Society Semantics, introduced by W. Carnielli and M. Lima-Marques, is a method for obtaining new logics from the combination of agents of a given logic. The goal of this paper is to present several generalizations of this method, as well as to show some applications to many-valued logics. After a reformulation of Society Semantics in a wider setting, we develop in detail two examples of application of the new formalism, characterizing a hierarchy of paraconsistent logics called Pn and a hierarchy (...) of paracomplete logics In. We also propose three further generalizations, obtaining Society Semantics for several many-valued logics, including a hierarchy of logics called In Pk which are both paraconsistent and paracomplete. (shrink)

In 2016, Béziau introduces a restricted notion of paraconsistency, the so-called genuine paraconsistency. A logic is genuine paraconsistent if it rejects the laws $\varphi,\neg \varphi \vdash \psi$ and $\vdash \neg (\varphi \wedge \neg \varphi)$. In that paper, the author analyzes, among the three-valued logics, which of them satisfy this property. If we consider multiple-conclusion consequence relations, the dual properties of those above-mentioned are $\vdash \varphi, \neg \varphi$ and $\neg (\varphi \vee \neg \varphi) \vdash$. We call genuine paracomplete logics those rejecting (...) the mentioned properties. We present here an analysis of the three-valued genuine paracomplete logics. A very natural twist structures semantics for these logics is also found in a systematic way. This semantics produces automatically a simple and elegant Hilbert-style characterization for all these logics. Finally, we introduce the logic LGP which is genuine paracomplete is not genuine paraconsistent, not even paraconsistent and cannot be characterized by a single finite logical matrix. (shrink)

Five types of constructions are introduced for non-prioritized belief revision, i.e., belief revision in which the input sentence is not always accepted. These constructions include generalizations of entrenchment-based and sphere-based revision. Axiomatic characterizations are provided, and close interconnections are shown to hold between the different constructions.

We examine the most famous controversy between economists as a means of shedding fresh light on the current debate about economic methodology. By focusing on the controversy as the primary unit of analysis, we show how methodological considerations are but one of a whole set of stratagems strategically employed by each opponent. We argue that each opponent's preference for a particular kind of stratagems expresses his own specific scientific style (within the general scientific and cultural style of an age). We (...) also describe a dynamic dimension of the controversy, independent of the participants' intentions. Such a dimension is analysed in a "cycle" of the controversy, which begins with a well-defined issue and expands to additional topics, without reaching a "solution" to the initial issue. The definition and re-definition of the issue(s) at stake and of the difference between both participants is an essential and recurrent feature of such cycles; the conclusion of a cycle does not imply a real "closure" of the controversy, but only that each opponent has reached a satisfying degree of self-clarification. The controversy, thus, does not yield persuasion -- its ostensible aim. Rather, its "benefit" seems to lie in an unintended result -- clarification and deepening of contrasting approaches to the discipline -- due to its peculiar dynamics. In so far as the history of a discipline requires a reconstruction of such contrasts, it is indispensable for it to take into account the controversies where they emerge, and to view both the positive doctrines and the methodological posture of the contenders as parts of a wider framework, that is a scientific style. (shrink)

By using multilevel mediation involving 322,589 posts made by 384 musicians over 104 weeks, we simultaneously analyze the short-term and long-term effects of charity-related signaling on sales, with social media engagement as the mediator. Specifically, we compare the effects of charity-related signals with those of two other types of signals: mission-related (i.e., promoting music and commercial products) and non-mission-related (i.e., other posts that do not relate to the other two categories). In the short term, the indirect effect of using charity (...) signaling on sales (through engagement) is positive, though smaller than the effects of mission-related and non-mission related signals. However, in the long term, the indirect effect of regularly using charity-related signaling on sales (through long-term engagement) is greater than for the effects involving the other types of signals. We derive from these findings three main implications for the business ethics literature. First, in the long term, the mutual economic benefits of charity signaling should encourage both entities (i.e., musicians and charities) to go beyond short-term, transactional philanthropy. Second, because it is profitable for musicians to partner with charities in the long-term, our research argues that charities have extensive bargaining power in such co-branding decisions. Third, our research highlights the importance of studying the longitudinal aspects of co-branding decisions involving non-profit organizations; the financial outlook of such decisions could greatly vary depending on the timeframe (i.e., short vs. long). (shrink)

In the cladistic literature, there is a recurrent perspective that considers homoplasy as something undesirable. Homoplasy, according to this view, is believed to obscure homologies that may lead to synapomorphies. Some cladists often call homoplasies an ad hoc hypothesis or an “error in our preliminary assignment of homology.” Consequently, homoplasy is generally regarded negatively, hindering further investigations, because it matters little whether a character subject to homoplasy is a convergence, a parallelism, or a reversal, since they all fall within the (...) problematic homoplastic category. Nixon and Carpenter developed one of the recent arguments supporting this vision. In this context, I will argue that phylogenetics, being a part of evolutionary biology, must be compatible with its principles. Therefore, I will discuss the idea that homoplasy is more complex than just nonhomology, sometimes even constituting evidence of common ancestry (e.g., parallelism). I will put forward the thesis that it is crucial to differentiate instances of convergence, parallelism, and reversions by incorporating recent advances from EvoDevo research. Ultimately, this approach aims to demonstrate that evolutionary biology and phylogenetics mutually complement each other and assist in providing different lines of evidence that can be used to test different evolutionary hypotheses. (shrink)

We here attempt to address certain criticisms of the philosophical import of the so-called Brazilian approach to paraconsistency by providing some epistemic elucidations of the whole enterprise of the logics of formal inconsistency. In the course of this discussion, we substantiate the view that difficulties in reasoning under contradictions in both the Buddhist and the Aristotelian traditions can be accommodated within the precepts of the Brazilian school of paraconsistency.

In this paper we propose a very general de nition of combination of logics by means of the concept of sheaves of logics. We first discuss some properties of this general definition and list some problems, as well as connections to related work. As applications of our abstract setting, we show that the notion of possible-translations semantics, introduced in previous papers by the first author, can be described in categorial terms. Possible-translations semantics constitute illustrative cases, since they provide a new (...) semantical account for abstract logical systems, particularly for many-valued and paraconsistent logics. (shrink)

Aspectos biográficos -- Aspectos epistemológicos e conceituais -- Diálogos com outros autores -- Aplicação da pedagogia freireana.

The more we rely on digital assistants, online search engines, and AI systems to revise our system of beliefs and increase our body of knowledge, the less we are able to resort to some independent criterion, unrelated to further digital tools, in order to asses the epistemic reliability of the outputs delivered by them. This raises some important questions to epistemology in general and pressing questions to applied to epistemology in particular. In this paper, we propose an experimental method for (...) the assessment of GPT-3’s capacity to generate consistent and coherent sets of outputs. When several outputs to one and the same input are very repetitive they tend to be consistent with each other, that is they do not contradict each other. But consistency does not make the set of outputs as a whole more informative than the outputs considered individually. We argue that the less informative a set of outputs is, the less coherent it is. We establish a conceptual distinction between consistency and coherence in the light of what some epistemologists refer to as a coherence theories of truth and justification. While much attention has been given to GPT-3’s capacity to produce internally coherent individual outputs, we argue, instead, that more attention should be given to its capacity to produce consistent and coherent outputs generated on a single-input-multiple-outputs basis. (shrink)

Qual é a relação entre uma razão e uma ação quando a razão explica a ação, dando a razão do agente para fazer o que fez? Podemos chamar tais explicações de racionalizações, e dizer que a razão racionaliza a ação. Neste artigo quero defender a posição antiga — e de senso comum — de que a racionalização é uma espécie de explicação causal b. A defesa sem dúvida exige alguma reelaboração, mas não parece necessário abandonar a posição, como muitos autores (...) recentes insistem. (shrink)

The fourth industrial revolution will be ushered in by future high technology, and as a result, the world will face new difficulties relating to people, the environment, and profitability. Accordingly, the competitive edge and long-term viability of businesses would depend on the knowledge workers who could overcome these excruciatingly difficult obstacles and have the knowledge and competency to influence the overall performance of any type of company. But managing knowledge workers falls under the purview of human resources, and only effective (...) human resources tools, plans, and procedures can ensure the success of this task. One such tool, which has the capacity and capability to change the whole scenario in an organization's favor, is the human resource information system. The purpose of this structured review is to provide insight into a field of HRM that has largely been neglected by other reviews of the literature and has only been briefly discussed by a small number of publications published in reputable, top-tier journals. A customized HRIS framework is the result of this structured literature review for managing knowledge and competence. The study presents the content analysis of 48 articles, systematically and purposefully selected for this literature review, published during the past three decades. The study has several implications for policymakers and HR practitioners. (shrink)

La realidad aumentada permite la interacción del usuario con el mundo físico. Esto da la posibilidad de sustituir fantomas por modelos digitales. Se pretende determinar la funcionalidad de implementar tecnología de Realidad aumentada como recurso pedagógico para la asignatura de Anatomía General. Se entregará a los estudiantes una aplicación para teléfono móvil y un cuadernillo con imágenes. Con dicho teléfono visualizarán imágenes que se transformarán en imágenes de realidad aumentada que el estudiante manipulará a través de su teléfono. Los resultados (...) esperados se enfocarán en fomentar la inclusión de modelos de M-LEARNING dentro de la carrera y la Universidad. (shrink)

Charles S. Peirce é considerado o pai do pragmatismo, doutrina filosófica cujo propósito inicial era aliar o conhecimento racional com ação racional. Entretanto, essa doutrina foi amplamente difundida de maneira desvirtuada em sua época, de tal maneira que não havia mais o pragmatismo, mas “pragmatismos”, obrigando o seu criador a manifestar-se contra essa miríade de doutrinas que pouco ou nada tinham haver com a sua doutrina. Dessa manifestação surgiu o artigo O que é o Pragmatismo, publicado em 1905 no periódico (...) filosófico The Monist, no qual ele encerra de vez o termo pragmatismo e passa a adotar o termo pragmaticismo, palavra esta que segundo o autor é “suficientemente feia para estar a salvo de raptores” (CP5.414). (shrink)

Ecumenical logic aims to peacefully join classical and intuitionistic logic systems, allowing for reasoning about both classical and intuitionistic statements. This paper presents a semantic tableau for propositional ecumenical logic and proves its soundness and completeness concerning Ecumenical Kripke models. We introduce the Ecumenical Propositional Tableau ( $$E_T$$ ) and demonstrate its effectiveness in handling mixed statements.

Este trabalho analisa os potenciais impactos do chamado Novo Ensino Médio na formação do estudante, especialmente na preparação para o exercício de uma cidadania ativa. Instituída com a Lei 13.415, de 16 de fevereiro de 2017, a reforma do ensino médio pretende três alterações fundamentais: a primeira, promover o aumento progressivo da carga horária mínima até atingir o período integral. A segunda mudança, criar os “intinerários formativos”, com novas disciplinas, reduzindo relativamente a carga de conteúdos obrigatórios, e permitir ao estudante (...) orientar sua trajetória escolar para os seus interesses, inclinações e necessidades pessoais. A terceira, incentivar e ampliar a oferta do ensino técnico. Nossa avaliação sobre a reforma está ancorada no entendimento de Habermas de que a participação qualificada no debate público requer dos indivíduos o desenvolvimento e o uso de competências expressivas reconhecidas (legitimadas) pela comunidade interpretativa. A educação formal, nesta perspectiva, ao difundir as bases para definição racional dos argumentos e dos meios legítimos para expressão da vontade, visa capacitar e qualificar a participação dos indivíduos no debate público. As conclusões parciais resultantes desta abordagem estão baseadas em estudo empírico realizado na Escola Estadual Reverendo Hugh Clarence Tucker, no Rio de Janeiro. Elas indicam que, embora recentes e incompletas, as mudanças no ensino médio têm potencial para agravar as diferenças sociais entre estudantes pobres e ricos uma vez que as escolas particulares das elites são mais bem preparadas para este ambiente. Além disso, elas têm profissionais mais bem remunerados e cobrados em resultados mensuráveis pela administração escolar e pelas famílias. (shrink)

How does mind fit into nature? Philosophy has long been concerned with this question. No contemporary philosopher has done more to clarify it than Jaegwon Kim, a distinguished analytic philosopher specializing in metaphysics and philosophy of mind. With new contributions from an outstanding line-up of eminent scholars, this volume focuses on issues raised in Kim's work. The chapters cluster around two themes: first, exclusion, supervenience, and reduction, with attention to the causal exclusion argument for which Kim is widely celebrated; and (...) second, phenomenal consciousness and qualia, with attention to the prospects for a functionalist account of the mental. This volume is sure to become a major focus of attention and research in the disciplines of metaphysics and philosophy of mind. (shrink)

Neste ensaio realiza-se ponderações acerca do texto A Incapacidade para o diálogo de Hans-Georg Gadamer ([1972] 2011), discutindo-o e analisando-o à luz das configurações sociais e antropológicas contemporâneas. Para tanto, propõe-se um duplo movimento em que discorre-se sobre a dimensão formativa do diálogo na perspectiva hermenêutica e, posteriormente, analisam-se alguns elementos que caracterizam a sociedade contemporânea, entre as quais destaca-se a consolidação de uma racionalidade neoliberal e a siliciocolonização do mundo. Observa-se que as mudanças antropológicas, ontológicas e sociológicas decorrentes das (...) reconfigurações nas esferas mercantis e produtivas acentuam um processo de instrumentalização da linguagem que, consequentemente, torna os indivíduos menos propensos a relações dialógicas. Tal inferência possui implicações éticas e, sobretudo, sociais, à medida que um indivíduo não propenso ao diálogo tende a tornar-se solipsista e incapaz de estabelecer laços sociais duradouros. Assim, a incapacidade para o diálogo comporta em si a gênese da morte do homem público e a ruína civilizacional. (shrink)

Para devenir una unidad orgánica y funcional, el ser vivo necesita conservar la distinción interna entre forma y materia en términos de causa y concausa de dicha unidad. Una reconsideración de los ejemplos del hacha y del ojo bajo la perspectiva de los criterios lógico-semánticos de antero-posterioridad permite explicar la diferencia interna entre cuerpo y alma, en un contexto que enfatiza la no-separación del alma respecto del cuerpo, y clarificar el estatuto ontológico de las partes orgánicas para salvar la unidad (...) sustancial de un organismo vivo. (shrink)

Em 1980, o papa João Paulo II visitou o Brasil pela primeira vez. A extensa programação pontifícia incluiu encontro do papa com o operariado brasileiro, no estádio do Morumbi, São Paulo. Ali, Karol Wojtyla foi saudado por Waldemar Rossi, liderança operária leiga da arquidiocese paulistana. Rossi redigiu discurso bastante crítico em relação à condição dos trabalhadores nacionais e também quanto à situação política então vigente. Discurso esse que teria sido encurtado por razões ainda obscuras. No presente artigo, propõe-se que tal (...) episódio revela a tensão que cercou a visita papal. Tensão presente na praça pública brasileira, com o país vivenciando sua mais longa ditadura, bem como no interior do catolicismo nacional, por conta de polêmicas teológicas e pastorais. Assim, quer-se analisar texto integral e contexto do discurso escrito por Rossi e as possíveis implicações de seu parcial silenciamento, episódio pouco debatido até agora. (shrink)

Christopher O. Tollefsen, Lying and Christian Ethics, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014, xii + 209 pp., ISBN: 978-1-107-06109-5.

The interplay between auditory and motor processes in sensorimotor synchronization is crucial for achieving a cohesive group performance, particularly in musical groups. This study addressed the impact of virtual partners on synchronization performance in human trios. With a novel methodology, the study utilized virtual partners driven by computational models to simulate real‐time synchronization with human participants. Trio synchronization with three synchronization models was compared: linear error‐correction, Kuramoto oscillators, and delay‐coupled oscillators. Forty‐eight musically trained adults performed synchronization tasks in both in‐phase (...) and anti‐phase rhythms with either a human confederate or one of the three computational models as the third partner, forming 24 trios. Synchronization stability and accuracy were significantly enhanced in trios that contained a virtual partner compared to those with a human confederate. Model optimizations revealed a stronger coupling of participants with each other than with virtual partners for in‐phase rhythms, and a stronger coupling of virtual partners with participants than of participants with each other in anti‐phase rhythms; these patterns were obtained for the oscillator models but not for the linear model. Additionally, participants reported higher perceived synchronization success, greater control over performance, and stronger social relationships with virtual partners than with the human confederate. These findings highlight the potential of virtual partners for improving synchronization and suggest avenues for further research in the use of adaptive agents in group performance settings. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a Sociologia do Direito de Jürgen Habermas, mostrando a centralidade do direito na sua teoria da ordem social. Como sociólogo formado na tradição alemã de grandes sínteses filosóficas, Habermas, em seu livro " Direito e Democracia – Entre facticidade e validade ", que nos guiará neste artigo, descreve o objetivo ambicioso de produzir uma teoria geral da ação social à maneira de Parsons. Em sua explicação sobre a natureza das sociedades, o direito positivo é (...) entendido como uma linguagem estabilizadora das interações sociais tendo o importante papel de estruturar a ordem social. Celebrado entre os juristas, o entendimento completo das proposições de Habermas requer conhecimento amplo e crítico das teorias sociológicas sobre a natureza da ordem social. Muitas vezes secundarizado por sociólogos, especialmente os tradicionalistas e conservadores, o autor promove um entendimento das normas legais como um processo dialógico e multideterminado, que não é apenas um reflexo das relações sociais, mas que também estabelece parâmetros para a composição de conflitos inerentes às interações sociais. (shrink)

Este trabalho pretende confrontar as concepções teóricas das análises sociológicas tradicionais sobre a “ordem social”, as quais chamaremos de “sensualistas” - por pressuporem uma ordem social naturalizada, com as teorias cognitivistas que veem a “ordem social” como construção teórico-intelectiva dos indivíduos. Nossa expectativa é que essa discussão nos auxilie a entender o contexto atual da emergência de movimentos políticos radicalizados, não importa por qual matiz ideológico, e o risco real e a ameaça potencial que eles representam para a estabilidade dos (...) consensos tácitos assumidos pelos agentes na ordem social, tais como as noções de justo e injusto, certo e errado, bem e mal. Esperamos que a discussão sobre os fundamentos da ordem social, na forma colocada pelos cientistas sociais, se apodícticos e factuais ou cognitivos e racionais, ajude-nos a esclarecer até que ponto o radicalismo político, e os radicalismos de maneira geral, seja religioso, moral, bem como as ameaças de diáspora que os acompanham, têm o potencial de impor revezes ao que alguns analistas costumam chamar de “marcos civilizatórios”. Até que ponto, o extremismo político tem condições de impor perturbações de natureza moral aos pactos sociais ameaçando-os real e massivamente. (shrink)

A recent stream of epistemology gives special relevance to ignorance within the framework of an epistemological theory. Indeed, some want to give a significant role to ignorance in epistemological theorizing. In this paper, we argue that a particular sort of ignorance, which involves recognition of the fact that one is ignorant, is central to the acquisition of knowledge given the epistemic structure of society. It is clear, we hold, that Socrates realized the relevance of what we call ‘Socratic ignorance’ in (...) the acquisition of knowledge and was aware of the division of epistemic and cognitive labor that we find in our society. We shall explain the way we understand this Socratic ignorance, as opposed to what we will call ‘stubborn ignorance’ and the role this ignorance of Socratic overtones and related character traits can play in the acquisition of knowledge from others and with others. (shrink)

El trabajo propone revisar una posible articulación entre memoria, archivo y tecnología. Considera estas nociones a la luz de algunos referentes teóricos canónicos y otros contemporáneos, más cercanos a los desafíos actuales. Reflexiona acerca del valor de uso que las denominadas TIC tienen para la construcción y circulación de archivos culturales, públicos o privados, en tanto artefactos visibles de políticas de memoria. Considera los límites de lo archivable, la condición de posibilidad del desarrollo de archivos en la Era Digitaly las (...) supuestas ventajas con respecto a los archivos analógicos. Esta confrontación ubica en el centro de la discusión la relación paradojal que promete la tecnología actual y futura: al tiempo que abre horizontes deslumbrantes, marca límites entre lo deseable y lo posible, e impone la necesidad de que cada comunidad se apropie de esa tecnología de manera activa y sustentable. (shrink)

O ceticismo acadêmico se encontra utilizado na formulação dos preceitos epistêmicos para a reformulação da ciência, nas _Règles Pour La Direction De L’Esprit _ ( 1701, Amsterdam, texto póstumo e inacabado). O probabilismo de Carnéades, compreendido como o principal vetor do ceticismo acadêmico na modernidade, fundamenta a certeza. Outras teses para a correção epistêmica do espírito parecem advir da tradição acadêmica, como a de fi nição de _science _ como _sagesse_, por exemplo ( _Règle _ _I_ ). Desse modo, a (...) busca da verdade (coordenada principal das _Règles_, como nos evidencia a _Règle _ _IV_ ) não abdica do ceticismo. Tratar-se-á, neste artigo, de compreender que o probabilismo acadêmico aparece no projeto de busca da verdade das _Règles _ de modo negativo _, _ pois Descartes ataca a modalidade do provável. Outros tópicos acadêmicos aparecem em questão, como a busca de sabedoria, a mitigação da dúvida, a disciplina do assentimento pela recusa do provável e a verdade do fi deísmo _. _ Estes tópicos se resumem ao método acadêmico, de fi nido pela recursividade epistêmica. (shrink)

Jacques Derrida delivered the basis of The Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, & the New International as a plenary address at the conference ‘Whither Marxism?’ hosted by the University of California, Riverside, in 1993. The longer book version was published in French the same year and appeared in English and Portuguese the following year. In the decade after the publication of Specters, Derrida’s analyses provoked a large critical literature and invited both consternation and (...) celebration by figures such as Antonio Negri, Wendy Brown and Frederic Jameson. This forum seeks to stimulate new reflections on Derrida, deconstruction and Specters of Marx by considering how the futures past announced by the book have fared after an eventful quarter century. In this fifth group of contributions, three philosophers explore the specters of colonialidade, the specifically Brazilian legacies of Portuguese and European coloniality. Carla Rodrigues opens the dialogue by exploring the haunting and melancholy provoked by colonial forms of violence and shows how confronting Brazilian necropolitics sustains the Derridean legacy; Rafael Haddock-Lobo offers a meditation on the difficulties of being before the law and standing before specters as a means of being justly haunted by the others of European philosophy in Brazil; finally, Marcelo Moraes continues the theme of Europe as a specter-producing machine and invokes specifically the presences of indigenous and Afro-Brazilian political resistances with the aim of deconstructing coloniality. (shrink)

Abstract.The German zoologist and geneticist Ludwig Plate was a pupil and successor of the “German Darwin” Ernst Haeckel as the director of the Institute of Zoology at Jena University. Plate campaigned for a revival of the original Darwinism. His research program, which he labelled “old-Darwinism”, proclaimed the synthesis of selectionism with “moderate Lamarckism” and orthogenesis.This article reconstructs and analyses Plate’s “old-Darwinian” synthesis and sheds light on Plate’s controversial biography, especially his conflict with Haeckel.

Resumen de tesis de Doctorado en Filosofía: La virtud cívica republicana en las sociedades contemporáneas de Marcelo Fernández Pavlovich.Directora: Dra. Graciela Vidiella. Fecha de defensa: 13 de setiembre de 2023.

This volume deals with the relation between pragmatics and the philosophy of mind.

The main objective of this paper is to introduce the space-time concept of V. I. Vernadsky and to show the importance of this concept for understanding the biosphere theory of Vernadsky. A central issue is the principle of dissymmetry, which was proposed by Louis Pasteur and further developed by Pierre Curie and Vernadsky. The dissymmetry principle, applied both to the spatial and temporal properties of living matter, makes it possible to demonstrate the unified nature of space and time. At the (...) same time, this principle shows the difference between the spatial-temporal properties of living matter and those of the inert environment. Living matter as opposed to the inert environment is an important part of the Weltanschauung of Vernadsky and is connected with all basic statements of his theoretical system. (shrink)

Ernst Haeckel formulated his biogenetic law, famously stating that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, in 1872. The Russian evolutionist Alexei Sewertzoff, and the Swiss-born zoologist Adolf Naef were among those who revised Haeckel’s law, thus changing the course of evolutionary theory and of developmental biology. Although Sewertzoff and Naef approached the problem in a similar way and formulated similar hypotheses at a purely descriptive level, their theoretical viewpoints were crucially different. While Sewertzoff laid the foundations for a Darwinian evolutionary morphology and is (...) regarded as a forerunner of the modern synthesis, Naef was one of the most important figures in “idealistic morphology”, which is usually seen as a type of anti-Darwinism. Both Naef and Sewertzoff aimed to revise Haeckel’s biogenetic law and came to comparable conclusions at the empirical level. This paper is an attempt to explain how their fundamentally different theoretical backgrounds influenced their views on the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny. (shrink)