It has been suggested that a rational being stands in what is called a “second-personal relation” to herself. According to philosophers like S. Darwall and Ch. Korsgaard, being a rational agent is to interact with oneself, to make demands on oneself. The thesis of the paper is that this view rests on a logical confusion. Transitive verbs like “asking”, “making a demand” or “obligating” can occur with the reflexive pronoun, but it is a mistake to assume that the reflexive and (...) the non-reflexive use exhibit the same logical grammar. The thesis that they do is in part motivated by the assumption that to show that my relation to you bears the same form as my practical self-relation is to show that, fundamentally, you are not an object for me to think about and act on, but a subject with whom to think and act together. I argue, to the contrary, that if my addressing you exhibited the same form as a relation I could literally be said to stand in to myself, then the nexus between us would be such that I am irretr.. (shrink)

Does particle physics really describe the basic constituents of the material world or is it just a useful tool for deriving empirical predictions? This book proposes a novel answer to that question, emphasizing the importance of causal reasoning for the justification of scientific claims. It thereby responds to general worries about scientific realism as well as to more specific challenges stemming from the interpretation of quantum physics.

In a recent paper, probabilistic processes are used to generate Borel probability measures on topological spaces X that are equipped with a representation in the sense of type-2 theory of effectivity. This gives rise to a natural representation of the set of Borel probability measures on X. We compare this representation to a canonically constructed representation which encodes a Borel probability measure as a lower semicontinuous function from the open sets to the unit interval. We show that this canonical representation (...) is admissible with respect to the weak topology on Borel probability measures. Moreover, we prove that for countably-based topological spaces the representation via probabilistic processes is equivalent to the canonical representation and thus admissible with respect to the weak topology. (shrink)

Jan Krajíček posed the following problem: Is there is a generalization result in the theory of real closed fields of the form: If A is provable in length k for all n ϵ ω , then A is provable? It is argued that the answer to this question depends on the particular formulation of the “theory of real closed fields.” Four distinct formulations are investigated with respect to their generalization behavior. It is shown that there is a positive answer to (...) Krajíček's question for 1. the axiom system RCF of Artin-Schreier with Gentzen's LK as underlying logical calculus, 2. RCF with the variant LK B of LK allowing introduction of several quantifiers of the same type in one step, 3. LK B and the first-order schemata corresponding to Dedekind cuts and the supremum principle. A negative answer is given for 4. any system containing the schema of extensionality. (shrink)

Driven by concrete applications, Algorithm Engineering complements theory by the benefits of experimentation and puts equal emphasis on all aspects arising during a cyclic solution process ranging from realistic modeling, design, analysis, ...

(1983). Begriff und begriffsumfang. zu freges anzahldefinition in den grundlagen der arithmetik. History and Philosophy of Logic: Vol. 4, No. 1-2, pp. 117-143.

Freges Kontextprinzip "Nur im Zusammenhange eines Satzes bedeuten die Wörter etwas" hat auch nach der von ihm vollzogenen Angleichung von Behauptungssätzen an Eigennamen Gültigkeit für die formale Sprache der "Grundgesetze". Der Bedeutungsvollständigkcitsbeweis, den er für sein Logiksystem anstrebt, schließt eine unmittelbare Anwendung dieses Prinzips nicht nur auf die unvollständigen Funktionsausdrücke, sondern auch auf die leerstellenfreien Wertverlaufsnamen ein. Wahrheitsnamen (Sätze) zeichnen sich vor anderen symbolsprachlichen Eigennamen in mehrfacher Hinsicht, insbesondere durch ihre semantische Selbständigkeit aus. Wertverlaufsnamen haben nur im Zusammenhang eines Wahrheitswertnamens (...) eine Bedeutung. Ihre Bedeutung besteht in ihrem Beitrag zur Bestimmung der Bedeutung von Wahrheitswertnamen, in denen sie vorkommen. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Klio Jahrgang: 98 Heft: 2 Seiten: 683-713.

Erratum to: Axiomathes DOI 10.1007/s10516-013-9222-7In the online publication, page 13, line 27, after the sentence “Hence, neo-logicism is doomed to failure.”, the following two sentences were missing:This argument was developed by Robert Trueman in a draft of his paper ‘Sham Names andion’. A revised version of this paper is forthcoming in Philosophia Mathematica under the tile ‘A Dilemma for Neo-Fregeanism’.

Die neue Reihe STUDIEN ZU WISSENSCHAFT UND ETHIK erg nzt das seit 1995 vom Institut f r Wissenschaft und Ethik, Bonn im Verlag de Gruyter herausgegebene Jahrbuch f r Wissenschaft und Ethik. In der Reihe werden Monographien und Sammelb nde ver ffentlicht, die einen herausragenden und innovativen Beitrag zur Erforschung ethischer Fragen darstellen, die im Zusammenhang der modernen Wissenschaft und ihrer medizinischen und technischen Anwendung entstehen.

Die Frage nach dem aWozuo der Geschichte(n) eroffnet ein weites Feld von eng miteinander verschlungenen Problemkomplexen, das durch die Begriffe Geschichtsbewusstsein und Identitat, Geschichtsphilosophie und Historik in seinen Grenzen ...

Das Denken Martin Heideggers ist von der Auseinandersetzung mit der antiken Philosophie geprägt. Die klassischen Texte werden jedoch nicht bloß als historische Dokumente aus einer fernen Zeit verstanden, sondern vielmehr als Grundtexte, die dem heutigen Philosophieren etwas zu sagen haben. Gerade dem Anfang der Geschichte gilt es laut Heidegger nachzuspüren, um die Ausprägung der ontologischen Grundbegriffe deutlich zu machen und sich von dort her Alternativen für ein zukünftiges Denken aufgeben zu lassen. Dieser Band versammelt unterschiedliche Bezugnahmen auf Heideggers Lektüre der (...) Antike von Heraklit über Platon und Aristoteles bis hin zu Augustinus, die den Verlauf seiner Gespräche durchleuchten und hinterfragen, ja im besten Fall in eigenständiger Weise fortzuführen im Stande sind. (shrink)

While an accurate assessment of risk is always important, it is especially so in pediatric research. Recognizing the pivotal nature of the minimal-risk standard, we set out to determine under what circumstances pediatric magnetic resonance imaging research does or does not meet this standard. We found that while the physical and psychological risks that attend the MRI procedure do not exceed minimal risk, the sedation and contrast enhancement that are sometimes associated with MRI research do, as both exceed the level (...) of risk encountered by typical, healthy children in their everyday experiences. (shrink)

What are the causes of war? Waltz probes the ideas that thinkers throughout the history of Western civilisation - including St. Augustine, Hobbes, Kant, & Spinoza - have offered to explain the reasons for men & related prescriptions for peace.