Un factor que engrandece la desmesurada crisis económica que atravesamos es el desempleo masivo que afecta a todos los países industrializados. En una sociedad que enarbola la bandera de los derechos humanos, la falta de empleo resulta inquietante al ser fuente, no sólo de problemas económicos, sino también de tensiones, contradicciones y conflictos que se reflejan en un profundo malestar psicológico.

Open peer commentary on the article “Exploring the Depth of Dream Experience: The Enactive Framework and Methods for Neurophenomenological Research” by Elizaveta Solomonova & Xin Wei Sha. Upshot: Neurophenomenology requires a first-person report at the sub-personal level. Thus, the neurophenomenology of dreaming and sleep can be figuratively located in a model of perspectives and levels of analysis. Even when Solomonova and Sha do admit creativity to explain bizarreness and emphasize dreams’ enaction and, especially, dreams’ perception-dependence, an innate and developmental framework (...) of neurophenomenology becomes a requirement to understand fully its sub-personal counterpart, i.e., sleep, especially the evidence derived from innate processing observed during the sleep of neonates - even without the dreaming counterpart. Finally, precisions about the depth of dreaming in Hobson’s work are presented. (shrink)

In Older Adults (OAs), Electroencephalogram (EEG) slowing in frontal lobes and a diminished muscle atonia during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM) have each been effective tracers of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), but this relationship remains to be explored by non-linear analysis. Likewise, data provided by EEG, EMG (Electromyogram) and EOG (Electrooculogram)—the three required sleep indicators—during the transition from REM to Non-REM (NREM) sleep have not been related jointly to MCI. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to explore, with (...) results for Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) and multichannel DFA (mDFA), the Color of Noise (CN) at the NREM to REM transition in OAs with MCI vs. subjects with good performances. The comparisons for the transition from NREM to REM were made for each group at each cerebral area, taking bilateral derivations to evaluate interhemispheric coupling and anteroposterior and posterior networks. In addition, stationarity analysis was carried out to explore if the three markers distinguished between the groups. Neuropsi and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered, as well as other geriatric tests. One night polysomnography was applied to 6 OAs with MCI (68.1 ± 3) and to 7 subjects without it (CTRL) (64.5 ± 9), and pre-REM and REM epochs were analyzed for each subject. Lower scores for attention, memory and executive funcions and a greater index of arousals during sleep were found for the MCI group. Results confirmed that EOGs constituted significant markers of MCI, increasing the CN for the MCI group in REM sleep. The CN of the EEG from the pre-REM to REM was higher for the MCI group vs. the opposite for the CTRL group at frontotemporal areas. Frontopolar interhemispheric scaling values also followed this trend as well as right anteroposterior networks. EMG Hurst values for both groups were lower than those for EEG and EOG. Stationarity analyses showed differences between stages in frontal areas and right and left EOGs for both groups. These results may demonstrate the breakdown of fractality of areas especially involved in executive functioning and the way weak stationarity analyses may help to distinguish between sleep stages in OAs. (shrink)

Margarita Palacios reviews Howard Caygill's On Resistance: A Philosophy of Defiance, 2013. Howard Caygill reviews Margarita Palacios's Radical Sociality: On Disobedience, Violence and Belonging, 2013.

À partir de l’œuvre de Marie-Dominique Chenu sur la théologie du travail et de sa contribution à la revue Lumière et vie, cet article s’interroge sur les conditions de possibilité d’une telle démarche aujourd’hui et invite à en dessiner les contours. Plus que tout autre projet théologique, la théologie du travail doit à la fois s’enraciner dans une lecture des signes des temps, lecture difficile qui interroge les conditions d’exercice de l’activité humaine, les modes de sociabilité qui l’accompagne et son (...) impact sur la nature. Les enjeux climatiques et environnementaux invitent à privilégier une réflexion sur le travail comme soin, soin de chacun, de la société, de la nature, et à continuer d’engager une démarche ecclésiale de discernement social en commun. À cet égard, la revue Lumière et vie apparaît comme un laboratoire, qui a trouvé un écho dans les démarches des mouvements d’Action catholique. Avec des ressources moindres, mais des facilités plus grandes pour engager une conversation globale, il paraît utile de continuer dans cette direction, à même de soutenir une espérance pour notre monde commun. (shrink)

In diesem Aufsatz erörtere ich Leibniz' Begriff des Blickpunktes von Monaden. Ich weise nach, daß die üblicherweise zur Verdeutlichung herangezogene Analogie, nämlich die der räumlichen Perspektive irreführend und ungenau ist. Ich stelle eine von C. D. Broad vorgeschlagene Verbesserung zur Diskussion und wandle Broads Analyse ihrerseits ab. Die Abwandlung vereinfacht Leibniz' Auffassung und zeigt gleichzeitig auf, was im Hinblick auf Monaden grundlegend falsch ist: die Unaussagbarkeit, die dem Sich-selbst-Repräsentieren der Monaden zukommt.

Cada uno de los capítulos que reúne este libro es una invitación a abrir la discusión sobre ética en el trabajo de campo etnográfico, en particular sobre el problema del «consentimiento informado». Algunas de las perspectivas son coincidentes con otras en cuanto a los temas y a la forma de abordarlos, pero otras veces están en franca contradicción. Sin embargo, los autores coinciden en que los dilemas éticos tienen que ver con la relación que en cada momento se establece y (...) que, por lo tanto, no hay soluciones universales, porque los intereses y los valores que orientan la relación entre las personas tampoco lo son. Pero el hecho de que los dilemas éticos sean contextuales y dependan de la relación que en cada caso se establece, no exime de la responsabilidad de plantearlos, sino al contrario: hay que señalarlos porque no se pueden anticipar y tampoco presuponer que están resueltos. Este ejercicio supone darle la vuelta a la tela del trabajo antropológico para ver las costuras, los remiendos y los errores, lo que implica una buena dosis de humildad y a veces un doloroso ejercicio de escarbar en la intimidad y dejar expuesto lo que normalmente se oculta. (shrink)

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

Axiological foundations of free speach. Belandria, Margarita y González R., Javier Voluntad, ausencias, y normas: el sustrato histórico del positivismo en el derecho. Will, absences and norms: the historical background of positivism in law. Carpintero Benítez, Francisco Nominalismo jurídico, escolástica española y tradición republicana. Juridical nominalism, spanish scholasticism and republican tradition. Casanova Guerra, Carlos El primer principio de la razón práctica en la teoría de la ley natural de John Finnis. The first principle of practical reason in John Finnis´s (...) natural law theory. Hocevar G., Mayda G. El derecho a una educación integral de calidad, ¿utopía o posibilidad?. The right to an integral education of quality: utopia or possibility?. López de Cordero, Mery La muerte de la imagen. The death of the image. Peña, Edilio Karl Jaspers: autorreflexión y "existenzerhellung". Karl jaspers: self-reflection and "existenzerhellung". Portuondo Pajón, Gladys L. Derechos humanos y positivismo moderado. Human rights and temperated positivism. Ramos Pascua, José Antonio De la libertad y sus apariencias. On liberty and its appearances. Ramis Muscato, Pompeyo Pensamiento y vida: la "guía" zambraniana. Thought and life: zambrano's "guide" Rivara Kamaji, Greta Interdisciplinares Las mujeres en la ciencia de la salud. Women in the health sciences. Alcaraz Ariza, María Ángeles Cultura arquitectónica y crisis de la contemporaneidad. Architectural culture and crisis of the contemporary. Arellano Spinetti, Leonardo Recensiones Homenaje al filósofo venezolano Alberto Rosales. Walton, Roberto Informaciones Índice acumulado. (shrink)

This article seeks to explore the relationship between populism, 21st-century socialism, and the emergence of what has been referred to as an ‘ estado delincuente’ (criminal state), in the case of Venezuela. That is, a state structure permeated with transnational organized crime mafias in the executive and the judiciary, in the financial system, the prosecutor’s office, the police, the armed forces, the prison system, state-owned companies, governorships, and city councils, among other state institutions. First, I review conceptual aspects of populism (...) to understand how this served as the basis for creating the postulates of 21st-century socialism, which promoted the institutional destruction of Venezuelan democracy and created the conditions for the unbridled dissemination of state corruption. Second, emblematic cases of white-collar and blood crimes, nepotism and other corrupt activities are discussed to provide an idea of the magnitude of the issues that permeate the state apparatus. To conclude, I provide a critical summary of the consequences of this way of doing politics in contemporary Venezuela. (shrink)

In Nicomachean Ethics IV Aristotle exposes the characteristics of the moral virtue of the μεγαλοψυχία and offers a detailed description of the conditions of the magnanimous. St. Thomas in his commentary on Ethics follows the Aristotelian text apparently without disagreeing with the Greek author, and completes this exposition with other texts found in the Summa Theologica. The aim of this paper is to highlight the differences, if there are any, between the Aristotelian conception of the μεγαλοψυχία and that of Saint (...) Thomas, considering also whether the virtue of humility that appears in the Thomist texts can be equated to the vice of the pusillanimity of which Aristotle speaks. (shrink)

En este trabajo se pretende hacer una pequeña correlación, a manera de homenaje, entre el pensamiento de Theodor W. Adorno y el de su amado maestro, Walter Benjamin. Los vínculos que unen a ambos pensadores, pueden encontrarse en el peso de las palabras que comparten, en medio de un contexto propio de la crítica filosófica alemana y de las raíces judaicas que los unen. Bajo la figura alegórica del ángel de la historia, se tejen nexos entre una selección de citas (...) tomadas de la Dialéctica negativa de Th. W. Adorno y de algunos conceptos expuestos en El origen del drama barroco alemán de W. Benjamin. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to explain, by means of Aristotelic texts, the answer to two questions related to the mentioned concepts: 1) What is the goal and purpose of the philosophy of human things?: and 2) To whom is this knowledge addressed?

Conciliar las figuras del intelectual y del maestro no siempre es posible. La alquimia entre quien produce saber y quien apasionadamente lo transmite es, a veces, conflictiva por las demandas que tiene una y otra actividad. Sin embargo el Prof. Pedro Goergen reúne ambas condiciones, quienes fuimos sus alumnos podemos dar fe de ello. El presente artículo analiza las relaciones entre crítica, emancipación y educación que aparecen en la obra de Goergen, resaltando el permanente llamado de atención contra la deshumanización (...) creciente de nuestra civilización manifiesta en una “técnica” autonomizada y la esperanza en una educación crítica capaz de interrumpir ese camino hacia la autodestrucción. (shrink)

The report is devoted to elaboratation creative philosophical models for optimization multi-cultural dialogue into “post modern” global society. The main idea of the article is to describe the basic philosophical models (rooting in ancient philosophy, as the most seriously and fundamental theoretical positions for solution the problem of many-pole's world), connecting them with the main points of modern philosophers (F. Fucuyama, A. Toffler, S. Hantington, S. Averintsev, A. Panarin, Y. Lotman, S. Filatov, A. Malashenco, E. Volkhova etc). The dialogue of (...) cultures is the “other side” of the process of globalization. The question about possible strategies of intercultural interaction, its opportunities and limits, as well as potential grounds for mutual understanding is ultimately vital todayfor contemporary philosophy of culture. Its solution determines perspective of consolidation of sodium as well as selection of definite position in the dialogue itself – whether it will be an isolationism leading to the “end of history” as to the returning to cyclic model of life of human community; or there will be retained an orientation for mutual displacement of value priorities (war of ideologies) as competitive adaptive programs. In any case the globalizing world in the order of self-organization in the next decades will stop at the selection of any definite strategy. (shrink)

Moral philosophers working today on concrete moral issues seem to assume certain views that are opposite to those of their predecessors; chief among these is that morality has an objective basis, that it is not just the result of subjective reactions, but comprises a body of beliefs acquired through some kind of perception of certain traits of reality. However, the reasons for thinking that people who discuss substantive moral issues are committed to moral objectivism are either not very clear or (...) not entirely convincing. In what follows I shall examine the reasons given by John Mackie for considering that the use of first-level moral language—the language frequently used in the discussion of concrete moral problems—commits the user to moral objectivism. (shrink)

This paper addresses alleged contradictions between the use and theory of metaphora in Aristotle. Some authors claim that these inconsistencies are resolved by showing that the use of metaphorai is allowed in the technai and forbidden in the epistemai. This paper instead unpacks Aristotle’s view on language, as it is contained in the semantics of metaphora, to make sense of Aristotle’s statements on metaphora. My proposal is that Aristotle refers to metaphora under different nomenclatures (metaphora, metapherein, and metaphorikon einai) as (...) they relate to the level of linguistic expression, to the perception of similarities, or to the ability to produce metaphors. This threefold distinction helps us understand that the use of metaphora by Aristotle is guided by his idea of the lexis as a means to show the dianoia, and express reality in energeia. This use does not contradict his methodological principles. Lastly, this interpretation also enlightens Aristotle’s understanding of the relations between language, thought, and reality. (shrink)