en sus observaciones sobre la cuestión del límite, Wittgenstein proporciona algunas indicaciones de las que conviene tomar debida nota para la interpretación de la obra. Este trabajo es fundamentalmente una propuesta de interpretación de estas observaciones, de su (...) proyección sobre el Tractatus, de su relevancia para comprender la naturaleza, de la ruptura operada por Wittgenstein en las Investigaciones filosóficas. -/- THE PROBLEM OF THE LIMIT AND THE TRACTATUS AS A TRANSCENDENTAL REFLECTION Tractatus Logico-philosophicus is a very complex philosophical work. It is writen by means of short phrases in a oracular style. Some parts are telegraphic, in such a way that it becomes difficult to elucidate the links among the different propositions. However, in the "preface", in particular in his remarks about the cuestion of the limit, Wittgenstein gives us some indications that we should consider carefully in order to interpret his work. This paper is basically a proposal to interpret the above mentioned remarks, of how they illuminate Tractatus, of how they are relevant to understand the nature of the profound change that Wittgenstein introduces in Philosophical Investigations. (shrink)

This paper is a continuation of the authors' attempts to deal with the notion of indistinguishability (or indiscernibility) from a logical point of view. Now we introduce a two-sorted first-order modal logic to enable us to deal with objects of two different species. The intended interpretation is that objects of one of the species obey the rules of standard S5, while the objects of the other species obey only the rules of a weaker notion of indiscernibility. Quantum mechanics motivates the (...) development. The basic idea is that in the ‘actual’ world things may be indiscernible but in another accessible world they may be distinguished in some way. That is, indistinguishability needs not be seen as a necessary relation. Contrariwise, things might be distinguished in the ‘actual’ world, but they may be indiscernible in another world. So, while two quantum systems may be entangled in the actual world, in some accessible world, due to a measurement, they can be discerned, and on the other hand, two initially separated quantum systems may enter in a state of superposition, losing their individualities. Two semantics are sketched for our system. The first is constructed within a standard set theory (the ZFC system is assumed at the metamathematics). The second one is constructed within the theory of quasi-sets, which we believe suits better the purposes of our logic and the mathematical treatment of certain situations in quantum mechanics. Some further philosophically related topics are considered. (shrink)

The importance of an author can be evaluated by the extent to which his theoretical contribution transforms a certain area of knowledge: major researchers create new vistas. This certainly applies to Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934), one of the most brilliant authors of contemporary psychology. His work, owing to its originality, is of epistemological interest to several areas of knowledge. In fact, Vygotsky was at the center of a historical time of change in twentieth-century Russia, in which Mikhail Bakhtin, Roman Jakobson, Serguei (...) Eisenstein, Alexander Luria, and Yuri Lotman took part. Their theoretical proposals had repercussions in several areas of knowledge: in literature, semiotics, film, and .. (shrink)

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se analizan las vinculaciones entre la persecución teológica, jurídica y cultural que padecen los marranos peninsulares de los siglos XVI y XVII, y las prácticas, materiales y sobre todo teóricas, en cuyo ejercicio se ven éstos obligados a construirse una identidad religiosa propia. La disidencia marrana se revela como una forma específicamente hispánica de la crítica propia de esa primera modernidad que alcanza su apoteosis con los grandes principios de la Ilustración europea.