Un ouvrage sur le temps et un ouvrage collectif, deux raisons qui dissuaderaient peut-être de se plonger dans la lecture de Temps de travail, travail du temps qu’éditent Sylvie Monchatre et Bernard Woehl aux Éditions de la Sorbonne. On aurait tort, car on se priverait alors d’une réflexion lentement mûrie au fil d’un séminaire de deux ans qui a réuni des spécialistes confirmés des difficiles questions que posent les rapports du travail aux temps. Spécialistes rarement réunis et qu’une journée..

_ Source: _Volume 38, Issue 1, pp 106 - 128 This paper is interested in the critical potential of the idea of original common possession of the Earth. On the basis of a comparative analysis of Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, it shows how different the meaning of this idea can be within a theory of property or territory. The first part is devoted to Grotius’s account of why and how the institution of property was progressively introduced. It highlights the (...) importance this account attaches to the intention of the first distributors for a good understanding of property laws, and in particular, for an understanding of their non-application in situations of extreme necessity. The second part takes the opposite path and shows that although Kant rejects the very existence of a right of necessity, the idea that one might be liberated from a law is not completely absent from, and even plays a crucial role in, his account of property. Clarification of this role ultimately leads us back to the idea of original possession in common of the Earth. (shrink)

Depuis 1893 jusqu’à la fin de sa vie, la question de l’individualisme des sociétés modernes n’a cessé de hanter Durkheim. Dès De la division du travail social, il fait en effet le constat que la montée de l’individualisme, en faisant éclater les structures du monde traditionnel, a conduit à une profonde crise sociale qu’il interprète avant tout comme une crise morale. Dès lors, il s’agira pour lui de repenser les conditions d’un consensus renouvelé adapté à la dynamique de la modernité. (...) Dans cette étude, nous montrerons que la réponse apportée par Durkheim à cette crise des sociétés modernes n’a cependant pas été univoque. Si en 1893, il pensait pouvoir fonder la cohésion sociale sur la solidarité fonctionnelle liée à la division du travail, c’est un tout autre modèle qu’il mobilisera à partir de 1898 et de son célèbre texte sur L’individualisme et les intellectuels. Cet article veut mettre en évidence la logique de ces deux modèles en montrant que c’est seulement à partir d’une réflexion sur la double nature de l’individualisme moderne que Durkheim trouvera le fondement d’une nouvelle et authentique solidarité. (shrink)

In three experiments, picture quality between test items was manipulated to examine whether subjects’ expectations about the fluency normally associated with these different stimuli might influence the effects of fluency on preference or familiarity-based recognition responses. The results showed that fluency due to pre-exposure influenced responses less when objects were presented with high picture quality, suggesting that attributions of fluency to preference and familiarity are adjusted according to expectations about the different test pictures. However, this expectations influence depended on subjects’ (...) awareness of these different quality levels. Indeed, imperceptible differences seemed not to induce expectations about the test item fluency. In this context, fluency due to both picture quality and pre-exposure influenced direct responses. Conversely, obvious, and noticed, differences in test picture quality did no affect responses, suggesting that expectations moderated attributions of fluency only when fluency normally associated with these different stimuli was perceptible but difficult to assess. (shrink)

This paper addresses the issue of the dynamic enforcement of a constraint in an argumentation system. The system consists in (1) an argumentation framework, made up, notably, of a set of arguments...

This study seeks to gain knowledge about key conditions in the process of digitalization using a socio-technical systems design as a theoretical framework and a case-study approach. Semi-structured interviews with 15 relevant stakeholders are conducted to learn about barriers to and enablers of the development and implementation process in a manufacturing company. After conducting a thematic analysis, eight higher-ranked themes relevant to the digitalization process are identified. These are grouped to describe the overarching phenomena, resulting in four enablers and four (...) barriers. The study takes a holistic view of digitalization in its investigation of the development and subsequent implementation processes. The findings contribute to the literature via three key takeaways for stakeholders of a digitalization process in manufacturing. First, it is vital to understand and strengthen the role of the key enablers identified in this paper. Second, managers should observe and identify barriers in their own organizations, related both to technical and social aspects. Third, some of the enablers described in this paper can serve managers as helpful tools to approach the expected barriers to digitalization. This paper also challenges the research literature by arguing that research conducted on digitalization that sets new standards and premises for the working life in industry needs to use up-to-date socio-technical design concepts and theories. (shrink)

This paper concentrates on the way Kant's distinction between duties of right and duties of virtue operates at the interstate level. I argue that his Right of Nations (V ölkerrecht) can be interpreted as a duty to establish a kind of interstate distributive justice (that is, as a duty to secure states in their independence and territorial possessions), which is called for to secure domestic distributive justice and to protect individuals' freedom and private property. Or at least this is 'ideal (...) theory' for, as I specify, this cosmopolitan linkage is compromised by Kant's endeavour to accomodate the existence of non-republican states. (shrink)

The present work finds in Heidegger's 'being towards death' the basis for theological-philosophical thinking. Only the one who embraces 'being towards death' has the courage to think and poetize. This thinking, in turn, makes 'being towards death' possible, and in this circular movement of thinking and being the mystery of being reveals itself and yet remains hidden. In other words, the work describes the human response to the divine gift that precedes every human initiation.

L’ouvrage de Delphine Chedaleux, tiré d’une thèse soutenue en 2011, présente bien des attraits. Son auteure propose de revisiter le cinéma des « années noires » à la croisée des stars studies et des études sur les rapports sociaux de genre. Dans le sillage de Noël Burch et de Geneviève Sellier (La Drôle de guerre des sexes du cinéma français, Nathan, 1996), l’auteure exhume des films populaires, délégitimés par la culture dominante, qu’elle érige en observatoires des imaginaires sociaux de la...

The main purpose of this article is to bring into relief the difficulties faced by generous interpretations of the Kantian problem of poverty and to propose an alternative interpretation which (a) agrees with some generous interpretations that Kant's juridical treatment of poverty is to be understood by analogy with his juridical treatment of slavery, but which (b) departs from generous interpretations in general by arguing that this analogy is not to be understood in terms of “dependence” as such, but in (...) terms of “depersonification.” More specifically, it argues that what makes slavery and poverty unjust for Kant is not that they entail a human being finding herself (completely) dependent on the choice of another human being, but that they entail a human being being deprived of her juridical personality. The Kantian problem of poverty is ultimately a problem of juridical depersonification, and this problem of juridical depersonification does not arise in all (complete) dependence relations. (shrink)

n spite of their divergences, global justice thinkers tend to agree that fairness in international trade requires the removal of trade barriers and hence of protectionist measures, especially on the part of rich countries. Behind this agreement, we find different kinds of considerations, some of which related to the idea that trade liberalisation is not genuinely, or at least not wrongfully, harming members of rich countries. My main purpose in this paper is to examine this idea in more detail and (...) to show that it faces several difficulties which invite us to reconsider the moral acceptability of at least some protectionist policies. (shrink)

This article approaches world poverty from the perspective of rectificatory justice and investigates whether the global rich can be said to have special obligations toward the global poor on the grounds that they have been harming them. The focus rests on the present situation, and more specifically on Thomas Pogge's thesis of a causal link between world poverty and the conduct of present citizens (and governments) in wealthy countries. I argue that, if Pogge does not want his position to boil (...) down to an institutional version of the ‘negative causation'-thesis – according to which one can cause harm simply by failing to alleviate it – and if he wants it to be accepted by those he seeks to convince – namely right-libertarians – he must specify that it is enough for institutions to be just that they do not actively deprive their members of the means of subsistence, even if many of them still do not have the capacity to enjoy the means of subsistence. South African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 26 (3) 2007: pp. 252-270. (shrink)

Just like other experts, members of the professions develop their craft thanks to a deep internalisation of both complex cognitive structures and a mix of habits and intuitive understandings. These non-cognitive aspects of expertise can be what distinguishes the merely competent from the truly brilliant. Yet habits can also be what makes us blind to important features of the world we inhabit. In the life of a professional, these features include the vulnerability of those seeking her services, which in turn (...) grounds the professional's particular ethical responsibility. This book develops an in-depth account of habit to understand its impact upon the way moral decisions are made in a professional context. Its central thesis is the following: what most often stands in the way of a professional meeting her ethical responsibility is not so much stupidity (or character defects) but rather the deleterious aspects of habituation. This book calls for renewed attention to be paid to habits and their relationship to ethical agency. Mostly neglected in moral and legal theory, such an inquiry not only conditions an adequate understanding of the risks inherent in a legal system's institutional structure. It is also essential if we are to come to grips with the challenges raised by the professions' growing reliance upon automated systems."--Publisher description. (shrink)

Si « apocalypse » signifie aujourd’hui couramment « fin du monde », les séries post-apocalyptiques conservent une part du sens originel du mot, dans la mesure où elles comportent toujours une dimension de « révélation » quant à la nature du monde dépeint. L’article en analyse les variations, à partir du film fondateur La planète des singes et de sa suite, dans trois séries récentes ( Dark Angel, Wayward Pines, Les Chroniques de Shannara ) et interroge ce faisant la fascination (...) contemporaine pour ce genre. (shrink)

Le présent article s’interroge sur l’action citoyenne et plus particulièrement sur ce qui peut pousser des personnes, qui ont toujours vécu dans un « anonymat politique », à se lancer dans une action publique qui interpelle les gouvernements. L’auteure prend pour point de départ la conception selon laquelle des préoccupations vécues dans la vie quotidienne sont à l’origine d’une prise de conscience quant à un problème qui concerne ce que les acteurs identifient comme des biens communs. Elle illustre sa thèse (...) à partir d’une étude menée auprès d’un comité de citoyens qui s’est formé dans la foulée de la mobilisation contre le gaz de schiste au Québec en 2010. (shrink)

L’auteur propose une approche originale de l’ordre public culturel, construit autour de trois piliers : la liberté de création, incluant le droit à la rémunération et à la diffusion de l’œuvre, la protection du vivre-ensemble, et notamment des plus faibles, le droit pour les générations présentes et futures d’accéder aux biens culturels composant le patrimoine artistique d’une nation.

In this paper, I will argue that Rawls’s duty of assistance offers an incomplete picture of our international social and economic responsibilities. I will start by presenting the two main interpretations of the ‘Rawlsian circumstances of egalitarian distributive justice’ – the first requiring the existence of a ‘certain kind’ of cooperation, the second the existence of a ‘certain kind’ of interaction with the will – and then show that none of them rules out the applicability of international principles of egalitarian (...) distributive justice. My argument will draw on societies’ participation in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). So, in the second section I will show that even though this organization is not endowed with a centralized coercive authority, its participants are asked to accept significant constraints on their behaviour and are therefore owed a special justification for these constraints. I will also suggest that the alleged voluntariness of this organization may not only be contested (especially when developing societies are involved), but may also not be sufficient to rule out requirements of distributive equality. In the third section, I will show that, as any system of cooperation, the WTO gives rise to requirements of fairness and that, given the purpose it claims to serve, not all inequalities that can be traced back to so-called ‘domestic’ factors can be considered justified. More specifically, I will argue that the fairness of the WTO requires that all its participants be given a fair chance of benefiting from global market competitions, and that this is likely to entail significant egalitarian distributive duties among societies. (shrink)

Danièle Kergoat est une figure de la sociologie du travail, connue pour avoir tôt sexué – « genré », dirait-on aujourd’hui et en particulier en histoire sociale – ses résultats de recherche. Et une trentaine de textes de collègues, d’ancien-ne-s doctorant-e-s et d’ami-e-s sont rassemblés pour rendre hommage à ses méthodes de recherche et ses travaux, à ses responsabilités académiques et militantes, ainsi qu’aux appareils d’analyse qu’elle a popularisés ces dernières décennies : « rapports soc...

This special theme issue of Big Data & Society presents leading-edge, interdisciplinary research that focuses on examining how health-related information is circulating on social media. In particular, we are focusing on how computational and Big Data approaches can help to provide a better understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 infodemic and to develop effective strategies to combat it.

Lady Lovelace’s notes on Babbage’s Analytical Engine never refer to the concept of surprise. Having some pretension to ‘originate’ something—unlike the Analytical Engine—is neither necessary nor sufficient to being able to surprise someone. Turing nevertheless translates Lovelace’s ‘this machine is incapable of originating something’ in terms of a hypothetical ‘computers cannot take us by surprise’ objection to the idea that machines may be deemed capable of thinking. To understand the contemporary significance of what is missed in Turing’s ‘surprise’ translation of (...) Lovelace’s insight, one needs to distinguish between trivial surprises and those events, propositions or encounters that lead us to question our understanding of ourselves or what surrounds us. Only some of these non-trivial surprises are the product of originality endeavours. Not only is it uncommon for surprises to track such endeavours, the type of autonomy that would be required on the part of ‘digital computers’ for originality and surprise to intersect in that way goes far beyond the operational autonomy that can be achieved by ‘learning machines’. This paper argues that a salient translation of Lovelace’s originality insight—for contemporary and future ‘learning machines’—is an upside-down version of Turing’s surprise question: can computers be surprised by us in a non-trivial, ‘co-produced’ way? (shrink)

Starting from examples of concrete situations in France, I show that autonomy and solidarity can coexist only if the parameters of autonomy are redefined. I show on the one hand that in situations where autonomy is encouraged, solidarity nevertheless remains at the foundation of their practices. On the other hand, in situations largely infused with family solidarity, the individual autonomy may be put in danger. Yet, based on my ethnographic observations regarding clinical encounters and medical secrecy, I show that while (...) solidarity may endanger individual autonomy, it does not necessarily endanger autonomy itself. The social practices observable in France reflect the reality of an autonomy that goes beyond the individual, a reality that involves a collective subject and includes solidarity. The opposition between these two values can then be resolved if the content of the notion of autonomy is understood to be dependent on its cultural context of application and on its social use. (shrink)

Créer une nouvelle revue est une aventure, stimulante certes, mais risquée aussi, et particulièrement gourmande en temps et en énergie. Il y faut donc de bonnes raisons. Au nombre de celles qui nous ont poussés à créer se trouve le constat que la linguistique de corpus, actuellement très en vogue, ne disposait d'aucun périodique qui lui fût spécifiquement consacré. Les ouvrages collectifs, les manuels de haut niveau, les numéros spéciaux fleurissent, mais de revue régulière, point. L'UMR « B...

The use of female AI agents, such as vocal assistants, chatbots and robots, is on the rise, but the indiscriminate feminization of these AI agents poses novel ethical concerns about their impact on gender relations in society. This conceptual article argues that AI agents, even virtual ones, can display sexed cues (bodies, faces, and voices) beyond mere gendered cues (e.g., names, pronouns, hairstyle) and questions how assigning artificial female gender and sex to AI agents can harm women and transform gender (...) power dynamics. Grounded in the Social Shaping of Technology and Technofeminism with an existentialist feminist lens, this work parallels the scrutiny that the use of gendered and sexed cues in female advertising models has faced over past decades to critique the deceptive practice of linking artificial gender and sex in female AI agents. It suggests that by restricting a narrow view of gender to a narrow view of biological sex, the use of female AI agents limits women’s self-concepts by binding their identities to deceptive, narrow body/face/voice-centric scripts, while facilitating covert manipulation, enforcing harmful stereotypes, amplifying objectification, and exacerbating gender power imbalances. This research offers ethical guidelines for the further development of AI agents based on transparency, justice, and care, addressing this new form of surveillance capitalism and sexual oppression, and providing insights to create a more authentic, equitable, and caring technological landscape. (shrink)