Dire que le discours moral de l'Eglise est mal recu est un euphemisme. Il est en verite heretique. Critique par ceux qui l'ignorent comme par ceux qui devraient le connaitre, parfois deforme et rarement defendu, il n'esquive pas le debat rationnel. Mais qui se soucie de raison tandis que partout et sans partage regne l'emotion? Peu osent s'ecarter du dogme selon lequel le l'individu ne doit avoir que deux maitres: le desir tout-puissant, createur d'un univers virtuel et ephemere, et l'hygiene, (...) ultime etalon du rapport a autrui. Peu resistent aux sirenes du relativisme ambiant, meme parmi d'eminents moralistes chretiens persuades du fait meme d'avoir eu raison trop tot dans une Eglise trop frileuse. Il se pourrait pourtant que la critique philosophique decouvre dans la reflexion morale chretienne une vraie sagesse, qui n'est pas la veuve du temps qui passe, dont l'ambition est seulement de raviver la flamme fragile de notre conscience morale. Pascal Jacob ne se limite pas pour autant a une critique d'une certaine theologie contemporaine, il expose avec pedagogie la rationalite de la pensee chretienne ainsi que les positions de l'Eglise, en particulier sur des questions controversees. L'auteur: Pascal Jacob, Agrege de philosophie, Professeur a l'IPC - Facultes libres de philosophie et de psychologie, enseigne egalement l'Ethique en licence de psychologie et en Institut de soins Infirmiers (IFSI) et la philosophie en lycee. (shrink)

Background: Psychiatric nurses are regularly confronted with the uses and effects of control interventions such as mechanical restraints. Although there are evident tensions in the literature regarding the use of mechanical restraints, very little research has focused on the lived and embodied experience of their use, whether from the patient’s perspective or the perspective of nursing staff responsible for their application. Research aims: (1) to gain access to the bodily phenomenon of being placed in mechanical restraints; (2) to give voice (...) to the intimate experiential understanding of this experience; and (3) through phenomenological interpretation, to understand the subjective processes and meaning-making of this experience. Research design: For this research, we adopted a distinctly ethics-oriented application of the methodology known as interpretative phenomenological analysis, that is, the interpretive dimension of the research focused on ethical practice in mental healthcare – one that is informed by experiential accounts of the lived body. Participants and research context: A total of 40 in-depth semi-structured, nondirected interviews with both nurses (n = 21) and patients (n = 19) we conducted to meet the aims of this article. Participants were recruited from an inpatient psychiatric unit of a Canadian general hospital. Ethical considerations: The research received research ethics board clearance from both the hospital where the study took place and the University of Ottawa. Findings: The comparative analysis is presented under the following headings: (1) context of care, (2) meaning of quality of care, (3) emotional reactions and nurse–patient relationship, (4) meeting the needs and (5) need for alternatives. Discussion/conclusions: The research findings are discussed in light of current literature and implications for practice. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage présente les fondements philosophiques et scientifiques du développement actuel des biotechnologies. Ce développement se fonde, philosophiquement, sur l'idée de la réalisation du possible largement commentée dans la tradition philosophique. Il est montré en outre comment le bricolage biotechnologique résulte de propriétés nouvellement reconnues de l'évolution biologique elle-même, qui procède selon le principe du bricolage moléculaire exposé par François Jacob. L'intimité des relations entre biotechnologie et évolution biologique, qui reste mal comprise en général, est ici détaillée à un (...) niveau fondamental, celui de la biologique moléculaire des trente dernières années et des techniques comme l'ADN recombinant et plus récemment l'évolution dirigée et les diverses formes de clonage. Les questions d'éthique et de politique scientifique liées aux biotechnologies sont également examinées. Les réflexions sur le thème biologie et société et la responsabilité scientifique exprimées depuis une trentaine d'années sont présentées en même temps que les divers cadres et actions politiques et institutionnels des biotechnologies. L'ouvrage, qui insiste sur l'extraordinaire malléabilité des structures biologiques, est aussi bien un plaidoyer pour l'exploration maîtrisée des possibles qu'un argumentaire pour une anthropologie philosophique de l'action humaine. (shrink)

The following paper argues that Blaise Pascal, in spite of his famous opposition between the God of the Philosophers and the God of “Abraham, Isaac and Jacob” has significant affinities with the tradition of Renaissance Platonism and is in fact a Platonist in his overall outlook. This is shown in three ways. Firstly, it is argued that Pascal’s skeptical fideism has roots in the notion of faith developed in post-Plotinian neo-Platonism. Secondly, it is argued that Pascal (...) makes considerable use of the Platonic notion of an indefinite dyadic principle. Thirdly, it is argued that Pascal’s religious psychology gives a centrality to the body that brings it close to the theurgical standpoint of figures like Iamblichus. Pascal is then contrasted to figures like Cusanus and Pico in that a dyadic principle of opposition is more prominent in his work than a triadic logic of mediation. (shrink)

Cette étude a l'ambition de couvrir à la fois la réception et l'influence des Pensées de Pascal jusqu'en 1734. Elle se fonde sur une analyse des influences philosophiques à l'uvre dans la composition même de l'uvre de Pascal, concluant à la forte influence de Gassendi sur la conception pascalienne du libertinage. Cette orientation de l'apologie est cependant contrariée par le fait que les Pensées sont éditées en 1670 par les théologiens cartésiens de Port-Royal, Arnauld et Nicole. Au-delà de (...) la forte influence des Pensées sur les Essais de morale de Nicole, les premières années de la réception sont marquées par la réfutation implicite contenue dans les uvres de Malebranche, de sorte qu'on observe la rivalité de deux conceptions de l'apologétique à cette époque: l'une, celle de Pascal, historique, vise à démontrer l'authenticité de la révélation du Dieu d'Abraham, d'Isaac et de Jacob par le témoignage de l'Ecriture Sainte; l'autre, malebranchiste, se base sur l'évidence des 'preuves de simple vue' et démontre l'existence de celui que Pascal avait désigné comme le 'Dieu des philosophes'. Or, jamais les apologistes ne renonceront aux preuves 'naturelles' et s'enfermeront dans le piège dénoncé par Pascal: ils célèbrent le triomphe du rationalisme chrétien et se font défenseurs du déisme. Lorsque Bayle met en évidence l'échec du rationalisme théologique, les philosophes clandestins auront beau jeu de transformer le rationalisme malebranchiste en rationalisme antichrétien. (shrink)

Pascal, in his Mémorial, contraposed the God of philosophers and the God of Abraham, of Jacob and of Jesus Christ. John Paul II, in Crossing the threshold of Hope, enters into dialogue with this Pascalian thought. The author analizes step by step, this confrontation, making it manifest that John Paul II advocates a style of philosophy which has a strong existential emphasis. Only such a philosophy explains, according to the thought of John Paul II, the truth as much (...) about God as about man. (shrink)

Pascal, in his Mémorial, contraposed the God of philosophers and the God of Abraham, of Jacob and of Jesus Christ. John Paul II, in Crossing the threshold of Hope, enters into dialogue with this Pascalian thought. The author analizes step by step, this confrontation, making it manifest that John Paul II advocates a style of philosophy which has a strong existential emphasis. Only such a philosophy explains, according to the thought of John Paul II, the truth as much (...) about God as about man. (shrink)

Robustness is a common platitude: hypotheses are better supported with evidence generated by multiple techniques that rely on different background assumptions. Robustness has been put to numerous epistemic tasks, including the demarcation of artifacts from real entities, countering the “experimenter’s regress,” and resolving evidential discordance. Despite the frequency of appeals to robustness, the notion itself has received scant critique. Arguments based on robustness can give incorrect conclusions. More worrying is that although robustness may be valuable in ideal evidential circumstances (i.e., (...) when evidence is concordant), often when a variety of evidence is available from multiple techniques, the evidence is discordant. †To contact the author, please write to: Jacob Stegenga, Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093; e‐mail: jstegenga@ucsd.edu. (shrink)

Ancient and medieval dialecticians: the lengthening shadow of Plato.--Traveller on the royal way: Martin Luther on simul justus et peccator.--Musician in the concert of God's joy: Jacob Boehme on ground and unground.--Prodigy between finite and infinite: Pascal's dialectic of grandeur and misery.--Thinker of the thoughts of God: Hegel and the dialectic of movement.--Venturer at the brinks: Kierkegaard and the dialectic of the suffering self.--Walker on the narrow ridge: Karl Barth and the dialectic of the human and divine.--Bridge-builder beyond (...) the boundaries: Tillich's dialectic of estrangement and reconciliation.--Wanderer in the forest: Heidegger on the being of beings.--Man suspended in mid-air: Rudolph Bultmann on the believer as free for the future.--Struggler under the twofold verdict of God: Werner Elert and the dialectic of law and gospel.--Epilog.--Selected bibliography (p. 159). (shrink)

Standard lore holds that magnetic forces are incapable of doing mechanical work. More precisely, the claim is that whenever it appears that a magnetic force is doing work, the work is actually being done by another force, with the magnetic force serving only as an indirect mediator. However, the most familiar instances of magnetic forces acting in everyday life, such as when bar magnets lift other bar magnets, appear to present manifest evidence of magnetic forces doing work. These sorts of (...) counterexamples are often dismissed as arising from quantum effects that lie outside the classical regime. In this paper, we show that quantum theory is not needed to account for these phenomena, and that classical electromagnetism admits a model of elementary magnetic dipoles on which magnetic forces can indeed do work. In order to develop this model, we revisit the foundational principles of the classical theory of electromagnetism, showcase the importance of constraints from relativity, examine the structure of the multipole expansion, and study the connection between the Lorentz force law and conservation of energy and momentum. (shrink)

In this paper, we review a general technique for converting the standard Lagrangian description of a classical system into a formulation that puts time on an equal footing with the system's degrees of freedom. We show how the resulting framework anticipates key features of special relativity, including the signature of the Minkowski metric tensor and the special role played by theories that are invariant under a generalized notion of Lorentz transformations. We then use this technique to revisit a classification of (...) classical particle-types that mirrors Wigner's classification of quantum particle-types in terms of irreducible representations of the Poincaré group, including the cases of massive particles, massless particles, and tachyons. Along the way, we see gauge invariance naturally emerge in the context of classical massless particles with nonzero spin, as well as study the massless limit of a massive particle and derive a classical-particle version of the Higgs mechanism. (shrink)

In his classic “Freedom and Resentment,” P. F. Strawson introduces us to an optimist who believes that our moral responsibility practices are justified by their beneficial consequences. Although many see Strawson as a staunch critic of this consequentialist position, his stated view is only that there is a gap in the optimist’s story where the reactive attitudes should be. In this paper, I fill in the gap. I show how optimism can be suitably modified to reflect an appreciation of the (...) reactive attitudes. And I argue that the ensuing position—on which our moral responsibility practices, taken as a whole, are justified both by their regulation of behavior and by their enabling of interpersonal relationships—provides us not only with a plausible justification of our moral responsibility practices, but also with a fruitful framework for evaluating potential reforms. (shrink)

The Meno, one of the most widely read of the Platonic dialogues, is seen afresh in this original interpretation that explores the dialogue as a theatrical presentation. Just as Socrates's listeners would have questioned and examined their own thinking in response to the presentation, so, Klein shows, should modern readers become involved in the drama of the dialogue. Klein offers a line-by-line commentary on the text of the Meno itself that animates the characters and conversation and carefully probes each significant (...) turn of the argument. "A major addition to the literature on the Meno and necessary reading for every student of the dialogue."--Alexander Seasonske, Philosophical Review "There exists no other commentary on Meno which is so thorough, sound, and enlightening."-- Choice Jacob Klein was a student of Martin Heidegger and a tutor at St. John's College from 1937 until his death. His other works include Plato's Trilogy: Theaetetus, the Sophist, and the Statesman, also published by the University of Chicago Press. (shrink)

Essays on Longtermism brings together leading scholars to address questions raised by the longtermist approach to ethical issues. The volume addresses the viability of longtermism, the possibility of predicting and control the far future, and the consequences of longtermist thinking on current political and moral problems.

We summarize a new realist, unextravagant interpretation of quantum theory that builds on the existing physical structure of the theory and allows experiments to have definite outcomes but leaves the theory's basic dynamical content essentially intact. Much as classical systems have specific states that evolve along definite trajectories through configuration spaces, the traditional formulation of quantum theory permits assuming that closed quantum systems have specific states that evolve unitarily along definite trajectories through Hilbert spaces, and our interpretation extends this intuitive (...) picture of states and Hilbert-space trajectories to the more realistic case of open quantum systems despite the generic development of entanglement. Our interpretation—which we claim is ultimately compatible with Lorentz invariance—reformulates wave-function collapse in terms of an underlying interpolating dynamics, makes it possible to derive the Born rule from deeper principles, and resolves several open questions regarding ontological stability and dynamics. (shrink)

We introduce a realist, unextravagant interpretation of quantum theory that builds on the existing physical structure of the theory and allows experiments to have definite outcomes but leaves the theory’s basic dynamical content essentially intact. Much as classical systems have specific states that evolve along definite trajectories through configuration spaces, the traditional formulation of quantum theory permits assuming that closed quantum systems have specific states that evolve unitarily along definite trajectories through Hilbert spaces, and our interpretation extends this intuitive picture (...) of states and Hilbert-space trajectories to the more realistic case of open quantum systems despite the generic development of entanglement. We provide independent justification for the partial-trace operation for density matrices, reformulate wave-function collapse in terms of an underlying interpolating dynamics, derive the Born rule from deeper principles, resolve several open questions regarding ontological stability and dynamics, address a number of familiar no-go theorems, and argue that our interpretation is ultimately compatible with Lorentz invariance. Along the way, we also investigate a number of unexplored features of quantum theory, including an interesting geometrical structure—which we call subsystem space—that we believe merits further study. We conclude with a summary, a list of criteria for future work on quantum foundations, and further research directions. We include an appendix that briefly reviews the traditional Copenhagen interpretation and the measurement problem of quantum theory, as well as the instrumentalist approach and a collection of foundational theorems not otherwise discussed in the main text. (shrink)

In engaging five of Plato's dialogues—Theaetetus, Euthyphro, Cratylus, Sophist, and Statesman—and by paying particular attention to Socrates' intellectual defense in the "philosophic trial" by the Stranger from Elea, Jacob Howland illuminates Plato's understanding of the proper relationship between philosophy and politics. This insightful and innovative study illustrates the Plato's understanding of the difference between sophistry and philosophy, and it identifies the innate contradictions of political philosophy that Plato observed and remain entrenched within the field to this day. This is (...) essential reading for anyone interested in the past, present, and future of political philosophy. (shrink)

Since the publication of “Behavioral studies of obedience” in 1963, and then of “Obedience to Authority” in 1974, the experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram at Yale in the early 1960s has provoked many lively debates. The opening of his archives by Yale University (Blass 2002), the partial replication of the experiment (Burger 2009), interviews with former “guinea pigs” or collaborators (Perry 2012), as well as the more general context of the replicability crisis in experimental psychology (Ritchie 2020) have triggered a (...) revival of these debates.On the basis of these new data, several aspects of Milgram’s experiments have been reexamined: their experimental protocol, which does not exactly match Milgram's account of it (Gibson 2019); the decision not to include in the interpretation interviews in which subjects claimed not to have been fooled by the device designed to deceive them (Perry, Brannigan & alii 2018); the lessons to be learned from the behavior observed (Burger, Girgis & Manning 2011; Reicher, Haslam & Smith 2012); the usefulness of these findings in explaining the behavior of ordinary perpetrators during genocides, and in particular the Shoah (Russell & Gregory 2015; Roth 2022); the moral legitimacy of the device itself (Perry 2012). Moreover, all of these investigations converge on the question of whether the crisis of reproducibility affects experiments on authority and, if so, to what extent. As Stuart Ritchie's (2020) cautious treatment of the Milgram case in his review of the reproducibility crisis shows, this question remains open.The fact remains that debates around one of the founding and paradigmatic works of experimental social psychology ultimately call into question the very value of this discipline or at least the direction it should take. Augustine Brannigan goes so far as to call for “the end of experimental social psychology” (Brannigan 2017, p. 141) in this regard. Finally, both Milgram and the psychologists and philosophers following in his wake interpreted the astonishment that his results aroused as a symptom of adherence to a mistaken anthropology. The situationist research program thus aimed to understand what this error is, where it comes from, and how to rectify it (Ross & Nisbett 1991; Doris 2005; Sabini & Silver 2005; Roth 2022). The subsequent interrogation of Milgram's results thus also calls into question the value of this philosophical program.The authority experiments were based on epistemological and ontological presuppositions that conditioned their design and interpretation, and that have thus far rarely been drawn out and directly discussed. For example, by designating his task as an “experiment on authority”, Milgram presupposed the existence of a concept of authority that would apply to the experiment in question, but about which he remained confused, because he was theoretically eclectic, relying as much on Hannah Arendt as on cybernetics (Milgram 1974). Stephen Gibson (2019) thus looked for a concept that could adequately describe what was actually taking place during the experiment and suggested that the Foucauldian concept of power was more suitable than the concept of authority.To take another example, Milgram's explicit goal was not only to reproduce in the laboratory an ordinary relationship of subordination, but to simulate the administrative and social structure that made possible the implementation of the extermination of the European Jews (Milgram 1963; Milgram 1974; Blass 2002). Against the prejudice according to which historical events are non-repeatable singularities, he thus presupposed the possibility of solving experimentally some of the explanatory problems that plague historians.In order to contribute productively to current debates on the value of Milgram's experiments, and more generally of social psychology, this special issue tries to identify the presuppositions, theoretical consequences, and justifications of the experiments. (shrink)

This paper argues that emotional inferences about characters in a text are not as specific as previously assumed.

This article examines how deduction preserves certainty and how much certainty it can preserve according to Descartes’s Rules for the Direction of the Mind. I argue that the certainty of a deduction is a matter of four conditions for Descartes. First, certainty depends on whether the conjunction of simple propositions is composed with necessity or contingency. Second, a deduction approaches the certainty of an intuition depending on how many “acts of conceiving” it requires and—third—the complexity or difficulty of the acts (...) of thinking, which is determined by the content of the thoughts and on external factors. Fourth, certainty depends on the intellectual aptitude of the person using the deduction. A deduction lacks certainty when it relies on memory such that it is not apprehended with immediacy. However, the mental capacity and speed of a mind can be increased by training the special mental faculties of perspicacity and discernment. Increasing one’s intellectual aptitude allows for more steps of a deduction to be inferred in fewer acts of conceiving, thereby helping preserve the certainty of a deduction. (shrink)

This article responds to one of Thaddeus Metz's criticisms of the theory that the meaning of life is to fulfil a purpose assigned by God. In particular, it addresses the argument that only an atemporal God could ground meaning but that an atemporal God could not assign a purpose. In order to do this, the article first argues that Metz's criticisms misread the relevant sense of purpose. It then argues that on a more plausible reading of 'purpose', we can see (...) that it is in fact the kind of thing that an atemporal God could assign. (shrink)

Influential classical and recent approaches to explicate confirmation, explanation, or explanatory power define these relations or degrees between hypotheses and evidence. This holds for both deductive and Bayesian approaches. However, this neglects the role of data, which for many everyday and scientific examples cannot simply be classified as evidence. I present arguments to sharply distinguish data from evidence in Bayesian approaches. Taking into account this distinction, we can rewrite Schupbach and Sprenger’s measure of explanatory power and show the strengths of (...) this adaptation by applying it to the example of the detection of gravitational waves in physics. (shrink)

the article suggests understanding(including) better the professionalization of the formative activities and the professional activities by an approach which articulates three levels of analysis: macro (historic construction and social construction of the knowledges of the activity), méso (institutional devices (plans) of training (formation) and work) and microphone(microcomputing) (lived on the subjects, the individual dynamics). This reflection leans on the presentation (display) of various processes of professionalization stemming from empirical searches (researches) realized by the author. l’article propose de mieux comprendre la (...) professionnalisation des activités formatives et des activités professionnelles par une approche qui articule trois niveaux d’analyse: macro (construction historique et construction sociale des savoirs de l’activité), méso (dispositifs institutionnels de formation et de travail) et micro (vécu des sujets, dynamiques individuelles). Cette réflexion s’appuie sur la présentation de différents processus de professionnalisation issus de recherches empiriques réalisées par l’auteur. (shrink)

From Physiology to Psychology After 1860 psychology began to emancipate itself from philosophy and to bond with natural science, especially physiology. But there was no direct translation of the rhythm concept from the latter to the former. This can be exemplified by looking at the contributions of the physiologist and psychologist Karl von Vierordt. Vierordt was educated as a medical doctor and began studying breath in the 1840s. Then his interest - Psychologie – Nouvel article.

Previous chapter In the first volume of this series, we followed the emergence and the conflicting development in Antiquity of three rhythmic paradigms which have been active in Western thought ever since: the Democritean physical, the Platonic metric, and the Aristotelian poetic paradigms. We observed how the two rhuthmic models disappeared in the last centuries before the Current Era and how the Platonic model, with its metric and idealistic dimensions, subsequently acquired complete - Philosophie – Nouvel article.

C. Bouton, Le Temps de l'urgence, Paris, Le Bord de l'eau, 2013, 303 p. L'essai de Christophe Bouton s'inscrit dans un ensemble de recherches déjà bien fourni. Depuis quelques années, on observe une inflation d'essais sur la vitesse, l'accélération, l'agitation de la vie quotidienne ou la frénésie au travail. Mais le point de vue qui y est exposé tranche sur la plus grande partie de ces travaux et cela pour un nombre non négligeable de raisons. L'urgence comme norme temporelle de (...) l'action La première (...) - Recensions. (shrink)

Previous chapter Over the past fifteen years rhythm has become the object of increasing attention in social science and cultural studies, both as a subject of research and as a tool. The number of papers and books devoted to rhythmanalysis has increased exponentially, even if one excludes studies more specifically devoted to music. A fairly broad intellectual movement is taking place, which most certainly corresponds to needs motivated by the transformations of the world that we have - Vers un nouveau (...) paradigme scientifique? – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Cet texte a été présenté au cours de la Soirée du BAL dédiée à Mark Lewis le 12 mars 2015. Résumé : La vitesse puis l'accélération sont devenues deux thèmes courants de la réflexion sociale et politique contemporaine. Pourtant, nombre de personnes déclarent ne pas manquer de temps, d'autres – prisonniers, chômeurs, personnes âgées – que le temps s'écoule trop lentement. Ainsi la question du tempo de nos vies apparaît beaucoup trop limitée, aussi bien socialement que théoriquement, c'est pourquoi il (...) nous faut - Pour une éthique et une politique du rythme – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Ce texte est la suite d'une réflexion présentée ici. L'oreille est contente et la vérité n'est point offensée. Diderot, art. « ENCYCLOPÉDIE » Au XVIIIe siècle, paradoxalement, les avancées les plus intéressantes d'un point de vue rythmologique ne se produisent pas dans les réflexions théoriques, pourtant très abondantes concernant la musique. En dépit d'un renouvellement non négligeable et de quelques essais de musiques non mesurées, comme ceux de Louis Couperin au siècle précédent, celles-ci restent - Philosophie – Nouvel article.

This text is the preface of a coming book Let no one who is a geometer enter. When I first fantasized this book, I wanted to explore the rhythmics of our present world, i.e. the ways bodies, speeches and groups are flowing. My aim was to develop a critique that would be more accurate than those based merely on class struggle, deconstruction of norms or politics of multitudes, and make, if possible, some ethical and political suggestions for the present and (...) future. My second objective - Sur le concept de rythme – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Ce texte est la suite d'une réflexion présentée ici. À première vue, les Pensées sur l'interprétation de la nature (1753) radicalisent encore un peu plus cet héraclitéisme. Diderot semble y mettre l'accent principalement sur le caractère fluent de la nature, dans laquelle tout se trouve dans un état de perpétuelle métamorphose. Linné, avec son esprit classificateur et fixiste, se trompe. Rien – ni les plantes, ni les animaux, ni même les minéraux – n'y est aujourd'hui tel qu'il a été autrefois, (...) ni ne (...) - Philosophie – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Ce texte est la suite d'une réflexion présentée ici. Diderot manifeste une très forte attention à la question du langage. Il bénéficie sur ce plan de la réflexion de Locke, de Maupertuis et de Condillac, mais aussi, ce qui est probablement aussi important nous allons le voir, de ses propres expériences et réflexions d'écrivain. On sait que Locke a engagé, dans le livre III de son Essai sur l'entendement humain (1690), ce que certains spécialistes ont appelé une « révolution sémiotique (...) ». Pour Locke, (...) - Philosophie – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Ce texte est la suite d'une réflexion présentée ici. Cette démythification du rapport de Diderot à Leibniz et la revalorisation concomitante de son rapport à Spinoza ont permis d'enrichir l'image que nous pouvons nous faire de sa pensée, mais elles ne sont pas sans liens, à l'évidence, avec les vicissitudes de la réception de chacun de ses prédécesseurs au cours du demi-siècle qui vient de s'écouler. Elles en disent ainsi probablement autant sur les relations entre courants intellectuels contemporains que (...) (...) - Philosophie – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Ce texte est la suite d'une réflexion engagée ici. Prémices d'une théorie rythmique du langage Que faut-il penser de ces différentes thèses ? Commençons par celle concernant le langage. Comme l'a fait remarquer Pierre-François Moreau, à la différence de Leibniz, Spinoza ne consacre pas d'ouvrage ni même de chapitre spécial à la philosophie du langage. Le thème revient pourtant régulièrement dans ses écrits et il n'est pas impossible de se faire une idée assez précise de la manière dont il l'envisage. (...) Avec (...) - Philosophie – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Ce texte est la suite d'une réflexion présentée ici. Diderot manifeste une très forte attention à la question du langage. Il bénéficie sur ce plan de la réflexion de Locke, de Maupertuis et de Condillac, mais aussi, ce qui est probablement aussi important nous allons le voir, de ses propres expériences et réflexions d'écrivain. On sait que Locke a engagé, dans le livre III de son Essai sur l'entendement humain (1690), ce que certains spécialistes ont appelé une « révolution sémiotique (...) ». Pour Locke, (...) - Philosophie – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Ce texte est la suite d'une réflexion présentée ici. L'avancée lockéenne n'est pas, toutefois, sans limitations internes. On sait que Locke a commencé son entreprise de démolition de l'innéisme et du rationalisme par une analyse de la genèse sensible des idées et que ce n'est que dans un deuxième temps qu'il lui a ajouté une étude des signes, consignée finalement dans le livre III du Traité sur l'entendement humain. Cet ordre dans la rédaction du Traité explique en grande partie que (...) Locke conserve – au (...) - Philosophie – Nouvel article. (shrink)