Children from low-SES families are known to show delays in aspects of language development which underpin reading acquisition such as vocabulary and listening comprehension. Research on the development of morphological skills in this group is scarce, and no studies exist in French. The present study investigated the involvement of morphological knowledge in the very early stages of reading acquisition (decoding), before reading comprehension can be reliably assessed. We assessed listening comprehension, receptive vocabulary, phoneme awareness, morphological awareness as well as decoding, (...) word reading and non-verbal IQ in 703 French first-graders from low-SES families after 3 months of formal schooling (November). Awareness of derivational morphology was assessed using three oral tasks: Relationship Judgment (e.g., do these words belong to the same family or not? heat-heater … ham-hammer); Lexical Sentence Completion [e.g., Someone who runs is a …? (runner)]; and Non-lexical Sentence Completion [e.g., Someone who lums is a…? (lummer)]. The tasks differ on implicit/explicit demands and also tap different kinds of morphological knowledge. The Judgement task measures the phonological and semantic properties of the morphological relationship and the Sentence Completion tasks measure knowledge of morphological production rules. Data were processed using a graphical modeling approach which offers key information about how skills known to be involved in learning to read are organized in memory. This modeling approach was therefore useful in revealing a potential network which expresses the conditional dependence structure between skills, after which recursive structural equation modeling was applied to test specific hypotheses. Six main conclusions can be drawn from these analyses about low SES reading acquisition: (1) listening comprehension is at the heart of the reading acquisition process; (2) word reading depends directly on phonemic awareness and indirectly on listening comprehension; (3) decoding depends on word reading; (4) Morphological awareness and vocabulary have an indirect influence on word reading via both listening comprehension and phoneme awareness; (5) the components of morphological awareness assessed by our tasks have independent relationships with listening comprehension; and (6) neither phonemic nor morphological awareness influence vocabulary directly. The implications of these results with regard to early reading acquisition among low SES groups are discussed. (shrink)

Developmental dyslexia is a specific learning condition characterized by severe and persistent difficulties in written word recognition, decoding and spelling that may impair both text reading fluency and text reading comprehension. Despite this, some adults with dyslexia successfully complete their university studies even though graduating from university involves intensive exposure to long and complex texts. This study examined the cognitive skills underlying both text reading comprehension and text reading fluency in a sample of 54 university students with dyslexia and 63 (...) university students without dyslexia, based on a set of tests adapted for an adult population, including listening comprehension, word reading, pseudoword reading, phonemic awareness, spelling, visual span, reading span, vocabulary, non-verbal reasoning, and general knowledge. The contribution of these skills to text reading fluency and text reading comprehension was examined using stepwise multiplicative linear regression analyses. As far as TRF is concerned, a regression model including word reading, pseudoword reading and spelling best fits the data, while a regression model including listening comprehension, general knowledge and vocabulary best fits the data obtained for text reading comprehension. Overall, these results are discussed in the light of the current literature on adults with dyslexia and both text reading fluency and text reading comprehension. (shrink)

Searches for the man Blaise who has been shadowed into near invisibility by the hero Pascal, the 17th-century French scientist who underwent a conversion in midlife and became saintly. Knits the two halves of his life together by examining his upbringing and family relationships, finding in his love for God a substitute or at least compensation for the loss of his parents. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

Imagine you and your friend Pierre agreed on meeting each other at a café, but he does not show up. What is the difference between a friend’s not showing up meeting? and any other person not coming? In some sense, all people who did not come show the same kind of behaviour, but most people would be willing to say that the absence of a friend who you expected to see is different in kind. In this paper, I will spell (...) out this difference by investigating laypeople’s conceptualisation of absences of actions in four experiments. In languages such as German, French, Italian, or Polish, people consider a friend’s not coming an omission. Any other person’s not coming, in contrast, is not considered an omission at all, but just a mere nothing. This use of the term omission differs from the usage in English, where ‘omission’ refers to all kinds of absences. In addition, ‘omission’ is not even an everyday term, but invented by philosophers for the sake of philosophical investigation. In other languages, ‘omission’ is part of an everyday vocabulary. Finally, I will discuss how this folk concept of omission could be made fruitful for philosophical questions. (shrink)

Au résumé de la thèse de Gilligan et Snider déjà présenté dans les articles précédents, l’autrice ajoute que femmes et hommes ainsi différenciées reconnaissent chacun·e leur vulnérabilité et celle de l’autre, ce qui les met sur la voie de l’égalité. Le film Atlantique de Mati Diop offre une belle illustration de cette théorie. On y voit les jeunes femmes reprendre à leur compte la revendication de dignité de leurs amis morts en mer dans le drame de l’émigration.

It has recently been argued that normative considerations play an important role in causal cognition. For instance, when an agent violates a moral rule and thereby produces a negative outcome, she will be judged to be much more of a cause of the outcome, compared to someone who performed the same action but did not violate a norm. While there is a substantial amount of evidence reporting these effects, it is still a matter of debate how this evidence is to (...) be interpreted. In this paper, we engage with the three most influential classes of explanations, namely, (a) the Norm‐Sensitive Cognitive Process View, (b) the Normative Concept View, and (c) the Pragmatics View. We will outline how these theories explain the empirical results and in what ways they differ. We conclude with a reflection on how well these strategies do overall and what questions they still leave unanswered. (shrink)

The omission effect, first described by Spranca and colleagues, has since been extensively studied and repeatedly confirmed. All else being equal, most people judge it to be morally worse to actively bring about a negative event than to passively allow that event to happen. In this paper, we provide new experimental data that challenges previous studies of the omission effect both methodologically and philosophically. We argue that previous studies have failed to control for the equivalence of rules that are violated (...) by actions and omissions. Once equivalent norms are introduced, our results show that the omission effect is eliminated, even if the negative outcome of the behavior is foreseen and intended by the agent. We show that the omission effect does not constitute a basic, moral disposition but occurs exclusively in complex moral situations. Building on these empirical results, we cast doubt onto two influential explanations of the omission effect, the Causal Relevance Hypothesis and the Overgeneralization Hypothesis, and provide a novel explanation of the phenomenon. Furthermore, we discuss various ramifications of the interplay between our understanding of omissions and legal systems. (shrink)

The Pāli tradition presents a diverse and often contradictory picture of women. This book examines women's roles as they are described in the Pāli canon and its commentaries. Taking into consideration the wider socio-religious context and drawing from early brahmanical literature and epigraphical findings, it contrasts these descriptions with the doctrinal account of women's spiritual abilities. The book explores gender in the Pāli texts in order to delineate what it means to be a woman both in the context in which (...) the texts were composed and in the context of their ultimate goal - that of achieving escape from the round of rebirths. The critical investigation focuses on the internal relationships and dynamics of one tradition and employs a novel methodology, which the author calls "critical sympathy". This assumes that the tradition's teaching is valid for all, in particular that its main goal, nibbāṇa, is accessible to all human beings. By considering whether and how women's roles fit within this path, the author examines whether women have spiritual agency not only as bhikkhunīs (Buddhist nuns), but also as wives and mothers. It offers a new understanding that focuses on how the tradition construes women's traditional roles within an interdependent community. It aims to understand how what many scholars have seen as contradictory and inconsistent characterizations of women in Buddhism have been accepted and endorsed by the Pāli tradition. With an aim to show that the Pāli canon offers an account of women that is doctrinally coherent and consistent with its sociological facts, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of Buddhism and Asian Religion. (shrink)

This book empirically investigates the social practice of ascribing moral responsibility to others for the things they failed to do, and it discusses the philosophical relevance of this practice.0In our everyday life, we often blame others for things they failed to do. For instance, we might blame our neighbour for not watering our plants during our vacation. Interestingly, the attribution of blame is typically accompanied by the attribution of causal responsibility. We do not only blame our neighbour for not watering (...) our plants, but we do so because we believe that not watering the plants caused them to dry up and die. In this book, I investigate how we make moral and causal judgments about omissions. I discuss different philosophical perspectives on this matter, and I outline to what extent the actual social practice is in line with philosophical theories. (shrink)

L’inégalité est une thématique sociale, abordée de façon récurrente dans les médias. Appliquant une approche de « sémantique discursive », nous examinerons l’usage d’inégalité(s) dans le discours de presse en circonscrivant les principales dimensions sémantiques du nom à travers ses fonctionnements préférentiels en cotexte, étroit ou élargi. Après quelques questionnements sémantico-référentiels autour du mot, l’étude du corpus – constitué d’articles issus des journaux Le Monde, Libération et Le Figaro – montrera qu’inégalité(s) fonctionne, à la fois, comme un lieu d’observation, d’évaluation (...) et de revendication. L’analyse conduit également à penser que l’usage partagé et consensuel du segment lutte contre les inégalités dans le corpus fait apparaître une forme de « langue de bois ». (shrink)

Stephen Cole Kleene was one of the greatest logicians of the twentieth century and this book is the influential textbook he wrote to teach the subject to the next generation. It was first published in 1952, some twenty years after the publication of Godel's paper on the incompleteness of arithmetic, which marked, if not the beginning of modern logic. The 1930s was a time of creativity and ferment in the subject, when the notion of computable moved from the realm of (...) philosophical speculation to the realm of science. This was accomplished by the work of Kurt Gode1, Alan Turing, and Alonzo Church, who gave three apparently different precise definitions of computable. When they all turned out to be equivalent, there was a collective realization that this was indeed the right notion. Kleene played a key role in this process. One could say that he was there at the beginning of modern logic. He showed the equivalence of lambda calculus with Turing machines and with Godel's recursion equations, and developed the modern machinery of partial recursive functions. This textbook played an invaluable part in educating the logicians of the present. It played an important role in their own logical education.". (shrink)

This paper examines the modalities and mechanism of text-use pertaining to Indian and Tibetan material in a selection of Tibetan Buddhist epistemological treatises written between the eleventh and the thirteenth century. It pays special attention to a remarkable feature of this corpus: the phenomenon of “repeat,” that is, the unacknowledged integration of earlier material by an author within his own composition. This feature reveals an intellectual continuity in the tradition, and is found even for authors who claim a rupture from (...) their predecessors. Regarding acknowledged text re-use in the form of quotations, I consider which factors condition the identification of the source or the lack thereof, and what role quotations play for the respective authors. In particular, I discuss whether any inference can be drawn, from the presence or absence of quotations, about an author’s knowledge of the corresponding source. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous explorons le concept de radicalité à partir de la pensée politique d’Albert Camus. Au travers des concepts d’absurde, de révolte et de mesure chez Camus, nous tenterons de comprendre le rapport entre violence et radicalité. Pour Camus, la racine propre à l’homme est double; elle se révèle dans une tension fondamentale entre liberté et égalité. En ce sens, la posture radicale de l’homme apparaît dans la mesure et la limite, plutôt que dans une forme d’absolu ou (...) d’extrémisme. La seule démesure souhai- table, selon Camus, est l’amour, qui est le propre des « saints ». Nous illustrerons la radicalité telle que pensée par Camus par le cas du suicide politique. Nous tenterons de cerner ce qui, d’une part, fait du suicide politique un phénomène qu’on pourrait associer à une forme de sainteté païenne et, d’autre part, ce qui explique que le terrorisme, ou toute autre forme de violence sur autrui, est, selon Camus, non radical. (shrink)

Is it tautological to call an action "wrongful discrimination?" Some philosophers and political theorists answer this question in the affirmative and claim that the term "discrimination" is intrinsically evaluative. Others agree that "discrimination" usually conveys the action’s moral wrongness but claim that the term can be used in a purely descriptive way. In this paper, we present two corpus studies and two experiments designed to test whether the folk concept of discrimination is evaluative. We demonstrate that the term has undergone (...) a historical development and is nowadays no longer used purely descriptively. Further, we show that this evaluation cannot be cancelled without yielding a contradiction. We conclude that the descriptive use of "discriminatory" is a thing of the past. (shrink)

Foucault (1926-1984) et Wittgenstein (1889-1951) appartiennent, selon une présentation courante, à deux traditions de pensée différentes, pour ne pas dire rivales, dont chacun serait en quelque sorte une figure tutélaire. Au-delà des oppositions des philosophies continentale et analytique, tous deux partagent pourtant un fond commun : une critique radicale de la notion classique de subjectivité, une façon spécifique de concevoir et de pratiquer la philosophie comme manière d'être et de vivre. Tous deux, en philosophant, engagent un discours critique et un (...) exercice de transformation de soi-même, des autres et du monde. Cet ouvrage ne cherche nullement à réconcilier deux traditions adverses. Nul oecuménisme ici, mais plutôt la volonté de faire ressurgir des problèmes dont la force et l'insistance se jouent des clivages institués : le rapport à soi, la conscience et ses illusions, le rapport entre le " je " et le " nous ". Une telle confrontation possède la vertu d'arracher ces deux auteurs au statut de doctrines instituées et figées et de susciter de nouvelles interrogations à propos d'oeuvres prétendument connues et reconnues. Un questionnement contemporain. (shrink)

What are the main features that influence our attribution of moral responsibility? It is widely accepted that there are various factors which strongly influence our moral judgments, such as the agent’s intentions, the consequences of the action, the causal involvement of the agent, and the agent’s freedom and ability to do otherwise. In this paper, we argue that this picture is incomplete: We argue that social roles are an additional key factor that is radically underestimated in the extant literature. We (...) will present an experiment to support this claim. (shrink)

This article explores how Levinas’s analysis of family relations (paternity, filiality, fecundity, and maternity) and the ethical relationship to the other (requiring both a paradoxical process of separation and the aptitude to be ethically ordained) can retrospectively enlighten our understanding of King Lear. It first shows how, in the Shakespearean tragedy, Levinas’s ethical answer, “here I am,” cannot be dissociated from fearless speech, which becomes the manifestation of the ethical relationship to the other. It then focuses on the Levinasian paradox (...) of “separation” as a prerequisite to the ethical relationship, and sees how this is radically distorted in the families presented in King Lear. It finally considers Levinas’s idea of maternity as a responsibility for others to the point of substitution, to questions the absence of mothers in King Lear and argue that the denouement of the tragedy can be regarded as a gender-reversed variation on the mater dolorosa motif. (shrink)

La musique occupe une place significative dans la pensée de Gilles Deleuze, de la musique contemporaine aux musiques baroque, classique et romantique, et plus largement à l'ensemble des signaux sonores. Sollicitée au niveau expressif, technique, historique, non moins qu'anthropologique et politique, la musique prend part aux grands concepts deleuzo-guattariens - ritournelle, rhizome, agencements, machines - pour n'en citer que quelques-uns, désormais traduits dans de nombreuses langues. Un état des lieux des relations que la musique entretient avec la pensée de Gilles (...) Deleuze - domaine qui n'a pas encore fait l'objet d'une recherche approfondie en France - est apparu nécessaire. Ce premier ouvrage collectif en français réunit les travaux de musicologues, ethnomusicologues, compositeurs, philosophes et théoriciens de l'art qui font appel au corpus de sa pensée dans le domaine musical. Comment Deleuze s'inspire-t-il et s'instruit-t-il de la pratique musicale qui lui est contemporaine pour créer ses concepts, et en retour, quelle est l'incidence des lectures de ses textes sur la création, la musicologie, l'esthétique, l'ethnomusicologie, les techniques et les technologies musicales? Ce livre entend repérer l'impact de ces outils de pensée sur la recherche et la création musicale contemporaine tant pour l'approche des cultures orales que pour les besoins de l'analyse ou ceux de l'écriture. (shrink)

Satisfaction, well-being, pleasure or happiness are some of the terms used by researchers who attempt to characterize the positive emotions and experiences of teachers in their professional practice. Without choosing between these different conceptual frameworks, this article aims to identify the determinants of this “happiness”, particularly in relation to the expectations upon entering the profession. It emphasizes the importance of student-related factors, in particular the quality of the relationship that teachers have with their students and the quality of learning, and (...) their reciprocal influence. Training courses to strengthen teachers' skills in these two areas are then seen as a way to increase the happiness of learning and teaching. The article finally insists on the importance of the evaluation of the trainings, by presenting a currently under development device to evaluate a training action aiming at reinforcing the psychosocial skills of 1st grade students, which is carried out in a school district of the Paris region. This device uses the CLASS (Classroom Assessment Scoring System) tool, not yet well known in France. (shrink)

Die Betrachtungen, die ich Ihnen im Folgenden vortragen möchte, konzentrieren sich auf den Begriff der Gesellschaft in Fichtes Philosophie und überschneiden sich unvermeidlich mit einer Neubewertung des Begriffs des Politischen, wie er sich bei Fichte abzeichnet. Ausgangspunkt ist die Unterscheidung zwischen Gesellschaft und Staat: eine Unterscheidung, die philosophiegeschichtlich in Hegel ihren wichtigsten Exponenten hat, doch, obgleich nicht immer überlegt und vollständig ausgearbeitet, bereits in die Schriften vieler Autoren als Voraussetzung eingeflossen war. Und darüber hinaus war dies ein Gedanke, der auf (...) einer anderen, wenn man so will, niedrigeren Reflexionsebene in der deutschen Publizistik insbesondere gegen Ende des 18. Jh./anfang des 19. Jh. schon allgemein verbreitet war, das heißt zu einer Zeit, als das Thema der Staatsbildung in den größeren Ländern auf der Tagesordnung stand. Das Thema von einer Neubewertung des Begriffs des Politischen bei Fichte ist vornehmlich aus zwei Gründen von Bedeutung. Einerseits zeigt sich, wenn wir einfach auf das Wort »Politik« achten, daß es bei Fichte nicht oft zu finden ist: es steht in Verbindung mit Eigenschaften wie »Klugheit« oder »Geschicklichkeit« und bezeichnet alles andere als das Ergebnis einer wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Die Politik nimmt daher in Anbetracht der theoretischen Vorannahmen, die Fichtes Philosophie kennzeichnen, und des geringen Gewichts, das er der geschichtlichen Kontingenz bei der Forschung beimißt, nur eine bescheidene Stellung ein. Und in der Tat scheint der Zuständigkeitsbereich der Politik in der Rechtswissenschaft äußerst begrenzt: in ihn fällt nur eine geringe Anzahl von Fragestellungen, deren wichtigste die verschiedenen Regierungsformen betrifft, was jedoch keineswegs ein ausschlaggebendes Problem darstellt, sofern die »Wissenschaft« ihre Prinzipien richtig aufgestellt und in angemessener Weise miteinander verknüpft hat. Allerdings ist zu erwähnen, daß bei genauerer Betrachtung die Zahl der Fragestellungen, deren Lösung Fichte tatsächlich der Politik anvertraut, deutlich größer ist und sich auch auf eine Vielzahl von Bereichen erstreckt - bis hin zur wirtschaftlichen Organisation innerhalb eines Staates, um nur ein Beispiel zu nennen. In jedem Fall aber ist der Bereich der praktischen Politik und nicht der der politischen Theorie betroffen. Betrachtet man das Thema schließlich in Hinblick auf die aktiv an der Politik Beteiligten, stellt man fest, daß ihre Zahl sehr gering ist, da die politischen Rechte, sowohl was das aktive als auch das passive Wahlrecht anbetrifft, nur in begrenztem Maße anerkannt werden. (shrink)

Nous voulons réfléchir sur ce que Sénèque choisit de révéler et de taire, de montrer et de cacher sur la scène tragique, à travers l'étude de deux situations de Phèdre. En étudiant la parole de la protagoniste lors de deux moments cruciaux (face à Hippolyte à qui elle veut avouer son amour et face à Thésée à qui elle doit expliquer son souhait de mourir), nous mettons en lumière le processus de métamorphose du personnage à l'acte II, scandé par trois (...) occurrences du verbe miserere. Phèdre insère dans sa tirade des signa amoris de plus en plus explicites, jusqu'à la révélation finale qui la consacre en tant qu'amans. Cela s'accompagne de la métamorphose d'un objet, l'épée d'Hippolyte, qui, tout d'abord absente et symbolique, apparaît ensuite sur scène et reçoit un rôle significatif : des mains du jeune homme, elle passe à celles de sa belle-mère, devenant tour à tour arme qui peut blesser, objet souillé, gage d'amour et de mort, puis preuve qui accuse – pignus sceleris – grâce aux indices savamment distillés par la nourrice et par Phèdre. (shrink)

Liminaire -- Je serais content d'en savoir plus -- Un parcours philosophique -- Jeunesses -- Rhétorique -- L'École d'Athènes -- La fin d'une civilisation et l'orgasme -- Un héros de la Raison -- De Baïus, Jansenius et Geulincx à Samuel Beckett et Pascal Quignard -- Une fenêtre ouverte... sur la statue de Husserl -- La Dispute du Saint-Sacrement -- Itinerarium mentis -- Il y a -- La décision -- Ceci n'est pas une conversation -- Les expériences naturelles -- Le standard (...) technique et l'abstraction juridique -- Le scepticisme légitime? -- Une conversation première -- Intervalles -- La passiveté comme grain de folie -- La double affection philosophique -- Le grouillement -- De la consistance du Moi à l'effacement de soi -- Le caritatif -- L'insomnie -- La vérité recevable -- Les tomates-crevettes d'Emmanuel Lévinas ou l'Autre Banquet -- Bifurcations -- Style de vie. (shrink)

Als Fichte sich mit seiner Appellation an ein »gemischtes« Publikum, an Philosophen aber auch an Nicht-Philosophen wandte, waren für ihn die Zeiten eines scheinbar unheilbaren Konflikts zwischen theoretischem Denken und religiösem Gefühl längst vorüber. Ebenso auch jene Zeiten, in denen Fichte etwas vorschnell seine Zustimmung zu den Dekreten, die über die Religion wachen sollten, zugegeben hatte.

In this essay, written for the public presentation of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Scritti filosofici, edited by Giovanni Moretto and Fulvio Tessitore , the author underlines the controversial relationship between Humboldt’s historical-anthropological thought and Kantian criticism, which represents nevertheless a premise both essential and encumbering of Humbolt’s reflection.

Résumé L’étude raisonnée de la tradition manuscrite des œuvres de saint Thomas, menée par la Commission Léonine depuis sa fondation, est à l’origine d’un renouvellement considérable de l’approche de l’œuvre du maître dominicain. Elle a permis de confirmer la liste des œuvres authentiques, d’en restaurer le texte déformé par de multiples blessures au cours des siècles, et aussi d’esquisser, grâce notamment à l’examen graphologique des manuscrits autographes, le profil personnel de Thomas écrivain. Les conditions de travail du théologien ont été (...) élucidées et la signification de son entreprise a pu être située dans les enjeux d’une époque. Si l’accès aux données objectives de l’histoire semble avoir affranchi la réception de l’œuvre des polémiques issues de la Réforme, il pose également de nouvelles conditions aux thomismes d’aujourd’hui. Les nombreuses traductions d’œuvres de saint Thomas d’après le texte de l’édition léonine sont un signe supplémentaire de l’actuel renouvellement de sa lecture et de sa diffusion. (shrink)

On édite ici un sermon de Robert Holcot, frère prêcheur anglais actif dans les années 1331-1344, d’après le manuscrit 342 de la bibliothèque municipale de Toulouse. Ce discours introduit un commentaire à la Genèse qui est perdu. Il a dû être délivré dans un contexte conventuel, étant donné la diversité d’âges et d’occupations de son auditoire clérical. Il contient plusieurs traits notables que l’on peut qualifier de pré-humanistes : affirmation de la supériorité des Grecs sur les Latins, éloge de la (...) grammaire plus que de toute autre discipline, insistance sur la narrativité de l’Écriture, admiration pour les écoles philosophiques antiques. Parmi les sources citées, plusieurs exempla proviennent des Nuits Attiques d’Aulu-Gelle. (shrink)

Résumé – Nous nous intéressons à l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de l’infini en classe de mathématiques en considérant les différences et les relations entre infini potentiel et infini actuel. Nous présentons les principaux éléments de notre étude philosophique, épistémologique et didactique, ainsi que trois situations visant à conduire un travail explicite avec les élèves sur ces questions en début de lycée. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- Abstract – We are interested in the teaching and learning of infinite in mathematics class, taking into account the relations (...) between potential infinite and actual infinite. We report the main elements of our current philosophical, epistemological and didactical study; we also present three mathematical situations that we consider relevant for this purpose and to be explored with 10 and 11 grade students. (shrink)